Biology Chapters 6-10
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis. A Ribosomes B Golgi apparatuses C Mitochondria D Peroxisomes E Microfilaments
A Ribosomes
A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions. Which solution will decrease in volume? Which solution will decrease in volume? A Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch B Solution B: 7.62% (m/v) starch
A Solution A: 1.4% (m/v) starch
Choose the best description of the cell cytoskeleton. A The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components. B The cell cytoskeleton serves as permanent scaffolding to anchor cell components into position within the cell cytoplasm. C The cell cytoskeleton is similar to an animal skeleton in providing rigid internal support and structure to the cell
A The cell cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of fibers that can be quickly dismantled and reassembled to change cell shape and the position of cell components.
True or false? Osmosis is a type of diffusion. A True B False
A True
True or false? The water-soluble portion of a phospholipid is the polar head, which generally consists of a glycerol molecule linked to a phosphate group. A True B False
A True
Which structure below is independent of the endomembrane system? A chloroplast B nuclear envelope C Golgi apparatus D plasma membrane
A chloroplast
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A components of the cytoskeleton B membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope C cellulose fibers in the cell wall D free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER
A components of the cytoskeleton
Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by ________. A ion electrochemical gradients B ion concentration gradients only C active transport pumps D electrical gradients only
A ion electrochemical gradients
One primary advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that ____. A light microscopy allows the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells B light microscopy provides for higher resolution than electron microscopy C light microscopy provides higher contrast than electron microscopy D light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy
A light microscopy allows the visualization of dynamic processes in living cells
Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will take up asbestos by phagocytosis, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in ________. A lysosomes B nuclei C the Golgi apparatus D peroxisomes
A lysosomes
Which of these are hollow rods that shape and support the cell? A microtubules B peroxisomes C microfilaments D plasma membrane E chloroplasts
A microtubules
Which of these organelles carries out cellular respiration? A mitochondrion B nucleolus C chromatin D ribosomes E smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A mitochondrion
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? A mitochondrion B peroxisome C Golgi apparatus D lysosome
A mitochondrion
Facilitated diffusion is a type of _______. A passive transport B pinocytosis C active transport D phagocytosis
A passive transport
Which of the following are found in plant, animal, and bacterial cells? A ribosomes B chloroplasts C endoplasmic reticulum D mitochondria
A ribosomes
Which of these organelles manufactures proteins bound for secretion out of the cell? A rough endoplasmic reticulum B nucleolus C lysosomes DGolgi apparatus
A rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons? A.Electronegativity. B. Reduction. C.Polarity. D.Oxidation.
A.Electronegativity.
Which of these is the double membrane that encloses the nucleus? A B B C C A D D E E
E E
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein. A ribosome B mitochondrion C centriole D flagellum E chromatin
E chromatin
Where is calcium stored? rough endoplasmic A reticulum B mitochondria C microtubules D centrioles E smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Structure A is a _____. A solvent B transport protein C phospholipid D water molecule E solute
E solute
A critical feature of the plasma membrane is that it is selectively permeable. This allows the plasma membrane to regulate transport across cellular boundaries--a function essential to any cell's existence. How does phospholipid structure prevent certain molecules from crossing the plasma membrane freely? Nonpolar: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? Able to cross lipid bilayer? Transport protein required? Polar: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? Able to cross lipid bilayer? Transport protein required? Ions: Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? Able to cross lipid bilayer? Transport protein required?
NONPOLAR: -Hydrophobic -Can cross easily -No transport protein required POLAR: -Hydrophilic -Have difficulty in crossing the hydrophobic part -Transport protein required to cross efficiently IONS: -Hydrophilic -Have difficulty in crossing the hydrophobic part -Transport protein required to cross efficiently
There is no net movement of purple dye When is this true? Never Always Only before equilibrium is reached Only at equilibrium
Only at equilibrium
Concentration gradients exist that drive diffusion of both dyes When is this true? Never Always Only before equilibrium is reached Only at equilibrium
Only before equilibrium is reached
There is net movement of orange dye from side A to side B. When is this true? Never Always Only before equilibrium is reached Only at equilibrium
Only before equilibrium is reached
Complete this vocabulary exercise relating to the three types of enzyme inhibitors. Drag the words on the left to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Each word is used only once. 1. A (n) __________ inhibitor has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate. 2. A (n)__________ inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site. 3. Usually, a(n)___________inhibitor forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity. 4. The competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the__________-- on the enzyme. 5. When the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the___________ is distorted. 6. Enzyme inhibitors disrupt normal interactions between an enzyme and its___________. Options: Enzyme competitive irreversible active site noncompetitive substrate
1. competitive 2. noncompetitive 3. irreversible 4. active site 5. enzyme 6. substrate
Which of these structures stores, modifies, and packages products? A A B B C C D E E D
A A
Biologists use the fluid mosaic model to describe membrane structure. Which statements about the fluid mosaic structure of a membrane are correct? Select the three correct statements. A Because membranes are fluid, membrane proteins and phospholipids can drift about in the membrane. B The diverse proteins found in and attached to membranes perform many important functions. C The framework of a membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment inside and outside of the cell and their hydrophobic tails clustered in the center. D The kinky tails of some proteins help keep the membrane fluid by preventing the component molecules from packing solidly together. E Membranes include a mosaic, or mix, of carbohydrates embedded in a phospholipid bilayer
A Because membranes are fluid, membrane proteins and phospholipids can drift about in the membrane. B The diverse proteins found in and attached to membranes perform many important functions. C The framework of a membrane is a bilayer of phospholipids with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment inside and outside of the cell and their hydrophobic tails clustered in the center.
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary? A Certain proteins are unique to each membrane. B Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes. C Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm, while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm. D Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable.
A Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
Which of these provides the cell with structural support? A D B B C A D E E C
A D
Which molecules do not normally cross the nuclear membrane? A DNA B Nucleotide Triphosphates C mRNA D Proteins
A DNA
Which of the following organelles produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted? A Golgi apparatus B peroxisome C lysosome D mitochondrion
A Golgi apparatus
Which of the following particles could diffuse easily through a cell membrane? A Oxygen (O2) B Glucose C Hydrogen ion (H+) D Sodium ion (Na+)
A Oxygen (O2)
You can recognize the process of pinocytosis when _____. A the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid B the cell is engulfing a large particle C a receptor protein is involved
A the cell is engulfing extracellular fluid
Structure B is a _____. A transport protein B water molecule C phospholipid D solute E solvent
A transport protein
1 meter = ____ centimeters. A 1,000 B 100 C 1,000,000,000 D 1,000,000,000,000 E 1,000,000
B 100
Select the highest energy form of adenosine from the following images A. B. C. D. E.
A.
Which of the following statements is true for a system at chemical equilibrium? A. The system can do no work. B.The system releases energy at a steady rate. C.The kinetic energy of the system is zero. D.The system consumes energy at a steady rate.
A. The system can do no work.
Which of the following statements describes the first law of thermodynamics? A.Energy cannot be created or destroyed. B. Energy cannot be transferred or transformed. C. The entropy of the universe is constant. D.The entropy of the universe is decreasing.
A.Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride? A.Ionic. B.Nonpolar covalent. C.Redox. D.Polar covalent.
A.Ionic.
Which of the following statements about anabolic pathways is true? A.They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. B.They are usually spontaneous chemical reactions. C.They release energy by degrading polymers to monomers. D.They decrease the entropy of the organism and its environment.
A.They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers.
What process occurs within Box B? A.the citric acid cycle B.electron transport C.glycolysis D.oxidative phosphorylation E. photophosphorylation
A.the citric acid cycle
Orange dye moves independently of purple dye When is this true? Never Always Only before equilibrium is reached Only at equilibrium
Always
What property of dishwashing liquid (detergent) makes it useful to wash grease from pans? A Solubility in water B Amphipathic nature C Permeability D Hydrophobic nature
B Amphipathic nature
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? A Both reproduce by meiosis. B Both have their own DNA. C Both are surrounded by a single membrane. D Both are found in plant and animal cells. E Proteins for both are synthesized on ribosomes in the rough ER.
B Both have their own DNA.
Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to this animation? A The cell does not expend ATP. B Both sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients. C Sodium ions are transported down their concentration gradient. D Potassium ions are transported down their concentration gradient. E The cell is not expending energy.
B Both sodium and potassium ions are transported against their concentration gradients.
True or false? Large proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) bind to the nuclear pore and enter the nucleus without any expenditure of energy. A true B false
B False
How can a lipid be distinguished from a sugar? A A lipid is made up of only hydrocarbons. B Lipids are mostly nonpolar C A lipid dissolves in water. D Lipids are mostly saturated.
B Lipids are mostly nonpolar
A semipermeable membrane is placed between the following solutions. Which solution will increase in volume? Which solution will increase in volume? A Solution C: 9% (m/v) NaCl B Solution D: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl
B Solution D: 12.4% (m/v) NaCl
Gaucher disease is the most common of lipid storage diseases in humans. It is caused by a deficiency of an enzyme necessary for the breakdown of lipids. This leads to the accumulation of fatty material in organs of the body including the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and bone marrow.Using your knowledge of the structure of eukaryotic cells, identify the statement below that best explains how internal membranes and the organelles of cells may be involved in Gaucher disease. A The Golgi apparatus produces vesicles with faulty membranes, which fail to be transported to the plasma membrane for secretion. B The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids. C The mitochondria are most likely defective and do not produce adequate amounts ofATP needed for cellular energy. D The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains too many ribosomes, which results in an overproduction of the enzyme involved in lipid breakdown.
B The lysosomes lack sufficient amounts of enzymes necessary for the metabolism of lipids.
Which of the following factors does not affect membrane permeability? A Temperature B The polarity of membrane phospholipids C The amount of cholesterol in the membrane D The saturation of hydrocarbon tails in membrane phospholipids
B The polarity of membrane phospholipids
When a cell is in equilibrium with its environment, which of the following processes occurs for substances that can diffuse through the plasma membrane? A There is directed movement of substances into and out of the cell. B There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell. C There is no movement of substances into or out of the cell. D All movement of molecules across the plasma membrane occurs by active transport.
B There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell.
A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based just on this information, the organism is most likely ________. A a motile archaea B a motile eukaryote C a nonmotile eukaryote D a motile bacterium E a nonmotile prokaryote
B a motile eukaryote
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids _____. A occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane B can move laterally along the plane of the membrane C frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other D have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane
B can move laterally along the plane of the membrane
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? A plasmodesma B lysosome C ribosome D chloroplast E Golgi apparatus
B lysosome
Nucleoplasmin is a nuclear protein. This protein was divided into two segments and linked to the same large cytoplasmic protein, generating two fusion proteins. After injecting these fusion proteins into a cell, one of the proteins was found in the nucleus and the other in the cytoplasm. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these results? A nucleoplasmin does not have a nuclear localization signal B only one of the two fusion proteins possesses a nuclear localization signal C one of the fusion proteins entered the nucleus by passive transport D the cytoplasmic protein contains a nuclear localization signal
B only one of the two fusion proteins possesses a nuclear localization signal
A small protein (molecular weight = 25,000 daltons) is injected into a cell and observed in the nucleus a short time later. What type of transport has taken place? A osmosis B passive transport C active transport
B passive transport
Which of the following types of molecules are hydrophilic and therefore excluded from the hydrophobic portion of the phospholipid bilayer? A integral membrane proteins B peripheral membrane proteins C transmembrane proteins D cholesterol
B peripheral membrane proteins
Which of these organelles produces H2O2 as a by-product? A centrioles B peroxisome C mitochondrion D nucleus E flagellum
B peroxisome
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of _____. A facilitated diffusion B phagocytosis C receptor-mediated endocytosis D pinocytosis E exocytosis
B phagocytosis
Mitochondria are found in _____. A plant cells only B plant and animal cells C animal cells and prokaryotic cells, but not plant cells D all cells E animal cells only
B plant and animal cells
Which of the following statements describes a central role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism? A. Hydrolysis of ATP provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions. B. ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. C. Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group stores free energy that is used for cellular work. D. Its terminal phosphate bond is stronger than most covalent bonds in other biological macromolecules.
B. ATP provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells? A prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack rough endoplasmic reticulum B proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane C the mechanism of protein secretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes D prokaryotes cannot secrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system
B proteins secreted by prokaryotes are likely synthesized on ribosomes bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane
Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is false? A molecules pass into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores B the nuclear envelope is continuous with the golgi apparatus C the nuclear envelope is composed of two lipid bilayers D nuclear pores are made up of a group of proteins that are collectively called the nuclear pore complex
B the nuclear envelope is continuous with the golgi apparatus
In experiments to test whether a protein can enter the nucleus, why would proteins be labeled with fluorescent molecules? A to make the proteins bigger B to make the proteins easy to see C to target the proteins to the nucleus D to give the protein molecules energy
B to make the proteins easy to see
Which of the summary statements below describes the results of the following reaction?C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy A. CO2 is reduced and O2 is oxidized. B. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced. C. O2 is oxidized and H2O is reduced. D. O2 is reduced and CO2 is oxidized.
B. C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced.
Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water:2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energyWhich molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed? A.Oxygen, nonpolar. B. Hydrogen, polar. C.Oxygen, polar. D.Hydrogen, nonpolar.
B. Hydrogen, polar.
Why are carbohydrates and fats frequently considered high-energy foods? A. They are strong oxidizing molecules. B. They contain many electrons associated with hydrogen atoms. C. They contain many oxygen atoms. D. They contain no nitrogen atoms.
B. They contain many electrons associated with hydrogen atoms.
Which of the following terms most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? A. anabolism (anabolic pathways) B. catabolism (catabolic pathways) C. dehydration D.metabolism
B. catabolism (catabolic pathways)
Enzymes are described as catalysts, which means that they _____. A. provide activation energy for the reactions they facilitate B. increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction C. can alter the free energy change (ΔG) for a chemical reaction D. are proteins E. increase the free energy of the reactants to make the reaction go faster
B. increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions? A. Changes in potential energy can be released as heat B.A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron. C.The electron acceptor is reduced. D.The reactant that is oxidized loses electrons.
B.A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron.
You have an enzymatic reaction proceeding at the optimum pH and optimum temperature. You add a competitive inhibitor to the reaction and notice that the reaction slows down. What can you do to speed the reaction up again? A. Add more inhibitor to speed up the reaction. B.Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate. C.Increase the temperature. D.Increase the pH.
B.Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.
Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other? A.Proton and electron. B.Anion and cation. C. Ionic and covalent D.Polar and nonpolar.
B.Anion and cation.
In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced? A.Water is consumed, and ATP is produced. B.Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced. C.ATP is consumed, and oxygen is produced. D.Oxygen is consumed, and glucose is produced. E.Carbon dioxide is consumed, and water is produced.
B.Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.
You have added an irreversible inhibitor to a sample of enzyme and substrate. At this point, the reaction has stopped completely. What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme? A.Removing the irreversible inhibitor should get the reaction working again. B.The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity. C.Adding more substrate will increase the rate of reaction. D.Adding more inhibitor should get the reaction up to speed again.
B.The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A Prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells. B Eukaryotic cells have flagella, while prokaryotic cells do not. C Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not. D Prokaryotic cells have cell walls, while eukaryotic cells do not.
C Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
Which of the following statements describes a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane? A It works against diffusion. B It has no hydrophobic regions. C It exhibits specificity for a particular type of molecule. D It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function.
C It exhibits specificity for a particular type of molecule.
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that an inexpensive toy microscope available for a small child is able to magnify specimens nearly as much as the more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the primary reason for the price difference? A The toy microscope produces less contrast in the specimens. B The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light source. C The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images. D The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen.
C The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images.
For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be _____. A exposed on only one surface of the membrane B hydrophobic C amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region D hydrophilic
C amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region
In some cells, there are many ion electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane even though there are usually only one or two proton pumps present in the membrane. The gradients of the other ions are most likely accounted for by _____. A passive diffusion across the plasma membrane B pores in the plasma membrane C cotransport proteins D ion channels
C cotransport proteins
Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? A prokaryotic cells are generally larger than eukaryotic cells B prokaryotic cells have cell walls, while eukaryotic cells do not C eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not D eukaryotic cells have flagella, while prokaryotic cells do not
C eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not
Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum? A in the nucleolus B in lysosomes C in mitochondria D in the Golgi apparatus
C in mitochondria
Endocytosis moves materials _____ a cell via _____. A into ... a transport protein B out of ... diffusion C into ... membranous vesicles D into ... facilitated diffusion E out of ... membranous vesicles
C into ... membranous vesicles
Cytochalasin D is a drug that prevents actin polymerization. A cell treated with cytochalasin D will still be able to carry out which of the following processes? A contract muscle fibers B divide in two C move vesicles within a cell D extend pseudopodia
C move vesicles within a cell
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____. A rough endoplasmic reticulum B lysosome C nucleolus D peroxisome E smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C nucleolus
Examination of a cell by transmission electron microscopy reveals a high density of ribosomes in the cytoplasm. This observation suggests that this cell is actively producing large amounts of which of the following molecules? A lipids B nucleic acids C proteins D polysaccharides
C proteins
You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. For this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells? A the concentration of the drug molecule that is transported in the blood B the nonpolar, hydrophobic nature of the drug molecule C the similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells D the phospholipid composition of the target cells' plasma membrane
C the similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules that are transported into the target cells
Biological systems use free energy based on empirical data that all organisms require a constant energy input. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. For living organisms, which of the following statements is an important consequence of this first law? A. Organisms are unable to transform energy from the different states in which it can exist. B. The energy content of an organism is constant except for when its cells are dividing. C. The organism must ultimately obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment. D.The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.
C. The organism must ultimately obtain all the necessary energy for life from its environment.
What process occurs in Box A? A. the citric acid cycle B.oxidative phosphorylation C. glycolysis D.electron transport E. electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
C. glycolysis
Which part of the adenosine triphosphate molecule is released when it is hydrolyzed to provide energy for biological reactions? A. αα -phosphate (the phosphate closest to ribose) B. ββ-phosphate (the middle phosphate) C. γγ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate) D.adenine group E.ribose sugar
C. γγ-phosphate (the terminal phosphate)
When ATP releases some energy, it also releases inorganic phosphate. What happens to the inorganic phosphate in the cell? A.It enters the nucleus to be incorporated in a nucleotide. B.It is secreted as waste. C.It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate. D. It is used only to regenerate more ATP.
C.It may be used to form a phosphorylated intermediate.
Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule? A.There is equal sharing of the electrons between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms, and the net charge is zero. B.The electron in each hydrogen atom is completely transferred to the oxygen atom, and each hydrogen atom has a net charge of +1. C.Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero. D.Oxygen acts as the electron acceptor and is oxidized.
C.Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero.
The relationship between catabolism and anabolism is most similar to the relationship between which of the following pairs of terms? A. work; free energy B.exergonic; spontaneous C.exergonic; endergonic D.free energy; entropy
C.exergonic; endergonic
Phospholipids vary in the small molecules attached to the phosphate group. The phospholipid shown in the figure has a ________ attached to phosphate Hydrophobic Phosphate group Fatty acid Hydrophilic Glycerol Choline group
Choline group
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink in a process called crenation. A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and potentially burst in a process called hemolysis. To prevent crenation or hemolysis, a cell must be placed in an isotonic solution such as 0.9% (m/v) NaCl or 5.0% (m/v) glucose. This does not mean that a cell has a 5.0% (m/v) glucose concentration; it just means that 5.0% (m/v) glucose will exert the same osmotic pressure as the solution inside the cell, which contains several different solutes. A red blood cell is placed into each of the following solutions. Indicate whether crenation, hemolysis, or neither will occur. Solution A: 3.21% (m/v) NaCl Solution B: 1.65% (m/v) glucose Solution C: distilled H2O Solution D: 6.97% (m/v) glucose Solution E: 5.0% (m/v) glucose and 0.9%(m/v) NaCl Drag each solution to the appropriate bin. Crenation Hemolysis Neither
Crenation: A D E Hemolysis: B C Neither: none
Choose the letter that indicates the organelle that contains most of a cell's DNA. A A B D C E D C E B
D C
If a red blood cell is placed in a salt solution and bursts, what is the tonicity of the solution relative to the interior of the cell? A Hypertonic B Isotonic C Osmotic D Hypotonic
D Hypotonic
Which of the following statements correctly describes osmosis? A In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. B Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. C Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. D In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
D In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration.
You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume? A Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds. B Flatten the cube into a pancake shape. C Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape. D Round the clay up into a sphere.
D Round the clay up into a sphere.
In this diagram of the plasma membranes of two adjoining cells, identify the protein indicated by the white arrow, including its function. A a glycoprotein that is involved in cell-cell recognition B a protein involved in enzymatic activity C an active transport protein that moves molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient D a receptor protein that binds with a signaling molecule and relays the message into the cell by activating other molecules inside the cell E an attachment protein that provides structural support
D a receptor protein that binds with a signaling molecule and relays the message into the cell by activating other molecules inside the cell
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in _____. A nuclei B lysosomes C mitochondria D chloroplasts
D chloroplasts
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures? A cellulose fibers in the cell wall B membrane proteins of the inner nuclear envelope C free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the ER D components of the cytoskeleton
D components of the cytoskeleton
The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it ________. A is used to drive the transport of glucose against a concentration gradient B decreases the voltage difference across the membrane C pumps equal quantities of Na+ and K+ across the membrane in opposite directions D generates voltage across the membrane
D generates voltage across the membrane
Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves ________. A reinforcement of the pseudopod with intermediate filaments B assembly of microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the direction of movement C localized contractions driven by myosin and microtubules D growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
D growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane
White blood cells engulf bacteria using _____. A osmosis B pinocytosis C receptor-mediated exocytosis D phagocytosis
D phagocytosis
The _____ is a selective barrier, regulating the passage of material into and out of the cell. A lysosome B nucleus C nuclear envelope D plasma membrane E chloroplast
D plasma membrane
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles. A Mitochondria B Chromatin C Nuclear envelopes D Microfilaments E Basal bodies
E Basal bodies
Which of the following statements is true of metabolism in its entirety in all organisms? A. Metabolism manages the increase of entropy in an organism. B. Metabolism depends on a constant supply of energy from food. C. Metabolism uses all of an organism's resources. D. Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.
D. Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.
What molecule is indicated by the letter D? A.pyruvate B.ATP C.glucose D.oxygen E.water
D.oxygen
When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes _____. A. oxidized B.redoxed C.dehydrogenated D.reduced
D.reduced
Phospholipids form the main fabric of the plasma membrane. One feature of phospholipids is that when they are placed in an aqueous solution, they will self-assemble into a double layer (bilayer) that resembles the bilayer of the plasma membrane. This self-assembly occurs because phospholipids are hydrophilic at one end (the phospholipid head) and hydrophobic at the other end (the phospholipid tails). Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the figure.First, drag labels to targets (a) and (b) to indicate whether these environments are hydrophilic or hydrophobic.Next, drag the phospholipid layers to targets (c) and (d) to indicate how they are oriented in the plasma membrane.Finally, drag labels to targets (e), (f), and (g) to indicate which portions of the membrane protein are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic. A B C D E F G
EF- A) hydrophilic Cytoplasm- B) hydrophilic PM- C) grey on top, yellow on bottom PM- D) grey on bottom, yellow on top outside MP- E) hydrophilic middle MP- F) hydrophobic outside MP- G)hydrophilic
A phospholipid also has two "tails" made up of two _________molecules, which consist of a carboxyl group with a long hydrocarbon chain attached. Hydrophobic Phosphate group Fatty acid Hydrophilic Glycerol Choline group
Fatty acid
Each of the four stages of cellular respiration occurs in a specific location inside or outside the mitochondria. These locations permit precise regulation and partitioning of cellular resources to optimize the utilization of cellular energy. Match each stage of cellular respiration with the cellular location in which it occurs. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Stage glycolysis acetyl CoA formation citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation Location mitochondrial matrix cytosol inner mitochondrial membrane intermembrane space outer mitochondrial membrane
Glycolysis: cytosol Acetyl CoA formation: mitochondrial matrix citric acid cycle: mitochondrial matrix oxidative phosphorylation: inner mitochondrial membrane
Because the phosphate group and its attachments are either charged or polar, the phospholipid head is _______, which means it has an affinity for water. Hydrophobic Phosphate group Fatty acid Hydrophilic Glycerol Choline group
Hydrophilic
Because the C-H bonds in the fatty acid tails are relatively nonpolar, the phospholipid tails are _________, which means they are excluded from water. Hydrophobic Phosphate group Fatty acid Hydrophilic Glycerol Choline group
Hydrophobic
A red blood cell has been placed into three different solutions. One solution is isotonic to the cell, one solution is hypotonic to the cell, and one solution is hypertonic to the cell. Determine which type of solution is in each beaker based on the cell's reaction. Drag each item to the appropriate bin. Hypertonic (1) Isotonic (2) Hypotonic (3) *Numbers from left to right in image*
Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic
Some solutes are able to pass directly through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane, whereas other solutes require a transport protein or other mechanism to cross between the inside and the outside of a cell. The fact that the plasma membrane is permeable to some solutes but not others is what is referred to as selective permeability. Which of the following molecules can cross the lipid bilayer of a membrane directly, without a transport protein or other mechanism? Select all that apply. -Sucrose -Proteins -Lipids -Carbon Dioxide -Water -Oxygen -Ions
Lipids, Carbon Dioxide, Water, Oxygen
From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of glycolysis. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If the compound is not involved in glycolysis, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. Net Input: Net Output: Not input or output: Options: conenzyme A NADH NAD+ ATP O2 pyruvate acetyl CoA CO2 ADP glucose
Net Input: ADP, NAD+, glucose Net Output: ATP, NADH, pyruvate Not input or output: O2, CO2, coenzyme A, acetyl CoA
In acetyl CoA formation, the carbon-containing compound from glycolysis is oxidized to produce acetyl CoA. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of acetyl CoA formation. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in acetyl CoA formation, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of acetyl CoA formation are included.) Net Input: Net Output: Not input or output: Options: conenzyme A NADH NAD+ ATP O2 pyruvate acetyl CoA CO2 ADP glucose
Net Input: NAD+, coenzyme A, pyruvate Net Output: NADH, acetyl CoA, CO2 not input or output : glucose, O2, ADP, ATP
In the last stage of cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, all of the reduced electron carriers produced in the previous stages are oxidized by oxygen via the electron transport chain. The energy from this oxidation is stored in a form that is used by most other energy-requiring reactions in cells. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of oxidative phosphorylation. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in oxidative phosphorylation, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of oxidative phosphorylation are listed.) Net Input: Net Output: Not input or output: Options: conenzyme A NADH NAD+ ATP O2 pyruvate acetyl CoA CO2 ADP glucose water
Net Input: NADH, ADP, O2 Net Output: NAD+, ATP, water not input or output: pyruvate, glucose, coenzyme A, acetyl CoA, CO2
In the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), acetyl CoA is completely oxidized. From the following compounds involved in cellular respiration, choose those that are the net inputs and net outputs of the citric acid cycle. Drag each compound to the appropriate bin. If a compound is not involved in the citric acid cycle, drag it to the "not input or output" bin. (Note that not all of the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle are included.) Net Input: Net Output: Not input or output: Options: conenzyme A NADH NAD+ ATP O2 pyruvate acetyl CoA CO2 ADP glucose
Net Input: acetyl CoA, NAD+, ADP Net Output: coenzyme A, CO2, NADH, ATP not input or output: pyruvate, glucose, O2
Purple dye moves only from side B to side A When is this true? Never Always Only before equilibrium is reached Only at equilibrium
Never
The majority of solutes that diffuse across the plasma membrane cannot move directly through the lipid bilayer. The passive movement of such solutes (down their concentration gradients without the input of cellular energy) requires the presence of specific transport proteins, either channels or carrier proteins. Diffusion through a transport protein in the plasma membrane is called facilitated diffusion. Only Channels Only Carriers Both Channels and Carriers -transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient -provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane -are integral membrane proteins -undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane -transport primarily small polar organic molecules -allow water molecules and small ions to flow quickly across the membrane -provide a continuous path across the membrane
Only Channels: -allow water molecules and small ions to flow quickly across the membrane -provide a continuous path across the membrane Only Carriers: -undergo a change in shape to transport solutes across the membrane -transport primarily small polar organic molecules Both channels and carriers: -transport solutes down a concentration or electrochemical gradient -provide a hydrophilic path across the membrane -are integral membrane proteins
A phospholipid has a "head" made up of a glycerol molecule attached to a single ______ , which is attached to another small molecule. Hydrophobic Phosphate group Fatty acid Hydrophilic Glycerol Choline group
Phosphate group
Two fundamental types of cells are known to exist in nature: prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells (like the one shown in the Tour of an Animal Cell animation). Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells carry out all of the processes necessary for life, but they differ in some important ways. In this activity, you will identify which cell structures are found only in prokaryotic cells, only in eukaryotic cells, or in both types of cells. Drag each cell structure to the appropriate bin. Prokaryotic only Eukaryotic only Both flagella, nucleolus, plasma membrane, nucleoid, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosome
Prokaryotic Only: nucleoid Eukaryotic Only: mitochondria , nucleolus, lysosome Both: flagella, plasma membrane, ribosomes
To understand how cells function as the fundamental unit of life, you must first become familiar with the individual roles of the cellular structures and organelles. Drag the labels on the left onto the diagram of the animal cell to correctly identify the function performed by each cellular structure.
Refer to image >
A polysaccharide that is used to synthesize cell walls, which protect cells and help maintain their shape Structure: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, cellulose, collagen Plant or Animal?
Structure: cellulose Plant
Long fibers of protein found in the extracellular matrix that provide structural support for cells Structure: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, cellulose, collagen Plant or Animal?
Structure: collagen Animal
Membrane protein complexes that strengthen the adhesion between adjacent cells, like rivets, to protect against pulling forces Structure: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, cellulose, collagen Plant or Animal?
Structure: desmosomes Animal
Small channels that form across the plasma membranes of adjacent cells; especially important in intercellular communication Structure: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, cellulose, collagen Plant or Animal?
Structure: gap junctions Animal
Small channels between cells that are otherwise surrounded by walls; enable movement of water and solutes between cells Structure: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, cellulose, collagen Plant or Animal?
Structure: plasmodesmata Plant
Membrane proteins that create a watertight seal between cells Structure: desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions, plasmodesmata, cellulose, collagen Plant or Animal?
Structure: tight junctions Animal
. Many cell organelles, most notably the nucleus, are anchored by _____________ which are assembled from a diverse class of proteins. Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
intermediate filaments
The only cytoskeletal fibers not associated with intracellular movement or whole cell locomotion are the _________. Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
intermediate filaments
During muscle contractions, myosin motor proteins move across tracks of ________. Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
microfilaments
The extension of pseudopodia in amoeba is due to the regulated assembly and destruction of ________. Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
microfilaments
Centrosomes are sites where protein dimers assemble into _______ Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
microtubules
In eukaryotic flagella, the fibers that slide past one another due to the activity of dynein proteins are _______. Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
microtubules