Biology Final

Hypothesis

- explanation for an event that one can test. - If then because statements - can become a verified theory

Conservation biology and sustainability What is a known, non-coercive solution to limit human population growth?

1.) Female literacy 2.) Consume less products

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are the advantages of a body cavity( coelom)?

1.) Folding of digestive organs 2.) Organ arrangement 3.) Pocketing of internal organs 4.) Complex musculature and movement 5.) Hydrostatic skeleton 6.) Internal cushioning (absorbs impact) and movement of organs. So heart and lungs not constricted. * only triploblasts have body cavity because body cavity develops from the mesoderm layer. * Eucoelomates= True coelom. Ex: Annelids,mOLLUSKS,arthropods,eCHINODERMS,cHORDATES. Coelom features -Enclosed, fluid filled, develops from mesoderm layer, internal organs can pocket

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are the advantages of having larva and adult stages in an animal life cycle?

1.) Larva is in less compeition with adult. Larave can disperse. 2.) Eat different foods 3.) Specialize for feeding vs Reproduction Examples: Sponge and larva: -Larva can disperse to an environment that is not competitive to the adult -The larva is motile so it swims away from parent to find a place to land where it becomes sessile/Cecil( dosent move) and transforms through metamorphosis. So it can mate. Tadpole and Frog: - They don't compete with each other because they do not eat the same things. - Tadpole eats Algae and Frog eats insects on land. Butterfly and Viceroy larva: - Butterfly eats Nectar. Larva/caterpillar eats leaves. - Butterfly= sex machine - Larva=eating and growing machine -The horn on the larva gives off a nasty smell. - Larva has Aposmotessium that mimics a bird turd.

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are the main features of animals?

1.) Multicellularity with patterning - using Hox or Hox-like genes Hox genes: layout the body plan of the animal from anterior to posterior 2.) Embryo with blastula - Allows complex, coordinated development 3.) Body symmetry(most) 4.) Collagen in extracellular matrix - holds cells together & forms highways for immune cells to travel on 5.) Diploid-dominant life cycle with larva * Purple are the synapomorphy of animals

Fungal ecology: what ecosystem services do fungi provide?

1.) They rot and breakdown things like wood. (Decomposition) 2.) Hyphae can penetrate and digest wood and break down a log. While bacteria can only work on the surface. 3.) Fungi digest wood and return nutrients to the soil. 4.) Fungi recycle carbon into the atmosphere Co2. Guardians of our climate. 5.) Trees remove Co2, fungi put it back. ( Massive global cooling because CO2 was removed from atmosphere but then Fungi placed carbon back into the O2 atmosphere. This prevented another snowball earth).

Why does a controlled experiment allow the most confidence in a conclusion?

Because a control sets standards for an experiment which is important to detect error. This allows for replication of experiment

Tree to see

Bilateral(Protostomes and detuersomes) are triploblasts Diploblasts have a gastrula( 2 tissue ayers) and are sponges and diploblasts

Conservation biology and sustainability According to the Rivet-popper hypothesis, how does biodiversity loss affect ecosystem function?

Biodiversity loss= ecosystem function decline After a certain number of species disappears the functioning of the ecosystem will decline.

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What is cephalization, and how is it related to bilateral vs. radial symmetry?

Cephalization: concentration of neurons and sense organs anteriorly - head -sense organs -brains Bilateral organisms have more cephalization

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are the distinguishing main features of Cnidaria? Identify from descriptions or illustrations.

Cnidaria(Sea jellies): -Radial symmetry in adult - 2 true tissue layers( Diploblasts)= Ectoderm(epidermis) and Gastrodermis. Mesoglea between. - Cnidocytes( stinging cell)=around mouth or on tentacle -Medusa and polyp - Medusa mouth and tentacles hang down. Sexual phase. Nervous system more complex. -Polyp mouth sticks upward and tentacles it's an incomplete gut. Asexual phase. diploid

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: Why are reef-building corals ecologically important? How do they obtain most of their food? What is coral bleaching?

Coral polyps secrete limestone to build ecosystem. It creates diversity. Coral reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion Obtain food: Zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates) are photosynthetic protists that produce the food for corals. Coral Bleaching: loss of zooxanthellae. - caused by Contagious disease, global warming(heat stress), adaptation maybe

Scientific Method

Ex: 1.) Observation 2.) Ask a question 3.) Form a hypothesis that answers the question 4.) Prediction 5.)Experiment 6.) Analyze the results 7.) Hypothesis is supported reject the null(saying it dosent work). Hypothesis not supported the null hypothesis is right 8.) Try again if hypothesis dosent work. If works report the results

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are the main feeding and defense strategies in animals? identify from pictures or descriptions

Feeding strategies Heterotrophy = get carbon by eating organic matter Chemotrophy = Break down of carbon for energy Grazing/ herbivory= Caterpillar. Dosen't eat whole plant Predation= sit and wait. Then active. example Manivores jelly fishes Sediment/detritus feeding= bottom feeder, feeds on dead stuff that falls to bottom of the sand. Uses it's whiskers to smell in the sand. Filter feeder= When food is small. ex: Clams Parasitism & Symbiotrophy= eats/sucks blood. ex: leech Defense strategies Big: manatee has thick skin and huge tail Hide: Buried, Camouflage, hard shell Escape:Shrimps use their tail to spring backwards. Are quick and hide in small spots. Toxins: Venom and taste bad(Aposematism) Aposematism: Advertising danger and bad tatse. ex: catipallar

Sceince

Field of study that attempts to comprehend the nature of the universe.

Protostome animals: How are internal parasites adapted to that way of life? Compare to free-living relatives.

Internal parasites reduced their cephalization, and moved their digestive system down, while moving their reproductive system upward so it can easily go into the host. Free-living relatives= Have some cephalization and branched digestive system.Flatworms, nematodes and roundworms.

Fungal ecology: What are leaf endophytes, and what are their benefits to plants?

Leaf endophytes are fungi that live on the leaves of trees. - 2 types: Ascomycota & Basidiomycota endophytes -Hyperdiverse Mutualistic-Protect leaves against harmful fungi and herbivory( They taste bad so predators cant eat the leaves)

Fungal ecology: What is lichen, and how are they useful to conservationists?

Lichens are a combination of a fungal sandwich with algal cells in the middle. - The fungus gets food and the alga gets protection. Useful to conservationist: Their bioindicators and very sensitive to pollution. They help clean the air in the forest.

Does correlation show causation?

No, correlation does not show caustion. two things can be correlated and not cause the other ex: As the sales of ice cream rise and fall, so do the number of homicides. Does the consumption of ice cream causing the death of the people? No. Two things are correlated doesn't mean one causes other. Correlation: tells us how strongly the variables are linearly related and changed together Causation: cause and effect Example: When a person is exercising then the amount of calories burning goes up every minute. Former is causing latter to happen.

Protostome animals: What are the distinguishing main features of Platyhelminthes, Mollusks, Annelids, Nematodes, and Arthropods? Identify from examples or pictures.

Platyhelminthes(Flatworms): - 3 tissue layers(triploblastic), no celom, incomplete gut(branched to increase surface) * Tapeworm, flukes, Flatworms. Mollusks(squids,Octupus, clams, snails with shell): -Mantle, Muscular foot, Radula Annelids(earthworms & leeches, marine worms): -Unique segmentation with septa, Setae(not in leeches)= hairs of parasitic leeches. Nematodes(causes disease)(Roundworms): -Pseudocoelom, simple musculature & movement. Arthropods(Scoporion,centipyriads, milipyiads, crabs, shrimps,insects): - Hard cuticle( mineralized chitin) - paired jointed appendages(one pair per segment) - compound eyes - segmentation(Head(sensory and feeding), Thorax(mobility and protection), abdomen(mobility & sex) - Tagmatization (segments grouped together)

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are the distinguishing main features of Porifera and Cnidaria? Identify from descriptions or illustrations.

Porifera(Sponges): - Choanocytes= special flagellated cells. Helps pull water through special pore ells forming a water current that sponges uses for filter feeding. - Spicules= provide support , protection, feeding deterrent.(Shards of broken glass) -No True tissues= cells can aggregate never die. Can change shape from one another. tissues aren't set in stone -No symmetry in adult, but larva do have radial and bilateral symmetry In the hexactinellida( glass sponge) shrimp uses it for housing.

Protostome animals: Interpret a parasite life cycle, such as that of the pork tapeworm. How many hosts are there in such a life cycle, and why is that an advantage? Which tapeworm stage is more dangerous for us to ingest: the encysted larva in undercooked pork, or the egg on unwashed vegetables?

Pork tapeworm life cycle: 1.) eggs in feces 2.) egg ingested by pig 3.) eggs hatch and penetrate intestinal wall. 4.) Larva in cyst in tissue of animal that we eat 5.) then scolex latches to our intenstial wall Hosts #? 2, better chance of reproducing Which tapeworm stage is more dangerous for us to ingest? -The egg on the unwashed vegetables.IF WE EAT THE EGG WE GET THE CYSTS

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: Identify lack of symmetry , radial symmetry, or bilateral symmetry in an animal.

Radial symmetry: Body can be divided in more than one way. Ex: like a sand dollar, pie, or circle wheel. - Top or bottom surface but no left,right,front or back. -Benefits: allows for floating and experience the environment at all directions Whos it for? -Stationary animals Diploblasts no Body cavity Bilateral: Only one way to divide the body into two matching halves. Ex: All vertebrates (Mollusks, annelids, arthropods, echinoderms and chordates) -Humans are bipedal which is a derived trait - Develop triploblasts and body cavity from the mesoderm layer. - Promotes cephalization at the animals anterior head. - If bipedal have dorsal and ventral side

Germ tissue layers

Triploblasts: (1.st tissue layer) Ectoderm= outer skin(epithelial covering) of body surface and central nervous system (2nd tissue layer) Endoderm= lines digestive tract and respiratory tract. (3rd tissue layer) Mesoderm= specialized muscle tissues. ex: cardiac, muscle of heart. Orientation: Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm Diploblasts: Ectoderm and Endoderm only

Error bars on a graph

Variability of data, standard deviation, uncertainty of measurements. Significance: Standard deviation bar overlapping= difference is not statistically significant Standard deviation bar overlapping less= difference is probably not statistically significant Standard deviation error bars not overlapping= difference may be significant

Protostome animals What synapomorphies distinguish Bilateria; then Protostomes and Deuterostomes within Bilateria; and then Spiralia and Ecdysozoa within Protostomes? Interpret phylogenetic trees.

What synapomorphies distinguish Bilateria? -Mesoderm -triploblastic - Body cavity(ceolmate) What synapomorphies distinguish Protosomes? - Blastopore becomes the mouth -Spiral cleavage What synapomorphies distinguish Deutersotomes? - Radial cleavage - Blastopore becomes the anus What synapomorphies distinguish Spiralia ? -Spiral cleavage What synapomorphies distinguish Ecdysozoa? - Ecdysis= molting of exoskeleton - Idiosyncratic cleavage

Animal diversity and body plans: Porifera and Cnidaria: What are zygote, cleavage (radial and spiral), blastula, and gastrula? Identify on diagrams. In very general terms, as shown on the diagram "Trends in development," how do an incomplete gut, complete gut, mesoderm, and coelom form, in embryonic development?

Zygote: Blastula: Hollow ball of cells Gastrula: Ball dents in. develops int different tissues. The dent is the gut.. *If you stop after Blastula->Gastrula you have an incomplete gut *If development of embryonic continues, the pocket buss through the other side of the embryo and creates a complete gut *Then a third tissue layer(mesoderm) forums between the ectoderm and endoderm layers.(first two) * Then a ceolm ( body cavity)develops from the mesoderm layer Ultimately: Embryonic development makes complete gut, 3 germ tissue layers, and a body cavity. *complete gut advantage= eat conintously

Theory

a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Conservation biology and sustainability What are ecosystem services? Identify for mangroves.

ecosystems cleaning up the planet. Mangroves sequester a large amount of carbon. -provide habitat for fishes -protect land from storm & flooding -prevent erosion from coast -filter water and improve water quality.

Conservation biology and sustainability Interpret the graph showing the overshoot by a population of its carrying capacity.

overshoot carrying capacity= population will crash back to carrying capacity from death of billions of people. -more people will die

Conservation biology and sustainability How is climate change affecting life on levels, ranging from cells to ecosystems? Interpret the results (graphs) of the studies shown in class and described in the Campbell book and (more thoroughly) at the links.

pines make less protectve resin which gums up beetles and beetles getin and kill the trees which will causes a run away. mount of co2 int the atmosphere.

P<- 0.05 means (P less than or equal to 0.05)

statistically significant - Strong evidence against null hypothesis, as there is less then a 5% probability that the null is right. - We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis