Biology Exam 3- Chapter 5

Producers

can absorb the sun's energy and convert it to chemical energy

Autotrophs

capture and transform the energy of sunlight by photosynthesis

By-product

Plants and algae produce oxygen gas (O2)

(Driving Question) What are the photosynthetic organisms on the planet, and why are they so important?

Plants, algae, and bacteria. They use the energy of the sunlight and carbon dioxide to make food and organic material. Without photosynthesis, the carbon cycle could not occur, oxygen-requiring life would not survive and plants would die. Photosynthesis is the process that provides food to nearly all life on Earth!

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants and other autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to make energy-rich molecules • Uses carbon dioxide and water Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide → Oxygen + Glucose

Cellular respiration

Producers and consumers are only able to release this chemical energy

Potential energy

- The energy an object has due to its location or structure - stored energy in the chemical bonds

Kinetic energy

- The energy of motion - The energy of motion or movement

Chemical energy

- potential energy stored in bonds of biological molecules - break bonds to release stored energy to do work

Energy

- the capacity to do work - includes processes such as building complex molecules and moving substances in and out of the cells

(Learning outcome) State the general equation of photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H20 + (energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + water + energy from light produces glucose and oxygen.

(Learning outcome) Explain the role of ATP during chemical energy conversions

ATP serves as the biological energy company, releasing energy for both anabolic and catabolic processes and being recharged by energy generated from other catabolic reactions.

(Learning outcome) Describe the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs and provide an example of each

Autotrophs are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy - Ex: plants, algae, and some types of bacteria Heterotrophs are known as consumers because they consume producers or other consumers - Ex: Dogs, birds, fish, and humans

(Learning outcome) Identify the features required for photosynthesis that are absent from humans and other non-photosynthetic organisms

Carbon dioxide, water and light are all needed for photosynthesis to take place. Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of a plant. Humans don't have chlorplasts like plants

(Driving question) What are the different types of energy, and what transformations of energy do organisms carry out?

Chemical Energy Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Heat The potential energy stored in molecules can be converted to chemical energy, which can ultimately be converted to kinetic energy, enabling an organism to move.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Excited electrons help generate an energy-carrying molecule ATP is used to make sugar

(Learning outcome) Compare and contrast fossil fuels and biofuels and between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources

Fossil fuels are called nonrenewable energy sources, since it takes hundreds of millions of years for the Earth to produce new deposits of coal, oil and natural gas. ... In contrast, biofuels are considered renewable energy sources since corn, soy and other biomass can be grown indefinitely.

(Learning outcome) Differentiate between chemical energy, light energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, and heat energy.

Kinetic energy (the energy of moving objects) and potential energy (energy that is stored). These are the two basic forms of energy. Chemical Energy: Chemical energy is energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, like atoms and molecules. This energy is released when a chemical reaction takes place. Usually, once chemical energy has been released from a substance, that substance is transformed into a completely new substance. Light Energy: Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light consists of photons, which are produced when an object's atoms heat up. Light travels in waves and is the only form of energy visible to the human eye. Potential Energy: potential energy is the energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position. An object possesses gravitational potential energy if it is positioned at a height above (or below) the zero height. Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy is the energy of mass in motion. The kinetic energy of an object is the energy it has because of its motion. Heat energy: Heat energy is the result of the movement of tiny particles called atoms, molecules or ions in solids, liquids and gases. Heat energy can be transferred from one object to another. The transfer or flow due to the difference in temperature between the two objects is called heat.

photons

Light energy is made of particles Photons of different wavelengths contain different amounts of energy

(Learning outcome) Explain the transformations of energy that organisms carry out

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both chemical processes that support life through the transformation of light energy into a form of energy that is usable by organisms.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis takes place inside the cells of plants and algae in organelles

(Driving Question) How do plants and algae convert the energy in sunlight into energy-rich organic molecules? (And why can't other organisms, including humans, do this?)

Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. Humans can use photosynthesis because we don't have chloroplasts, and we wouldn't get enough food out of it to make it worthwhile anyway

(Learning outcome) Explain the general importance of photosynthetic organisms to the biosphere

Photosynthetic plants convert solar energy into the chemical energy of living tissue, and that stored chemical energy flows into herbivores, predators, parasites, decomposers, and all other forms of life. That is why plants and algae are very important for the Earth's biosphere, because they regulate the atmosphere's content in oxygen.

(Learning outcome) Describe how plants and algae convert the energy in sunlight into energy-rich organic molecules and explain why other organisms, including humans, cannot do this.

Sunlight+Water+Carbon dioxide --> Oxygen + Glucose Sunlight--> (Photosynthesis) turns light into glucose sugar --> glucose can be converted to immediate energy, stored energy, and cell structures. Photosynthesis, the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds

(Driving Question) How do algal biofuels compare to other fuels in terms of costs, benefits, and sustainability?

The algal fuel is alternative form of energy or biofuel for the fuel to be used for vehicle transportation or to replace the various oil as fuel. It is a renewable fuel, with a potential of 10 or 100 times and it has high productivity, this is the best benefit.

(Learning outcome) Outline how algal biofuels compare to other fuels in terms of costs, benefits, and sustainability

The algal fuel is alternative form of energy or biofuel for the fuel to be used for vehicle transportation or to replace the various oil as fuel. It is a renewable fuel, with a potential of 10 or 100 times and it has high productivity, this is the best benefit.

(Learning outcome) Describe the relationship between photon energy level, wavelength, and color of light

The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon's electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon's frequency, the higher its energy. Equivalently, the longer the photon's wavelength, the lower its energy. In the visual system, a light wave's wavelength is generally associated with color, and its amplitude is associated with brightness.

Heat

The kinetic energy generated by random movement of molecules or atoms

(Learning outcome) Describe the pros and cons of the sources of biofuels

The two most common types of biofuels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel. Pros: - Renewable - Clean - Inexpensive - Flexible - Carbon Neutral Cons: - with the increased use of biofuels there will be an urge to grow more of the crops meant for biofuel production instead of food crops. Reduced food production can increase the price which may lead to inflation. - Loss of habitat - Harmful Nitrous oxide production - Limitations in its use in vehicles

(Learning outcome) List the main types of photosynthetic autotrophs

Types of autotrophs include photoautotrophs, and chemoautotrophs. - Photoautotrophs are organisms who get the energy to make organic materials from sunlight. Photoautotrophs include all plants, green algaes, and bacteria which perform photosynthesis. - Chemoautotrophs are organisms that obtain energy from inorganic chemical processes. Today, chemoautotrophs are most commonly found in deep water environments which receive no sunlight.

Chlorophyll

a pigment present in the green parts of plants It absorbs photons of light energy

Heterotrophs

obtain energy by eating other organisms

Consumers

obtain energy by eating producers

Chloroplasts

organelles present in cells of plants and algae