biology exam 1 questions

If a liter of water has a pH of 4, what is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water; what is the concentration of OH in the same sample?

Concentration of hydrogen ions is 4, while concentration of OH is 10

Stomach Acid denatures proteins; allows the stomach enzyme pepsin to break the bonds between amino acids. What kind of bonds are breaking

Covalent Bonds

How do plant and animal cells respond to hypo, hyper and isotonic environments?

For Animal cells when they become Hypotonic they tend to become lysed and attach, when they are isotonic they are normal blood cells, and Hypertonic becomes shriveled. With Plants cell with they are hypotonic they are turgid (normal) , when they are Isotonic they become flaccid, and when they are hypertonic they become plasmolysed (dead)

Phosphorus will tend to react with other substances (T/F)

True, due to its outer shell not being full

In a sodium chloride solution what is the solute and solvent

Water is the solvent and sodium chloride is the solute

Define osmosis and direction of water movement of different solute concentrations

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; For isotonic concentrations water can be equally diffuse to both sides, with hypertonic concentrations it tends to move from higher to lower, Hypotonic concentration low to high.

Observing a fluorescent micrograph cell with intermediate filaments would help you identify the cell as a __________.

human skin cell

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the Alpha glycosidic linkages of starch but not the Beta glycosidic linkages of cellulose

Cell junctions in plant cells are called __________, and communicating junctions in animal cells are called __________.

plasmodesmata; gap junctions

What is the role of carbohydrates?

provide energy

Evidence that supports the prokaryotic origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are all of the following except __________.

that mitochondria and chloroplasts have multiple copies of linear DNA molecules associated with their inner membranes

Basal bodies are most closely associated with which of the following cell components?

Cilia

List four characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonding

Cohesive (Water sticks to itself) Behavior, Ability to moderate temperature, Expansion upon freezing, Versatility as a solvent.

Which statement about the cytoskeleton is true?

Components of the cytoskeleton often mediate the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

Phosphorus has an atomic mass of 31 and an atomic number of 15, how many electrons does it contain in its VALENCE shell?

5

If a ph solution is changed from Ph 5 to Ph 3

A concentration of H+ is 100x what it was at pH 5 (10 x 10)

What is the evolutionary origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts? Defend your statement with evidence.

A process called endosymbiosis, a bacterium that got engulfed by a cell and both became reliant on each our body processed it as an organelle

The nuclear membrane is fused directly to A. The endoplasmic reticulum B. The golgi C. The plasma membrane D. Mitochondria

A. The endoplasmic reticulum

distinguish

Atomic number distinguish the proton amount, mass number is the average number of protons and neutrons. Atomic mass minus the Atomic Number

Which of these is not a property of life A. Homeostasis B. Movement C. Reproduction D. Order

B. Movement

Soap binds to lipids and allows them to interact with water. Therefore soap must:

Be both nonpolar and polar with water

Which of the following are in not correct? A. Single Cell organisms contain organelles B. Biospheres contain Communities C. Single cell organisms contain organs D. Organs contain tissues

C. Single cell organisms contain organs

carboxyl group

COOH

Dietary Fiber is a type of:

Carbohydrate

Which is the lowest level of the hierarchy of biology that can perform all of the functions of life and thus has all the properties of life?

Cellular Level

Which of the following is false in respect to cells' chromosomes?

Chromosomes are only visible as a cell is about to divide.

What are the types of molecular bonds?

Covalent Bonds electrons are shared and the bond can be very strong. -Nonpolar - electrons shared equally -Polar -electrons are not equally shared resulting in a polar molecule Hydrogen Bonds- electrons are not shared, instead charged molecules are attracted to one another. Example of a molecule that uses this type of bond? H2O How strong is this kind of bond? Weak Ionic Bonds bond between a slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative atom on another polar molecule. How strong is this kind of bond?

Which of the following is not a function of proteins A. Transport B. Motion C. Catalysts D. Genetic code E. Storage

D. Genetic Code

a polymer of the molecule above could be used for? A. Structure B. Energy Storage C. Defense D. Two of the above E. All of the above

D. Two of the above

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

DNA -> RNA -> Protein Information is transported from DNA to RNA to Protein

As Ph increases the concentration of hydronium in a water sample will A. Increase B. Decrease C. Stay the same

Decrease

Which type of reasoning is used to generate" if.... Then statements"?

Deductive reasoning

What are the three domains of life?

Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya

In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization.

What are the differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells consist of living things that require oxygen and have multiple cells, while prokaryotes are single celled organisms. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells. Pro lacks a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles.

Where will the proteins produced by free ribosomes likely be used? What about those produced by bound ribosomes?

Free ribosomes are usually used by the cytosol where they are found, and Bound ribosomes pack and ship proteins to other locations of the body that need

Which of the following is not a polymer? A. glucose B. Starch C. Cellulose D. DNA

Glucose

What is the role of aquaporins? What type of transport protein are they? Would their interiors be polar or nonpolar?

Helps water to speedily cross the plasma membrane, they are non-polar because they are hydrophilic

What type of bond must be broken in order for water to vaporize (evaporate)?

Hydrogen Bonds of the water molecule

In a single water molecule, hydrogen is attached to oxygen by a ________ bond?

Hydrogen bond

Which solution has the most free water molecules (those not stuck to anything), a hypotonic or hypertonic solution?

Hypotonic

What characteristics allow you to distinguish a hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid side chain?

In a hydrophobic molecule their polar heads are facing outwards making a rigid layer, while hydrophilic tails are facing inward and interacting with water, or another polar molecule.

What is the function of peroxisomes

It is to break down Hydrogen peroxide into water that way are body can process peroxide.

How would the properties of water be affected if hydrogen were made more electronegative

It would be less heat required to get water to evaporate.

Would adding phospholipids with saturated fatty acid tails make a cell membrane more or less fluid at room temperature?

It would make it more fluid do the cells not being able to pack closely together at room temperature and it won't be a solid due to the temp not being cold.

What properties would a molecule need to possess in order to interact both with water and a non-polar substance such as a lipid? Do any such molecules exist?

It would need both a polar head and hydrophobic tails, the molecule that does exist is...Soap

A gram of which of the following substances would contain the most stored energy

Lipids because they are not soluble steroids, oils, waxes

The endosymbiont theory explains the origins of __________.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Cilia and flagella move due to the interaction of the cytoskeleton with which of the following?

Motor Proteins

The region of a bacterial cell that contains the genetic material is called the __________.

Nucleoid

__________ are membrane-bound metabolic compartments that specialize in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its conversion to water.

Peroxisomes

Difference between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have chloroplasts & cell walls

Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through __________.

Plasmodesmata

How are plants cells able to communicate with their neighbors if each cell is surrounded by a cell wall?

Plasmodesmata is the way the communicate between each other.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

Qualitative, in the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements. Quantitative data, generally expressed as numerical measurements and often organized.

Two separate polypeptide chains join together to form

Quaternary Structure

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Ribosomes Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA. In a eukaryotic cell, most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus, which is bounded by a double membrane. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, which is not membrane-enclosed. Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, suspended in cytosol, are a variety of organelles of specialized form and function.

Name three structures that all cells possess.

Ribosomes, DNA, Cytoplasm

Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell?

Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What is a scientific Theory, how are they different from hypotheses?

Scientific theory is a broader than hypothesis. A theory is general enough to allow spin offs of many new, testable hypotheses, A theory in supported by a much greater amount of evidence that upholds it.

You would expect a cell with an extensive Golgi apparatus to __________.

Secrete a lot of protein

What is the functional connection between the nucleolus, nuclear pores, and the nuclear membrane?

Subunits (rRna) of ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus and pass through the nuclear membrane via the nuclear pores.

Explain why hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable but are not provable.

Testing the hypotheses in various ways can significantly increase the confidence in its validity. With it being testable and falsifiable it raises the chance of the hypothesis to be true if to hold up.

The neighboring water molecules IN ICE can form hydrogen bonds (T/F)

True

Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why?

The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.

A substance moving from outside the cell into the cytoplasm must pass through __________.

The plasma membrane

Where would hydrophobic amino acids be in a folded protein that is in an aqueous environment?

They would be folded inward away from an aqueous environment.

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

Transport, Enzymatic activity, Communication -(Signal Transduction), Cell- Cell Recognition, Intercellular joining, Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

All bacteria have a cell membrane(T/F)

True

Cellulose and starch are both composed of glucose monomers (T/F)

True

Diffusion will cause a cell's internal environment to become more similar to that of the environment outside (T/F)

True

diffusion moves items along their concentration gradient (T/F)

True

The extracellular matrix of the animal cell has all of the following molecular components except __________.

a middle lamella

Why can oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the plasma membrane without membrane proteins?

because they are preamble to the plasma membrane

This molecule is

carbohydrate

The organelle that is a plant cell's compartment for the storage of inorganic ions such as potassium and chloride is the __________.

central vacuole

Animal cells have unique organelles called __________ that are composed of structures called __________.

centrosomes; centrioles

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. Unlike a typical eukaryotic cell they __________.

have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm

A protein that ultimately functions in the plasma membrane of a cell is most likely to have been synthesized __________.

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized __________.

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus

Hydration shells form when _____ is/are dissolved in water

ions

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.

is the Cytoskeleton (microtubules, Microfilaments, Intermediate)

The network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in a cell __________.

is the cytoskeleton

Microfilaments function in cell motility including __________.

muscle contraction, amoeboid movement, and cytoplasmic streaming in plants

distinguish

neutron and proton- Neutron are neutral charge and have no charge at all, while protons carry a positive charge.

When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form

nonpolar covalent bonds

The endoplasmic reticulum is part of the endomembrane system, which also includes the __________.

nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles

Cells are small because __________.

of the geometric relationships between surface and volume

The function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is __________.

to synthesize proteins that are secreted as glycoproteins

Dogs can cool themselves by panting because of:

water's high heat of vaporization

Cell motility, which includes changes both in cell location and in the movement of cell parts, requires interactions of the cytoskeleton __________.

with motor proteins