Biology Final
If 23% of the nucleotides in a single-stranded RNA molecule are adenine, then what % are expected to be thymine?
0%
If 23% of the nucleotides in a single-stranded DNA molecule are Guanine, then what % are expected to be Cytosine?
23%
Looking at the DNA strand on the right side, which direction is the DNA facing?
3' on top
The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.
3D structure
Looking at the DNA strand on the left side, which direction is the DNA facing?
5' on top
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are _
A, T, C, G
The nitrogenous bases in RNA are _
A, U, C, G
Identify all Functional Groups in the following molecule...
Amino only
Where would a peptide bond form between the two single amino acids?
Between the Carboxyl terminal of Amino Acid A and the Amino terminal of Amino Acid B
what are lipids made of?
CHO
4 elements essential to life
CHON
what are nucleic acids made of
CHONP
what are proteins made of?
CHONPS
Which DNA base pairs with Guanine?
Cytosine
Which statement most accurately describes the Quaternary Structure of a Protein?
Multiple, 3D folded, polypeptide chains bound together into a larger structure
Which statement most accurately describes the Tertiary Structure of a Protein?
One peptide chain folding into a 3D shape through formation of many bonds (i.e ionic, hydrophobic, disulfide, hydrogen)
Which DNA base pairs with Adenine?
Thymine
Which RNA base pairs with Adenine?
Uracil
What conclusions can you draw from the Amino Acid image?
Valine has a nonpolar hydrophobic side chain
What is a monomer?
a singular building block
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration); requires ATP
active transport
Membrane that allows some substances to pass more easily than others and blocks the passage of some substances altogether.
active transport
how do you split two sugars apart?
add water and it will split them apart. also known as hydrolysis
clinging of a substance to another
adhesion
The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ___
amino acid
what is the following molecule?
amino acid
what is the monomer of a protein?
amino acid
a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms, can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+
amino group
Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.
amino; carboxyl; R
what are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
this atom has 4 electrons in the valence shall and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
carbon
What elements are all life made up of?
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phophorus
what are carbohydrates made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
a chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
carboxyl group
Identify all Functional Groups in the following molecule...
carboxyl hydroxyl
The basic unit of structure and function in living things; the smallest unit of life
cell
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. Part of all cells
cell membrane
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. Found in plants, bacteria, and fungi, but NOT in animals.
cell wall
holding a substance together
cohesion
A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.
concentration gradient
Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule
dehydration synthesis
term for joining sugars?
dehydration synthesis
What kind of reaction is occurring in the image?
dehydration synthesis of a dipeptide
Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.
denaturation
The sugar in DNA is _
deoxyribose
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ___
disaccharide
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent prokaryotes that were engulfed (phagocytosis) by another much larger cell.
endosymbyosis
A state of balance where there is no net movement of molecules.
equallibrium
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryote
A type of passive transport that involves the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels or carrier proteins
fascillitated diffusion
what are the monomers of lipids?
fatty acids and glycerol
Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______
glycogen; starch
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen
hydrocarbon
Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.
hydrogen
Process that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.
hydrolysis
term for splitting two sugars apart?
hydrolysis
a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols
hydroxyl group
what is a polymer
long chain of monomers
The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) _________
monosaccharide
what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide (glucose)
Carbohydrates are made up of ____
monosaccharides
Adenine (A), Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Uracil (U) are all...
nitrogenous bases
what is the monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotide
Nucleic acids are composed of _____
nucleotides
What is a monosaccharide?
one sugar
Specialized, membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cells that performs important cellular functions.
organelle
Passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
Diffusion, either through the membrane or through a protein channel; does not require energy from ATP
passive transport
In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.
peptide
a chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to found oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer
phosphate group
A lipid containing a polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails
phospholipid
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up cell and organelle membranes.
phospholipid bilayer
A broader term for the membrane that surrounds the cell AND all membrane-bound organelles.
plasma membrane
The polymer in a protein is a(n) _
polypeptide
Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a __
polysaccharide
At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.
primary
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
prokaryote
Selective proteins in the cell membrane allow only certain particles through
protein channel
At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.
quaternary
This kind of molecule stores information and instructions. Not a molecule to be used for energy or structure
ribonucleic acid (rna)
The sugar in RNA is _
ribose
At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.
secondary
Membranes that allow only certain things to pass based on size and polarity/charge only.
semipermeable membranes
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
solute
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
solvent
A protein's _________ determines its function.
structure
The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.
sugars; phosphate groups
SA:vol Equivalent to SA/vol
surface area to volume ratio
A measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch a surface
surface tension
intensity of heat due to average kinetic energy
temperature
At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.
tertiary
what is B pointing at?
the amino group
what is C pointing at?
the carboxyl group
what is A point at?
the r group side chain
Chloroplasts and mitochondria have ALL of the following except...
their own cell walls
What is a disaccharide?
two sugars
Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.
unsaturated fats
___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.
α alpha helixes
__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.
β beta pleated sheets