biology final exam

mullusks

Clams are

All answers are correct.

Decomposers

all

Different types of animal tissue include

negative feedback

An action that counters an existing condition is called

trophic level

An organism's ______ is its position in the food chain relative to the ecosystem's energy source.

the gene pool of a population.

Evolution must include a change in

mycorrhizae.

Associations of fungi and plant roots are called

false

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms. True or False

lymphocytes.

B cells and T cells are

false

some animals are autotrophs

produce pollen and do not require water to reproduce.

Gymnosperms have an advantage over ferns in that gymnosperms

Animalia, Eukarya

Humans are placed into what kingdom and domain?

mycelium.

In fungi, a mass of aggregated hyphae is called a(n)

photoreceptor

In humans, which type of receptor is used primarily to detect light?

anther, stigma

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a(n) _____ to a receptive _____.

Denisity-dependent limiting factor

Predation of deer by wolves is an example of a

found throughout the body

Receptors for the general senses are

mollusca

Snails and squids belong to the phylum

ovules

Where does fertilization occur in angiosperms?

They are multicellular eukaryotes.

Which of the following characteristics do all animals share?

toad

Which of the following is an amphibian?

penguin

Which of the following is not classified as a mammal?

contain seeds from a flowering plant.

Tomatoes, squash, and beans are considered fruits because they

parasitism.

When a tapeworm steals nutrients from the gut of a mammalian host, that symbiosis is called

mutation

Which of the following is the source of new, novel alleles in a population?

single-celled heterotrophs.

Yeasts are

antigen

A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

engulfs other cells and debris.

A phagocyte is a cell that

symbiosis.

A relationship between different species in which one species lives in or on another is

keystone species.

A species that is so important to its community that its removal can dismantle a food web is termed a

hormone

A(n) _____ is a chemical synthesized in small quantities in one part of an organism and transported to another, where a target cell is affected.

community

All of the organisms in a given location or area are termed a

are eukaryotes.

All protists

the greenhouse effect.

An increase in the surface temperature of the Earth caused by heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere is known as

grow tall

Bryophytes lack vascular tissue and lignin and therefore cannot

four billion years ago

Clues from geology and paleontology suggest that simple cells or their precursors arose about

plasmid

DNA that is circular and apart from the chromosome in a prokaryote is a(n)

true

During an action potential, sodium ions enter the cell.

ovary

Fruit develops from the

the diploid zygote develops into the sporophyte.

In plants,

plasma cells

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are

ecological footprint

The _____ measures the amount of land needed to support a country's overall lifestyle.

estuary

The area where the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean is a(n)

chimapanzees

The closest living relatives to humans on the evolutionary tree are

seagull

The concentration of the pesticide DDT is likely highest in which organism?

flowers

The cones of gymnosperms play the same role as ______ in angiosperms.

both protecting and dispersing seeds

The fruits of plants function in

both protect the nerve cord and provide attachment points for muscles.

The function of vertebrae is to

Synapse

The junctions between one neuron and another neuron are called

roots, stems, and leaves.

The main vegetative parts of plants include

biomes.

The major types of ecosystems are termed

false

The most common way that living organisms maintain homeostasis is by positive feedback mechanisms.

pupulation density

The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat is

stomata

The parts of the plant that allow for gas exchange are the

stigma.

The portion of a flower that receives the pollen is the

habitat destruction.

The primary cause for loss of biodiversity is

speciation

The process by which new species originate and can no longer interbreed with others in the group is

meristem

The source of a plant's new cells is a type of plant tissue called its

physiology

The study of the function of all of the body's parts is

ecology

The study of the relationships among organisms and the environment is

nervous and endocrine

The systems that coordinate communication are

digestive, respiratory, and circulatory.

The systems that work together to acquire and use energy are

cohesion

The tendency of water molecules to "cling" together is

loss of food

Canvasback ducks and bog turtles are likely impacted by purple loosestrife by

false

Carbon dioxide gas is not a major contributor to the greenhouse effect.

All answers are correct.

Carbon returns to the atmosphere

evolution

Changes in heritable traits in a population through multiple generations is called

all

Characteristics shared by primates include

a green algae

Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic. Chlamydomonas is which of the following?

photosynthetic bacterium.

Chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

Fungi are all heterotrophic eukaryotes. Fungi are important for decomposition in the ecosystem. Yeasts are types of fungi. Fungi store carbohydrates as glycogen.

Choose all of the items below that are characteristic of fungi.

Cnidaria.

Corals and jellyfish belong to the phylum

Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms.

DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants, fungi, and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists. This suggests which of the following?

active transport; osmosis

During photosynthesis in a leaf, sugars are loaded into the sieve tube by _____ followed by _____ of water to increase the pressure.

facultative anaerobes.

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are considered

Both are photosynthetic and motile.

Euglena and dinoflagellates have chloroplasts and flagella. This means they have what characteristic(s)?

because the viruses can mutate into new strains

Every year the flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

All of the answers are correct

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes

have a vascular system, which allow them to grow taller.

Ferns have advantage over bryophytes in that ferns

angiosperms

Flowers and fruits are unique to

protect and disperse seeds.

Fruits are used to

tissue

Groups of cells that interact and provide a specific function are defined as a(n)

pollen grain and seeds

Gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved ______ allowing them to live and reproduce in drier habitats than bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.

true

Habitat destruction is the primary threat to biodiversity.

all

Hominids include

The increasing concentration of CO2 and several other greenhouse gases is trapping more heat in the Earth's atmosphere.

How do gases like CO2 contribute to Earth's warming temperatures?

Individuals with adaptations to their environment pass on their genes to more offspring. Natural selection acts on genetic variation of organisms in a population.

How does natural selection operate? (Select all that apply.)

all

How have plants transformed the world?

Membranes are used by cells to isolate their contents from the environment.

How is the ability of phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes when placed in water important in the origin of life on Earth?

Almost all nitrogen would be trapped in the atmosphere.

How might the nitrogen cycle change if nitrogen-fixing bacteria and archaea went extinct?

II

Hydra, a type of cnidarian, have equal survival rates through life because they are equally fit at all stages. Hydra are an example of an organism with a type ______ survivorship curve.

false

If a neuron is at rest, the concentration of potassium ions is greatest outside the cell and the concentration of sodium ions is greatest inside the cell.

existing beneficial mutations

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with _____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce.

roots

If asked how nitrogen becomes available to plants, you would point downward, since nitrogen enters plants through their

ovule

If asked to extract DNA from the megaspores of an apple flower, what part would you select?

anther

If asked to place a label in the pollen-producing part of a flower, you would put the label on the

mesoderm

If asked to point in a photograph to the part of a fruit fly embryo that develops into the muscles and reproductive system, you would point to the

medulla oblongata

If asked to point to the place on a model of the brain where essential functions such as breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and swallowing are regulated, you would point to th

a lack of light

If you went diving in a freshwater lake, you would see very few rooted aquatic plants after a certain depth. What limits plant growth in deeper water?

integumentary, immune, and urinary.

If you were asked to list systems that are most critical for protecting the body from external threats, you would list

offspring that are produced asexually and are genetically identical to their parent.

If you were given two plants and told that they were clones of another plant, you would know that they were

blastula

If you were looking at a model of a sphere of animal cells with a hollow, fluid-filled center, you would identify it as a

Hypothalamus

If you were working with a patient with brain damage who had serious problems with homeostasis, you would suspect that the brain damage included the

resource partitioning

In ______, multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time.

decomposers.

In a certain forest community, fallen trees and dead animals take longer than normal to release their nutrients back into the ecosystem. This community probably has a low population ofa

the highest probability of dying at a very young age.

In a survivorship curve, a type III species, like most insects and plants, is a species that has

the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico

In addition to eutrophication in lakes, which process is caused by excess nutrients in rivers?

toads and salamander

In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians?

meiosis; fertilization

In all major groups of multicellular organisms, _____ produces the cells that begin the haploid generation, and _____ unites the gametes to begin the diploid generation.

haploid

In alternation of generations, a diploid sporophyte goes through meiosis to form _____ spores.

haploid

In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte goes through mitosis to form a ____ gamete.

much smaller than

In flowering plants, the gametophyte is ______ the sporophyte.

chemoreceptor

In humans, if you wanted to eliminate the ability to smell dung, which type of receptor should be changed?

diploid

In plants that have two haploid gametes fuse during fertilization, the zygote is

ribosome

In prokayotes, the structure that assembles proteins by using information in RNA a(an)

produce many offspring

In regards to a species' life history, opportunistic species

four billion years ago

In setting up a lab for a general biology course, you are asked to match labels with a timeline on the wall. For "First Cells," you need to find a point on the timeline

decomposers

In the ecosystems of the world, fungi act primarily as

primary consumers.

In the pyramid of energy, organisms that obtain their energy from only eating primary producers are called

the walleye pike fish.

In this system, mercury released from coal-burning power plants would be at the highest concentration in

Echinodermata

In what phylum is the sea urchin classified?

annelida

Leeches and earthworms belong to the phylum

spores

Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are

aerobic bacterium.

Mitochondria arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.

Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

false

Monocots have taproots while eudicots have fibrous roots.

autrophs

Mosses are an example of which of the following?

false

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

mutualism.

Mycorrhizal fungi contribute to nutrient cycles by aiding in the absorption of minerals, which they share with plants in return for carbohydrates. This shows that nutrient cycling can be an example of

Macronutrients

Nutrients that an organism needs in fairly large amounts are referred to as

both cuticle and stomata

On a hot, sunny day, which of the following would help protect a plant from water loss?

true

Overexploitation is harvesting a species faster than it can reproduce.

all answers are correct

Plants are

Nucleus

Prokaryotes lack which feature?

Lawn fertilizer that washes into neighborhood ponds likely causes algae to become more abundant.

Researchers are investigating the incidence of algal blooms in neighborhood ponds. In summer, they collect water samples from over 100 neighborhood ponds in Dallas, Texas and surrounding cities. They also surveyed residents in each neighborhood to collect data such as average lot size, average home value, average resident income, and lawn care methods. The researchers found that neighborhoods with large lots, high home values, and high income levels were likely to use automatic sprinklers and synthetic fertilizers on their lawns. These same neighborhoods were very likely to have abundant algae in their ponds. Based on this research, which conclusion below provides the best explanation for why algae proliferate in neighborhood ponds?

Bacteria and archaea are an important food source for other organisms. Without prokaryotes, nitrogen wouldn't be made available to other organisms to use in DNA or protein synthesis. Resident bacteria living in and on humans crowd out disease-causing bacteria. Bacteria help us produce cheese.

Select all of the statements that are true concerning the ecological significance of prokaryotes.

microevolution

Small, generation-by-generation changes to a population's gene pool is

Plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, plant growth will also increase. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

Carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid.

Some scientists predict that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the oceans will drop, threatening coral and organisms with shells. What is the best explanation for this hypothesis?

pioneer

Species that are the first to colonize an area are termed _____ species.

arthropoda

Spiders and scorpions belong to the phylum

Commensalism

Suppose friendly ants fed on sugary droplets excreted from a caterpillar, but did nothing to help the caterpillar. Assuming that taking the sugar does not hurt the caterpillar, what type of symbiotic relationship is this?

helper t cells

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

ozone layer

The ______ in the stratosphere above Earth's surface absorbs much of the harmful UV wavelengths of light.

cuticle

The ______ provide(s) a waxy coating that minimizes water loss from leaves of the plant.

true

The chance that a mutation will occur is independent of whether a new phenotype will benefit a population.

tilt of the Earth's axis as the Earth travels around the Sun.

The different seasons of the year are caused by the

central nervous system

The division of the nervous system that integrates sensory information and coordinates the body's response is the

somatic system

The division of the peripheral nervous system that carries signals to voluntary muscles is the

both archaea and bacteria

The domain (domains) that contain prokaryotes is (are)

ovules

The egg-bearing structure of a flower is the

endoderm

The embryonic germ layer of tissue in animals that develops into the digestive tract and organs derived from the digestive tract is the

gene pool

The entire collection of genes and alleles is a population's

transpiration

The evaporation of water from the leaf of a plant is

prokaryotic

The first life on Earth was

bacteria

The first life on Earth was probably most similar to modern-day

1.2 billion years ago

The first multicellular organisms probably arose about

glycogen

The main storage carbohydrate in fungi is

carrying capacity

The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support indefinitely is the habitat's

white matter

The nervous tissue that consists of myelinated axons transmitting information throughout the central nervous system is the

phenotype

The observable properties of genes is an organism's

dendrite

The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the

roots

The parts of the plant that absorb water and minerals are the

xylem

The parts of the plant that conduct water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves are th

true

The primary immune response produces memory cells that stimulate a faster immune response on a subsequent exposure to the same foreign antigen.

leaf

The primary organ of photosynthesis in a plant is the

phloem

The products of photosynthesis move from the leaf to other parts of the plant via

nucleoid

The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA) is located is the

germination

The resumption of growth and development after a period of seed dormancy is

cell wall

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

sex pilli

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are

true

The three main types of tissue formed by plant cells are ground tissue, dermal tissue, and vascular tissue.

sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

The three types of neurons in the nervous system of humans are

neurons and neuroglia

The tissue that makes up the spinal cord and brain consists of

epithelial

The tissue type that acts as a lining of organs, serves in absorption and secretion, and also conducts gas diffusion is

muscle

The tissue type that provides contractions that power movement is

connective

The tissue type that provides support, transport, and insulation is

nervous

The tissue type that receives, processes, and transmits information by providing a communication network among cells is

niche.

The total of all the resources, both biotic and abiotic, that a species exploits for its survival, growth, and reproduction is its

simple squamous

The type of epithelial tissue that forms a single layer of flattened cells is

sensory neurons

The type of neuron that brings information toward the central nervous system is the

Interneurons

The type of neuron that connects one neuron to another within the central nervous system is the

primary

The type of succession that occurs in an area where no community previously existed is ______ succession.

Macroevolution

Types of living organisms on Earth have changed over time; new species have originated and existing species have disappeared. This describes

70

Water covers about ______ of the Earth's surface.

vascular tissues

What evolved in terrestrial plants to provide support and transport for water and minerals?

produce energy that the plant can use to carry out metabolism

What is NOT a function of plant roots?

generate heat via metabolism

What is a principal mechanism by which endotherms obtain body heat?

A symbiotic relationship in which both members of the association benefit.

What is the definition of mutualism?

all

What is the purpose of flowers?

Olfactory receptors are chemoreceptors that detect odor molecules, and taste buds are chemoreceptors that allow the sense of taste in the mouth.

What is true of olfactory cells and taste buds?

water

What must be present for fertilization to occur in bryophytes?

pollen

What reproductive adaptation did plants evolve on dry land?

All tissues are composed of cells in an extracellular matrix and make up organs.

What two features do all tissues share?

rna

What was likely the first informational molecule of life?

true

When a baby receives antibodies in breast milk, this is an example of passive immunity.

bilateral symmetry

When examining a picture of a butterfly, you notice that there is one position in which a mirror, running from one end of the butterfly to the other, completes the image as a whole butterfly. You conclude that the butterfly has

apical meristems

When preparing slides to look at mitosis, the tips of onion roots are a good source of cells because they contain _____ where mitosis is taking place consistently.

endosperms

Where is the energy stored in a fertilized angiosperm?

Innate defenses—able to defend against any pathogen

Which description is correctly matched with its term?

ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and whisk ferns

Which group of plants have phloem and xylem but lack seeds, flowers, and fruit?

antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes

Which is an example of active immunity?

The autotroph provides food and the heterotroph provides water and minerals.

Which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?

cell walls

Which of the following is found in a group other than animals?

bat

Which of the following is not a reptile?

Prokaryotes are single-celled.

Which of the following is true of prokaryotes?

algae

Which protists produce much of the Earth's oxygen?

the endosymbiont theory

Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

temperature and precipitation

Which two parameters most influence the location of biomes?

high humidity

Which will not increase the rate of transpiration in a plant?

from bone marrow stem cells

White blood cells are produced

all

Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material?

Death rates have fallen faster than birth rates.

Why have human growth rates increased the most in developing countries in the past 50 years?

all

Why is it important to maintain biodiversity?

hyphae

You are analyzing samples under a microscope, and one sample comes from what you suspect is a fungus. You find tiny filaments, which, in your report, you call

phloem

You are asked to place descriptive labels on a plant model which all students in an introductory laboratory will examine. ________ would receive a label saying "transports sugars around the plant."

organ

You are asked to research what the eye is. You read that it contains nerves, muscles, and blood cells. Therefore, you decide that it is a(n)

guard cells

You are examining a plant that has recently been discovered. You notice that its leaves have small openings, and that when these openings close, photosynthesis stops. The cells on either side of these pores are

endospores

You are examining samples from a site in a dry pond that alternates between freezing cold winters and hot dry summers. When you find dormant thick-walled structures, you suspect that these are from bacteria and are

adipose

You are given a tissue sample in culture and are asked to identify it. Chemical tests show that it secretes collagen and stores fat, so you label it

amphibians

You are helping to prepare images for a textbook when you see a caption saying "first land vertebrates," so you look for pictures of

skeletal

You are observing a test subject move his arm. You notice that the subject can move the arm on command, and a tissue biopsy shows that the relevant muscle tissue has cells with many nuclei. You decide that the movement is due to muscle that is

mutualism.

You observe a situation in which a worm and a species of mustard grow better when both are present in an ecosystem, helping one another exploit resources. You are observing

light

You plant a seed in a pot containing soil, and then add water and place the pot under a light. After the seedling emerged, complete with two green leaves, the carbon dioxide levels decreased in the closed chamber. The developing seedling was using which of the following as a source of energy while the carbon dioxide levels were decreasing?

photosynthesis

You plant a seed in a pot containing soil, and then add water and place the pot under a light. After the seedling emerged, complete with two green leaves, the carbon dioxide levels decreased in the closed chamber. This indicated that _____ was occurring.

starch from seed

You plant a seed in a pot containing soil, and then add water and place the pot under a light. In the first week, before the seedling even emerged from the soil, carbon dioxide levels increased in the closed chamber. The developing plant was using which of the following as a source of energy during this first week?

interferon

You would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of

reptiles

birds are classified

over generations

evolution occurs

neurotransmitter

A chemical that travels from a sending neuron to a receiving neuron is called a(n)

bark

A collective term for all plant tissues outside the vascular cambium is

transfer energy through feeding relationships.

A food chain is a series of organisms that

coevolution.

A genetic change in one species that selects for a subsequent change in a different species is termed

succession.

A gradual change in a community's species composition, occurring as competing organisms respond to and modify the physical environment, is referred to as ecological

population

A group of organisms of one species occupying a geographical location at the same time is a

less-developed countries and will most likely increase in size.

A human population with a large percentage of pre-reproductive individuals is common in

sensory adaption

A phenomenon in which sensations become less noticeable with prolonged exposure is called

macrophage

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a

cuticle

A waxy layer secreted by the epidermal cells of a plant is the

a new genetic variation occurs that allows individuals to have a reproductive and survival advantage

natural selection occurs when

nonliving components only.

Abiotic components of an ecosystem include

ecosystem.

All the organisms plus the nonliving components of a defined area is a(n)

endotherm

An animal that maintains its body temperature by using heat generated from its own metabolism is a(n)

frost killing all of your tomato plants.

An example of a density-independent factor that affects a population's growth is

it promotes pollination

Angiosperms owe their widespread distribution to their production of pollen, seeds and flowers. What is the greatest advantage to the production of flowers?

10%

As an overall average, about ______ of the energy at one trophic level is generally available to the next highest rank in the food chain.

It is colder.

As you climb the mountain, why are the biomes changing?

grow because a large proportion of the population will be entering the reproductive years.

Based upon the age structure diagram, you expect the Indian population to

are not readily degraded and dissolve in fat.

Biomagnification occurs with chemicals that