Biology EOC Review

A specific type of cell is being studied by a scientist. She notices the cell contains a nucleus, lysosomes, a cell membrane and cell wall. What is the correct classification of this cell?

A eukaryotic plant cell

Scientists developed a vaccine to protect humans from the H1N1 virus, which caused 17,000 deaths in 2009. Which of the following persons would most likely contract the H1N1 virus?

A person who did not receive the vaccine and has a weakened immune system due to other conditions.

Which of the following describes fertilization?

A sperm joining an egg to form a zygote

The combined observations of Mattias Scleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow resulted in the formation of the cell theory. Which of the following is not part of the cell theory?

All cells contain a nucleus.

Which of the following best illustrates natural selection?

An organism with favorable genetic variations will tend to survive and breed successfully.

Cardiovascular disease runs in Jim's mother's family. Jim is only 17 but knows that his mom and grandparents all have high blood pressure. Which of the following best describes the connection between cardiovascular disease and age?

As people age, plaque builds up in the arteries increasing vessel resistance, which leads to disease.

A weightlifter is using heavy weights in short bursts for a competition. Because his muscle cells are not able to take in enough oxygen to make very much ATP the weightlifter begins to get fatigue in his muscles. Which of the following processes is most likely going on in the muscles of the weightlifter as he competes in his event?

As the cells run out of oxygen they switch to anaerobic respiration, which allows the cell to make small amounts of ATP in the absence of oxygen.

How do human diseases caused by bacteria and diseases caused by viruses react to antibiotics?

Bacterial diseases respond to antibiotics; viral diseases do not.

On remote islands, immigration and emigration usually do not have a large effect on population sizes. A bird population on a remote island remains at a relatively constant size year after year. Which of the following most likely describes the birthrate and the death rate for this population?

Birthrate and death rate are close to equal.

Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is true?

Both protists and bacteria can be motile. Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms. Protists and bacteria may be photosynthetic

Two test tubes were filled with a solution of bromthymol blue. A student exhaled through a straw into each tube, and the bromthymol blue turned yellow. An aquatic green plant was placed into each tube, and the tubes were corked. One tube was placed in the dark, and one was placed in direct sunlight. The yellow solution in the tube in sunlight turned blue, while the one in the dark remained yellow. Which statement best explains why the solution in the tube placed in sunlight returned to a blue color? *

Carbon dioxide was removed by photosynthesis.

Using a microscope in the science lab, Jill Observed two unknown cells: Cell 1 and Cell 2. Cell 1 she identified as a plant cell and Cell 2 as an animal cell. Her teacher told her she identified the cells correctly. What did Jill most likely observe to correctly identify the cells?

Cell 1 had a cell wall and Cell 2 did not.

Cell theory was first proposed in 1838. Evidence obtained through additional scientific investigations resulted in the current cell theory. Which statement describes a component of the original cell theory that was removed because of the new scientific knowledge?

Cells form through spontaneous generation.

Competition between two species occurs when

Chipmunks and squirrels eat sunflower seeds in a garden

A florist places a bouquet of white carnations in water containing blue dye. After a time, the flowers turn blue. What process helped the carnations to change color?

Cohesion and adhesion of water molecules

In his book On the Origin of the Species, Charles Darwin described how species change over time. Which of the following is NOT part of his observations that describes the mechanisms of natural selection?

Disease and natural disaster will limit population growth.

The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements?

Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.

Sexual reproduction is vital to the propagation of the human race. Which of the following sequences represents the correct order of events in the formation of a human fetus?

Fertilization → Zygote → Blastocyst → Embryo

Which statement describes the role of flowers in plant survival?

Flowers contain cells that produce gametes.

Mushrooms are a type of fungus. What characteristic of fungi makes them different from plants?

Fungi cells are heterotrophic

Terrestrial plants have stomata on the surface of their leaves. Stomata are surrounded by two guard cells that change shape in response to environmental factors and open or close the stoma. Which of the following best explains how the structure of the leaf is used in processes that occur in plants? *

Gases for photosynthesis are exchanged through the surface of the leaf.

When an environment has reached its carrying capacity for a certain population, which of the following is true?

Growth and immigration rate is equal to death and emigration rate.

Which structure of the leaf controls the opening and closing of the stoma?

Guard cell

As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?

It becomes inactive.

Which of the following is true of a zygote?

It forms into a blastocyst.

Which of the following best describes meiosis?

It occurs only in cells in the reproductive structures of organisms.

A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no changes for a long period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population?

It will reduce genetic diversity.

Meat tenderizer contains an enzyme that breaks down meat. If meat is coated with tenderizer and then placed in a refrigerator, predict how the enzyme might be affected?

It would break down the meat more slowly.

What is the main function of leaves?

Leaves provide a place for photosynthesis to occur.

The Florida Panther was once considered to be a subspecies of cougars and given a special trinomial taxonomy of Puma concolor coryi. Current scientists however, have studied the Florida Panther and removed the subspieces classification to only Puma concolor. Which of the following would most likely explain why the classification of the Florida Panther changed.

New genetic evidence suggests a much closer relationship between the Florida Panther and other cougars.

Two of the four principle classes of organic compounds are proteins and nucleic acids. What is the relationship between proteins and nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids contain the information to make proteins.

Two different species of bacteria are examined. Scientists find that species X always produces CO2 and H2O during cellular respiration. Species Y always produces ethyl alcohol and CO2. Which conclusion can be made from these observations?

Only species Y is anaerobic.

Water has a much higher specific heat than most other covalent compounds. What do you predict might happen if water had a low specific heat instead? *

Organisms that are sensitive to changes in temperature would die.

When fertilizers run off farmland into streams and ponds, the nitrogen content of the water increases. This can lead to rapid growth of algae. How can this process affect other organisms in the water? *

Oxygen is used up as algae is decomposed, reducing the amount available to other organisms

Mike has four aquatic plants of the same size and the same species. He submerges each of the plants in a separate beaker filled with 200 ml of water. He then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mike observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 minute period. Which of the following statements best explains Mike's observations?

Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light.

In which way are photosynthesis and cellular respiration different? *

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide.

Vaccines are weakened forms of disease causing microorganisms, which are given to patients to prevent disease. After the vaccine is administered, what response to the vaccine is triggered in the body?

Production of antibodies providing active immunity.

Plant cells that are specialized for cell division are most likely found in what part of the plant?

Root tips

How are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction different from each other?

Sexual reproduction requires two parents and asexual reproduction requires only one parent.

In 1990, Carl Woese introduced the three domain system for classifying living things, after the advancement of DNA analysis allowed for a comparison of species genetic code. Which of the following is the best explanation for why domains were added to the previous system of classification?

Some organisms, which were previously characterized together, were determined to be genetically very different.

In living organisms, lipids function mainly as:

Sources of stored energy and components of cellular membranes

Theodosius Dobzhansky discovered that successful species tend to have a wide variety of genes that do not appear to be useful to the species in its present environment. What did this discovery help explain about genetics and the changes that occur in a species over time?

Species with greater genetic diversity adapt more easily to changing environments.

One of the accepted scientific theories describing the origin of life on Earth is known as chemical evolution. According to this theory, which of the following events would need to occur first for life to evolve?

Synthesis of organic molecules

Cells found in plants an animals have similarities but can differ in function. Consider the following two organisms: a corn plant cell and a camel cell. What is the best explanation for the difference in the cellular vacuole size between these two biotic organisms?

The camel cells have a small vacuole size because it does not need long term water and electrolyte storage.

What is the advantage of cells being so small?

The cell then has a larger surface area to volume ratio which means it can move nutrients into the cell and waste out more efficiently.

If a cell's lysosomes were damaged, which of the following would most likely occur?

The cell would be less able to break down molecules in its cytoplasm

Abnormalities present in the cells that line the uterus may prevent the production of offspring by directly interfering with which process?

The development of the embryo.

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis related, in terms of energy? *

The energy captured in photosynthesis is used to power cellular respiration.

Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70 degrees Celsius or higher. At the temperature of 50 degrees Celsius, how will the enzymes in these bacterial cells most likely be affected?

The enzymes will lose their bond structure and fall apart.

Small insects can walk across the surface of calm water. Their feet push the surface of the water down slightly, somewhat like a person walking across a trampoline, but they do not break the surface. What is the best explanation for why this happens?

The insects are light enough so that they do not break the hydrogen bonds holding the water molecules together.

Muscle cells are responsible for obtaining energy so the body can perform voluntary and involuntary movement. Using your knowledge about organelles and muscles, how would a muscle cell differ from other types of animal cells?

The muscle cell would have more mitochondria than the other types of animal cells.

The rate at which blood flows through the human body changes in response to many factors. Which statement describes one of these factors and its effect on blood flow?

The narrowing of blood vessels increases pressure and leads to a faster blood flow.

Cells can be classified into two different categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Which of the following information is needed in order to determine if an organism is prokaryotic?

The organism's internal structures.

A potted plant is placed inside a clear, sealed vacuum container that has water pumped into it on a regular basis. The container is placed in the sun and the plant's growth is monitored. Which statement best describes what will most likely happen to the plant over time? *

The plant will die because it does not have carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

The cambium is a section of cells in a plant that can become either part of the xylem or phloem, depending on the growth and needs of the plant. If the cambium of a particular plant was damaged, what would be the most likely effect on the plant?

The plant would not be able to transport nutrients and water.

An animal population decreases from 800 individuals to 600 individuals. Which of the following could explain this change in population size? *

The population size of the animal's predator increased.

A builder is proposing a new housing development in an area of western Massachusetts.Construction of the housing development will destroy the wetland habitat in the area.Which of the following would be the most likely consequence of the wetland's destruction?

The populations of wetland animals would be unable to survive in that area.

The common brushtail possum is a marsupial native to Australia. This possum was introduced to New Zealand where it had no natural predators and had an abundant food supply. Which of these likely occurred a few years after the introduction of this possum to New Zealand? *

The possum population grew to a larger size.

The Miller-Urey experiment of 1953 was designed to test the hypothesis that lightning supplied the energy needed to turn atmospheric gases into organic molecules such as amino acids. Which of the following describes why the Miller-Urey theory is widely accepted today?

The process of synthesizing organic molecules from a mixture of gases has been successfully modeled in the laboratory.

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.

A person with swollen gums rinses his mouth with warm salt water, and the swelling decreases. Which of the following has occurred?

The water in the gums has moved out due to the high concentration of salt in the solution.

Whaling was a very profitable profession until whale populations crashed. The global community came together to enact a ban on whaling. However, Japan and Norway have not agreed to stop whaling. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of their decision? *

The whale populations are not rebounding as quickly as they might if all of the countries agreed not to hunt whales

A plant and an animal are both living things. According to the Cell Theory, what can you conclude about these two very different organisms?

They are both made of one or more cells.

Endosymbiosis is a proposed theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells. Which of the following explains why cells that contained mitochondria-like organelles had an evolutionary advantage?

They were able to make more use of available energy

What is the main purpose of seeds in plants that have them?

To protect and distribute the zygote.

Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enable it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?

Water exhibits cohesive behavior.

Many fish and aquatic plants can survive a cold winter because the layer of ice that forms at the top of the lake insulates the water below and prevents the lake from freezing solid. What unique property of water contributes to this effect?

Water expands and becomes less dense when it freezes.

Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating body temperature. Which property of water makes it good at regulating temperature?

Water has a high capacity for heat.

Large bodies of water, such as lakes and oceans, do not quickly fluctuate in temperature. What is the reason for this phenomenon?

Water has a high heat capacity.

Many of the proteins in the human body are enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions. What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy?

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction, it decreases the activation energy of the reaction.

Maria, after finding no cold sodas in the refrigerator, placed a can of soda in the freezer. She then proceeded to check her social networking site and forgot about the soda. Later that evening, her brother when to get some ice and it was brown. Maria's soda can had split open. What is the best explanation for what happened?

When the water froze, the space between water molecules expanded

Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes the molecular structure of ovalbumin?

a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule

What is the human embryo called after the eighth week of development?

a fetus

When Streptococcus pneumoniae are exposed to an antibiotic, the bacteria try to pump the antibiotic out of their cells. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely used by the Streptococcus pneumoniae to pump the antibiotic out of their cells?

active transport

Which process takes place in the presence of oxygen and produces nearly 20 times as much as ATP as glycolysis alone? *

aerobic respiration

Which type(s) of cells have genetic material that is contained in a nucleus?

both plant and animal cells

Which gas is removed from the atmosphere during photosynthesis? *

carbon dioxide

Which of the following are the reactants of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

In pure water, a red blood cell from an animal will swell and burst, but a leaf cell from a plant will not. Which structure in the leaf is responsible for this difference?

cell wall

Which of these would have the least effect on natural selection in a subspecies of giraffes that is geographically isolated from other subspecies of giraffes?

chromosome number

Jim was told that he might need to go on medication if his blood pressure continues to be high. What causes blood pressure?

contraction of the ventricles in the heart

Mitosis and meiosis are processes involved in cellular respiration. Which of the following describes an event that results from mitosis but NOT meiosis?

daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell

The presence of wastes, such as plastic bags and motor oil, in lakes and streams miles away from developed areas suggests that: *

ecosystems are interconnected and human action can alter ecosystem equilibrium

Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?

enzyme

According to fossil records, the horses that lived 50 million years ago were much smaller, weaker and slower than modern horses. Which process is most likely responsible for the changes that have led to the increased size, strength, and speed in horses?

evolution by natural selection

Jenn is studying a population of fish found in a pond that has a decreasing carrying capacity.Which of the following factors would not decrease the carrying capacity of her fish? *

flooding

A small portion of the population that is geographically isolated from the rest of the population runs the risk of decreased.

genetic drift

In an emergency trauma room, a doctor accidentally gives a patient a large transfusion of distilled water directly into one of his veins instead of blood. Predict what might happen if distilled water was given to the patient instead of blood.

have serious, perhaps fatal effects because the red blood cells would tend to burst

Which of the following events occurs during the first trimester?

heart beat begins

Carrot sticks that are left in a dish of freshwater for several hours become stiff and hard. Similar sticks left in a saltwater solution become limp and soft. From this we can deduce that the freshwater is __________ and the saltwater is ___________ to the cells of the carrot sticks.

hypotonic, hypertonic

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a cell structure that consists of folded membranes that contain ribosomes. What is the advantage of the folded membrane?

increases surface area in order to produce more proteins

A plant species lives in an area with limited sunlight. Which physiological adaptation would be most useful to the plant?

large leaves

One way humans can promote the survival of organisms in an ecosystem is to:

learn about the interactions of population

If a plant died from lack of food, which structure is most likely missing or damaged?

leaves

Over time, the climate of an island became drier, which resulted in changes to the populations of various island finch species. Finch populations with a certain beak shape were able to forage for food. The population of those not having that beak shape decreased. Which of the following describes a necessary condition for these changes in the finch populations to occur?

limited resources

Many plants have waxy coatings on some surfaces. This coating reduces water loss because it is not water-permeable. This waxy coating is which of the following types of organic molecule?

lipid

Which macromolecule makes up the majority of the cell membrane?

lipid

The drinking of alcoholic beverages by a pregnant woman is harmful to the development of her fetus. This is most damaging early in the first trimesters of pregnancy because during this time *

many of the essential organs of the fetus are forming.

Which of the following functions does active transport perform in a cell?

moving substances against a concentration gradient

Some people see the benefit of wind energy as a clean alternative to fossil fuels for energy production. Others believe it is dangerous for migratory birds. These opinions best illustrate that decisions about alternate energy sources:

must be made by weighing the risks and costs against the benefits

Mutations within a DNA sequence are:

natural processes that produce genetic diversity

Resistance to antibiotics results from variations in the genetic code of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which type of molecule encodes genetic information in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

nucleic acid

After a volcano erupts and destroys an ecosystem, a few organisms are able to begin growing from the decaying organic matter left behind. What do we call those first organisms that are able to grow in little or no soil that first appear? *

pioneer

Water is often called the "universal solvent" because many substances can be dissolved in water. What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent?

polarity and cohesion

Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are macromolecules that serve many functions and can be chemically broken down and restructured. Both proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the following?

polymers of smaller sub-units

Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth?

prokaryotic and anaerobic

Environmentalists are hoping to protect endangered organisms by calling for a reduction in the use of pesticides, because loss of these organisms would:

reduce biodiversity in various ecosystems

New fuels are being produced by converting corn and grasses into compounds containing alcohols that can be broken down for energy in various engines. The purpose of this research is to:

reduce the use of nonrenewable resources.

There are some similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

ribosome

Which cell structure is correctly paired with its primary function?

ribosome - protein synthesis

The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called

semi-permeable

Which type of reproduction leads to increased genetic variation on a population?

sexual reproduction

DDT and other pesticides used over 50 years ago are still affecting the environment today. Scientists have found these substances in recent glacier runoff. Glacier runoff occurs during the summer, when precipitation that has fallen on glaciers during the winter is released. Ice layers from existing glaciers have been analyzed. The results of this analysis show that the concentrations of DDT and other pesticides were highest about 10 years after the use of these substances was banned.This information shows that:

the decision of one human generation may have an impact on future generations.

After the Aswan High Dam was built on the Nile River, the rate of parasitic worm infection doubled in the human population near the dam. As a result of building the dam, the flow of the Nile changed. This changed the habitat, which resulted in an increase in its population of a certain aquatic snail. The snails, which were infected, released larvae of the worm. These larvae then infected humans. This situation best illustrates that: *

the influence of humans on a natural system can have unpredictable negative impacts

Which invention from the 17th century allowed for the development of modern cell theory?

the light microscope

Angel was trying to explain carrying capacity to her mother. Which of the following descriptions is accurate? Carrying capacity is: *

the maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can sustain.

A biologist compares how different ecosystems undergo succession. She divides the series of events that happen during primary and secondary succession into three different stages. Which feature might be used to distinguish secondary succession from primary succession? *

the presence of soil and organic matter in the first stage.

What characteristic to most plants have in common?

they are autotrophic

Which of the following phrases best describes cancer?

uncontrolled cell growth caused by mutations in genes that control the cell cycle

One way that humans could have a positive impact on local environments is to

use resources that are renewable

What function does ATP carry out in living things?

used to capture and transfer energy

Sperm are created through meiosis in an area of the testes called the seminiferous tubules. Through which structure do the sperm travel to exit the testes?

vas deferens

A scientist wants to change the DNA of a sexually reproducing organism and have the new DNA present in every cell of the organism. In order to do this after fertilization, she would change the DNA in which of the following?

zygote