Biology Exam 1
The four major groups of organic compounds are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
The four major groups of organic compounds are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain
carbon and hydrogen
An acid
is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
This molecule of starch is different from a glucose molecule in that this molecule
is used by cells for quick release of energy for cell functions.
Fungi and Animalia
kingdom
Frozen water is ____ dense than liquid water, causing ice to float.
less
the base unit of measurement of volume is the
liter
The metric base unit for length is the
meter
A potassium atom is most likely to form __________ bonds with other atoms
ionic
In a potassium atom, the electrons are arranged into ___________ energy shells (19 electrons)
4
conversion from cubic meters to liters
1 cubic meter=1000 liters
Five characteristics of life
1) Organization2) Metabolism3) Homeostasis 4) Reproduction, growth or development 5) Evolution
Functions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton
Helps in cell division.Transports to organelles within cells.Binds cells together.Gives cells shape and structure.
Drag the provided terms in order of least inclusive (narrowest category) to most inclusive (broadest category) 1.Ecosystem 2.Molecule 3.Organelle 4.Organism 5.Community 6. Population 7. Organ System 8. Atom 9. Biosphere 10. Cell 11. Organ 12. Tissue
1.Atom 2.Molecule 3.Organelle 4.Cell 5.Tissue 6.Organ 7.Organ System 8.Organism 9.Population 10.Community 11.Ecosystem 12.Biosphere
In the metric system what is the meaning of centi
1/100
In the metric system, prefixes are used to assign values based on a factor of
10
The interconversions between standard units and derived units in the metric system are based on a factor of
10
Given this information from Nitrogen in the periodic table of elements, the number of neutrons and protons is
14, which is also the atomic mass
The first energy shell of an atom has one orbital. Therefore, it can contain a maximum of ________ electron(s).
2
An ion is an atom that has...
A net negative or positive charge, with the number of electrons different from the number of protons
Based upon the valence electron number of oxygen, which of the following is true of its binding capabilities? (Check all that apply.) Oxygen can form one triple bond with another atom (share six electrons). Oxygen can form two single bonds (share two electrons each with two different atoms). Oxygen can only form one single bond with another atom (share two electrons). Oxygen can form one double bond with another atom (share four electrons).
All
A net of two _____ molecules per glucose are produces during glycolysis.
ATP
Energy is used, converting _____ to ADP.
ATP
John runs some statistics on his distances to see if he can find any significance in his study. Scientific method?
Analysis
Of the comparisons listed below, which is not true in distinguishing DNA from RNA?
DNA is a molecule that stores and regulates our genetics, while RNA is used for cellular energy storage and release for biological functions.
2:1 ratio of OH- to H+ Soap
Basic
Complete the equation for phtosynthesis:6_____+_H20-->____________+6__
CO2, 6, 1, C6H1206, O2
Based on the 1:2:1 proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, it can be determined that the glucose molecule is a(n) triglyceride. disaccharide. carbohydrate. polymer. amino acid.
Carbohydrate
Its polymers are called polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates
Select the statement that correctly describes one of the bulk elements necessary for life.
Carbon (C) has four valence electrons and is likely to form covalent bonds.
This process uses the potential energy in organic compounds to produce ATP.
Cellular respiration
In an oxygen element, each oxygen atom contains eight electrons in its valence shell. The atoms will be
Chemically stable
Review the discussion of electronegativity and and the discussion of ionic bonds in section 2.2. Which of the following elements is likely to form ionic bonds? (Select all that apply.)
Chlorine Helium Sodium Carbon
___________ bonds are formed between monomers to form a polymer
Covalent
John uses mechanical "predators" to approach frogs at a pond shore, and he records the distance between the predator and frog as the frogs jump. Scientific method?
Data collection
The weight to volume ratio of a substance describes which physical property?
Density
If a carbohydrate polymer is limited to two monomer units, such as sucrose made from glucose and fructose, it is called
Disaccharide
Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Calcium
Essential Bulk Elements
Iron, Copper
Essential Trace Element
A species is classified into one of three domains depending on which of the five qualities of life it exhibits
False
Nucleic acids are to nucleotides like amino acids are to proteins and monosaccharides are to carbohydrates.T/F
False
T/F; A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the R group of another amino acid.
False
Eukarya
Fungi Plantae Lemur Multicellular organism
Blood is closely maintained at a pH of 7.4. A patient whose blood pH drops below 7.35 is suffering from metabolic acidosis and can go into a coma. What happens to the concentration of H+ ions in a patient with a blood pH of 6.4? H+ concentration is decreased 4-fold H+ concentration is decreased 10-fold H+ concentration is decreased 2-fold H+ concentration is increased 2-fold H+ concentrations is increased 10-fold
H+ concentrations is increased 10-fold
The _________ bonding between water molecules allows water to be cohesive and adhesive
Hydrogen
Water molecules exhibit cohesive and adhesive properties. What is the chemical bond characteristic that contributes to these and other numerous important properties of water molecules?
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules, not requiring gain, loss, or sharing electrons.
In living cells, a process by which cells break polymers down into monomers with the addition of water is
Hydrolysis
John thinks that frogs vary the proximity to which they allow predators based on the size of the predator. Scientific method?
Hypothesis
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Includes unicellular prokaryotic organisms and unicellular eukaryotic organisms
A base... Has a value of 7 on the PH scale Is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution Is a chemical that absorbs hydrogen ions from a solution Has a value below 7 on the PH scale all of the answer choices are correct
Is a chemical that absorbs hydrogen ions from a solution
An acid.... Has a value above 7 on the PH scale Is a chemical that takes hydrogen ions from a solution Has a value of 7 on the PH scale Is a chemical that adds hydrogen to a solution All of the answer choices are correct
Is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
Its main features is its water-repellent property.Stored in adipose tissue.
Lipid
Its main feature is its water repellent property Stored in adipose tissue
Lipids
Check all that apply: Living things are composed of cells Living things use heat as an energy source A leaf is made up of several different tissues Evolution acts on nonliving things but not living things Living things can reproduce and grow
Living things are composed of cells Living things can reproduce and grow
The major approaches to characterizing organisms include which four things?
Microscopic, Macroscopic, biochemical,gentic
Electron carriers called ____ are produced, which donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
NADH
An amino acid contains a structural "backbone" chain of carbon and phosphorus atoms. carbons. phosphorus atoms. nitrogens and carbons. nitrogens.
Nitrogens and Carbons
Argon, Gold, Helium
Nonessential Elements
DNA RNA Its monomers are called nucleotides. Genes are made of this.
Nucleic acid
In biological molecules, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen often form covalent bonds with hydrogen. Arrange these bonds from most polar to least polar.
O-H, N-H, C-H
On a walk around a pond John sees that small frogs on the shore only allow him to get within 2 meters before jumping into the water. Scientific method?
Observation
Water has unique properties which include its strength as a solvent; its three environmental stages of solid, liquid, and gas; and its temperature regulation. These properties are due to polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen. The polar covalent bonds are a result of
Oxygen being more electronegative and therefore attracting more electrons than hydrogen
John writes up and sends out his experimental results for other scientists to critique. Scientific Method?
Peer Review
This process uses light energy to produce organic compounds.
Photosynthesis
Because water is a ______ molecule, it is a good_______ for hydrophobic molecules
Polar and Solvent
The linking of amino acids is used to build which macromolecule
Polypeptides and proteins
It's monomers are called amino acids.
Protein
There are 3 types of molecules used to build the cell what are they?
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
The mass number is defined as the total number of _________ of an atom
Protons and Neutrons
The atomic number of an element is the number of Neutrons in the nucleus Protons in the orbitals Protons in the nucleus Neutrons in the orbitals Electrons in the nucleus
Protons in the nucleus
In an ionic bond
atoms, having gained or lost electrons, attract one another with opposite charges.
The helix that forms in a single polypeptide chain as a result of hydrogen bonds between the amino groups and carboxyl groups of different amino acids is an example of
Secondary structure of protein
In a covalent bond, atoms
Share electrons
Cell membrane structure and function
Sterols in cell membranes allow the membrane to be more fluid.Phospholipid bilayers surround all eukaryotic cells.Both plant and animal cell membranes are considered fluid mosaics.
Which statement summarizes the distinction between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds?
The electrons are more evenly and symmetrically distributed in orbit among atoms in a nonpolar covalent bond.
Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing organisms in ponds to live underneath the ice at the surface of the water, instead of trapped in the ice at the bottom of the pond.T/F
True
After they are used, reusable instruments or glassware that require sterilization should be placed in the
autoclave
Determine which of the following is true about the structure of water. (select all that apply) Water has one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms Hydrogen atoms in a water molecule have a slight negative charge The bonds of a water molecule are polar The oxygen atom in a water molecule has a slight positive charge Water is an atom
Water has one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms The bonds of a water molecule are polar
The bond that builds amino acid monomers into protein polymers is an ionic bond also known as a peptide bond. a primary structural bond. a denatured hydrogen bond. a covalent bond also known as a peptide bond. a covalent bond also know as a glycosidic bond.
a covalent bond also known as a peptide bond.
if a measurement is too large or small to be covenietly expressed by a base unit you can use
a derived unit
The correct functions of your lungs contribute to the normal pH level of between 7.35 and 7.45. If your lungs do not exchange and remove carbon dioxide from your blood, the blood pH will change. A pH 6.4 reading of your blood indicates
a health problem due to the pH value being 10X higher H+ concentrations than normal in your body.
The three major components in a nucleotide are
a nitrogen base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Carbon and hydrogen make up many biologically important molecules. Carbon has an electronegativity of 2.55, whereas hydrogen has an electronegativity of 2.2. Based on the electronegativity difference between the atoms, the carbon and hydrogens shown here have just formed
a nonpolar covalent bond.
The primary building block (monomer) of nucleic acids is
a nucleotide
Water is best described as which of the following?
a polar molecule
In a covalent bond
atoms share electrons
PH of 3 Orange Juice H+ concentration of 10^-5
acidic
The four nitrogenous bases found in RNA are _____________________.
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
Organism that carry out cellular respiration are __________. (4)
aerobic bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, plants, and animals
Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen account for 96% of the human body. These elements are
also the main elements in organic molecules
An ion is
an atom that has lost electrons B. an atom that has a negative charge C. an atom that has gained electrons D. all answers are correct E. an atom that has a positive charge
Infectious agents in the laboratory are classified into four _______ levels based on their ease of transmission and ability to cause disease
biosafety
Microorganisms such a protozoa algae and bacteria can be viewed in a ______ microscope, whereas viruses need to be visualized using a _______ microscope due to their smaller size
brightfield, electron
Organic molecules are defined as chemical compounds that contain ____________ and ____________.
carbon, hydrogen
Which of the following is not an example of a monosaccharide?
cellulose
Trees are able to transport water hundreds of feet up from the roots because of
cohesion of the water molecules
Hydrogen bonding between water molecules allow water to be ________. This property of water allows it to rise from a plant's roots to its highest branches.
cohesive
Water is a ________ composed of _____ atoms
compound, three
Sugars dissolve well in water and are therefore called ___________ substances
hydrophilic
A process by which cells build large molecules from monomers is
dehydration process
Water molecules are produced Monomers are joined together Occurs when nucleotides are joined together during DNA replication
dehydration process
To convert a smaller derived unit of measure to a large one you would
divide by a factor
A hydrogen bond
does not require electron transfer
If a covalent bond is polar
electronegativity of atoms is unequal in their pull on electrons
Cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems working together to make a human function is an example of an _________________________, because separately none of these components can accomplish what they can together.
emergent property
Sweating can have a cooling effect, due to ___________. This is because energy is needed to break water's hydrogen bonds.
evaporation
A ____ molecule, which contains more calories than other foods, is broken down into _________ and fatty ________.
fat, glycerol, acids
Examples of monosaccharides are
glucose and fructose
The base unit of weight in the metric system is the
gram
A potassium atom has _________ electronegativity
high
Sugar (CH2O)n, as a solute, dissolves well in water because sugar forms ____ bonds with water.
hydrogen
Individual water molecules bind to each other with
hydrogen bonds
A process by which cells break polymers down into smaller units is
hydrolysis
A process by which cells break polymers down into smaller units is ______________.
hydrolysis
Water molecules are broken apart Polymers are broken apart Occurs in your stomach as part of digestion
hydrolysis
Scientists use carbon-dating to determine the age of fossils. 14C is a rare isotope of carbon that has a half-life of 5730 years and decays into 14N. By measuring the amount of 14C remaining in a fossil, scientists can estimate when the organism died to within 60,000 years. The atomic numbers of C is 6 and of N is 7The most common isotope of carbon is 12C. 14C has _________ than 12C
more neutrons
Saturated fats have long straight tails of fatty acids, while unsaturated fats have kinks in their tails created by double bonds. The kinks prevent the fatty acids from packing together as tightly. Ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals need to keep their membranes fluid at cooler temperature and thus contain _______________ their membranes.
mostly unsaturated fats
In a potassium atom, there is/are _____ electrons in the valence energy shell
one
A covalent bond in proteins is called a ____________.
peptide bond
What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?
peptide bonds
How are monomers in nucleic acids joined?
phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides
Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are ___________. (2)
photosynthetic bacteria, plants
Because water is a _____ molecule, it is a good _______ for hydrophilic molecules.
polar, solvent
Organisms that extract energy from nonliving environmental resources are called ______________.
producers
In addition to carbohydrates, your body can extract energy from two other major macromolecules, __________ and fats.
proteins
The group of organic molecule polymers with the most complex and diverse three-dimensional structure is
proteins
The polymers with the most complex and diverse three-dimensional structures are
proteins
Two _________ molecules are produced, then they are moved into mitochondria (in ____________ cells).
pyruvate, eukaryotic
Saturated fats have long, straight tails of fatty acids, whereas unsaturated fats from vegetables have kinks in their tails due to double bonds. These kinks prevent the fats from packing together as tightly. Hydrogenated vegetable oils, or trans fats, have hydrogens added back to the double bonds and thus behave like
saturated fats.
A dense object will be characterized how?
small volume and high height
Which of the following is not a lipid?
starch molecule
What are the building blocks of polysaccharides as glycogen?
sugar
The atomic number of an atom or element is
the number of protons in the nucleus
Algal phytoplankton are single-celled water organisms that perform photosynthesis like plants. In a lake, summer growth of phytoplankton can change the water pH from pH 7.2 to 6.2. This change indicates all of the following except
the water at pH 6.2 has twice the hydrogen (H+) concentration than before the phytoplankton growth.
Isotopes of the same element are different from one another in that
they have a different number of neutrons
Many digestive enzymes are hydrolases which carry out hydrolysis. What do these enzymes have in common?
they use water to break bonds in polymers
Lipids are characterized primarily on the basis of their insolubility in
water
A substance with a pH of 6 is
weak acid
Homeostasis
your body maintains an internal temperature of 37 degrees Celsius
