Biology Concept 3

List in order in which the body will consume carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins for energy, and explain why. Based on this information, include what diet and exercise plan would be the best for someone trying to lose weight.

1. Carbs 2. Lipids 3. Proteins *Digestion begins in your mouth where the process of chewing mechanically breaks food into smaller pieces, and enzymes in the saliva initiate chemical digestion. When you swallow, partially digested carbs travel down your esophagus to the stomach with little additional digestion. Lipids take mostly take place in your small intestine which occurs after you have chewed the carbs. Proteins then are digested in the stomach after they have produced amino acids. carbohydrates-body can access easily lipids- help u feel full proteins-they have so many other uses

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules.

Compare the relative energy storage of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Carbohydrates : 4 calories/milligram Lipids : 9 calories/milligram Proteins : 4 calories/milligram

Explain the major functions of each macromolecule.

Carbohydrates : provide energy and regulate blood glucose Lipids : stores the energy and helps form cell membranes Proteins : they are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissue and organs Nucleic Acids : they are DNA as well as RNA that are passed on by our parents. NOT by food

Provide an example for each type of macromolecule.

Carbohydrates-starch, sugar, cellulose, glucose Lipids- tyglicoride, steroids, Proteins-eggs, meat, peroxidase, nuts, cheese Nucleic acids- DNA, RNA

List the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Include which elements compose each macromolecule.

Monomers : Carbohydrates - monosaccharides Lipids - glycerol and fatty acids Nucleic acids - nucleotides Proteins - amino acids Polymers : Proteins (polymers of amino acids) Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars) Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers) Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)

Explain the process of polymerization - both the forming of polymers, through dehydration, and the breaking of polymers, through hydrolysis.

Polymerization through dehydration (forming) : The simple compounds whose molecules join together to form the polymers are called monomers. The polymer is a chain of atoms, providing a backbone, to which atoms or groups of atoms are joined. Polymerization through hydrolysis (breaking) : Hydrolysis. Polymers are broken down into monomers in a process known as hydrolysis, which means "to split water," a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakdown. During these reactions, the polymer is broken into two components.

Explain the structure, location, and purpose of phospholipids.

Structure = consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and fatty acid "head" which consist of a phosphate group Location = often occur with other molecules - proteins, glycolipids, etc// in a bilayer such as a cell membrane Purpose = consist of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail// main component of all cell membranes