Biology Final Semester 2 - Multiple Choice

While the shark and dolphin are similar in appearance, they have evolved independently. This is an example of A. adaptive radiation B. adaption C. convergent evolution D. divergent evolution

C. convergent evolution

The major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of Species was that A. species changed over time and never competed with each other B. animals changed, but plants remained the same C. giraffes and peppered moths changed constantly D. species changed over time by natural selection

D. species changed over time by natural selection

T/F: DNA contains uracil

False (RNA contains uracil)

Which of the following types of RNA carries instructions for making proteins? a) mRNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) All of the above

a) mRNA

The oldest fossils are about ______ years old. A) 3.5 billion B) 3.5 million C) 2. 5 billion D) 2 billion E) 100 million

A) 3.5 billion

Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane systems in the cytoplasm are ____ cells. A) prokaryotic B) eukaryotic C) fungal D) protest

A) prokaryotic

The idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics purports that A) traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to its offspring. B) the biblical creation of the earth began on October 23, in the year 4004 B.C. C) evolutionary changes are based on the differential reproductive success of individuals within a species. D) living things are "fixed" both in terms of their appearance and the number of existing kinds of organisms.

A) traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to its offspring.

The finches that Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. According to Darwin, the finches probably A. all had a common ancestor B. had been created by design that way C. were descended from similar birds in Africa D. ate the same diet

A. all had a common ancestor

Over millions of years, plants and their pollinators have A. coevolved B. crossbred C. become parasites D. become competitive

A. coevolved

Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells? A) ribosomes B) a membrane-bound nucleus C) a cell wall D) a capsule

B) a membrane-bound nucleus

The first fossils are presumed to have been ______ cells. A) animal cells B) prokaryotic cells C) plant cells D) protocells E) multicellular organisms

B) prokaryotic cells

The first filial (F1) generation is the result of ... ? A. Cross pollination among parents and the next generation B. Crosses between individuals of the parent generation C. Crosses between the offspring of a parental cross D. self fertilization between parental stock

B. Crosses between individuals of the parent generation

All of the following are true about the structure of DNA except? A. DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides joined by hydrogen bonds B. Short strands of DNA are contained in chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell C. Every DNA nucleotide contains a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base D. The long strands of nucleotides are twisted into a double helix

B. Short strands of DNA are contained in chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell

Which of the following statements about DNA structure is true? A. Nucleic acids are formed through phosphodiester bonds that link nucleosides together. B.The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other, meaning they run in opposite directions. C. The pentose sugar in DNA is ribose. D. Hydrogen bonds formed between the sugar‑phosphate backbones of the two DNA chains help to stabilize DNA structure.

B.The nucleic acid strands in a DNA molecule are oriented antiparallel to each other, meaning they run in opposite directions.

The complementary bases in DNA are _________. A) adenine with thymine B) guanine with cytosine C) both "a and b" D) cytosine with thymine E) adenine with guanine F) both "d and e"

C) both "a and b"

In humans the trait of having freckles (F) is dominant to not having freckles (f). Which genotype and phenotype are correctly paired? A. FF—no freckles B. Ff—no freckles C. Ff—freckles D. ff—freckles

C. Ff—freckles

The DNA sequence from an endangered pupfish was compared to the DNA samples collected from closely related fish species. The table below shows a portion of the DNA sequences from each of the fish species. Pupfish DNA Sequence: ATT AAG CCG ATA Fish 1 ATT GAA CCG ATA Fish 2 ATT AAG CGG ATA Fish 3 TTT GAA CGG AAA Fish 4 ATT GAA CGA ATA List the fish from the least to most closely related to the pupfish. A. Fish 1, Fish 2, Fish 3, Fish 4 B. Fish 3, Fish 2, Fish 4, Fish 1 C. Fish 3, Fish 4, Fish 1, Fish 2 D. Fish 2, Fish 3, Fish 4, Fish 1

C. Fish 3, Fish 4, Fish 1, Fish 2

Of the four nitrogen bases (Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) which two are pyrimidines? A. AT B. AC C. TC D. AG

C. TC

The beak of a bird and the beak of a giant squid evolved independently and serve the same function. These beaks are A. convergent structures B. homologous structures C. analogous structures D. hybrid structures

C. analogous structures

Who is responsible for the idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics? A) James Ussher B) Charles Robert Darwin C) Stephen Jay Gould D) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

D) Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Of the four nitrogen bases (Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) which two are purines? A. AT B. AC C. GC D. AG

D. AG

The chromosomes in your body: A. exist in 23 pairs B. include two sex chromosomes C. include 44 autosomes D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Evidence for evolution includes all of the following except A. similarities and differences in proteins and DNA sequences between organisms B. the fossil record C. homologous structures D. aquired characteristics

D. aquired characteristics

The major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of Species was that? A. animals changed, but plants remained the same. B. species changed over time and never competed with each other. C. elephants and bacteria changed constantly. D. species changed over time by natural selection.

D. species changed over time by natural selection.

A heritable change in a species over time is called ____________________.

Evolution

T/F: Vestigal structures are similar because they originated in a common ancestor

False

The process by which organisms with traits well suited to an environment survive and reproduce more successfully than organisms less suited for that environment is called ____________________.

Natural Selection

T/F: Closely related species show more similarities in nucleotide sequences than distantly related species

True

True or False. The two major ideas that Darwin presented in The Origin of Species were that evolution occured and that _natural selection_ was its mechanism.

True

What is the name for the basic five carbon sugar that is present in slightly different forms in both DNA and RNA nucleotides: W) glucose X) fructose Y) ribose Z) maltose

Y) ribose

Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) a) RNA molecule. b) uracil molecule. c) DNA molecule. d) transposon.

a) RNA molecule.

Purines and pyrimidines are a) bases found in nucleotides. b) molecules that can replace phosphate groups from defective DNA. c) bases found in amino acids. d) names of specific types of DNA molecules.

a) bases found in nucleotides

____________________ structures are similar because they originated in a common ancestor. a. Homologous b. Anologous c. Acquired d. Vestigal

a. Homologous

Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) a. RNA molecule. b. DNA molecule. c. uracil molecule. d. transposon

a. RNA molecule.

A nucleotide in DNA is composed of _____. a. a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base b. only a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen base c. only a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate d. none of the above

a. a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

Evidence that evolution occurs includes all of the following except a. acquired characteristics. b. similarities and differences in proteins and DNA sequences between organisms. c. the fossil record. d. homologous structures among different organisms.

a. acquired characteristics.

Over millions of years, plants and their pollinators have a. coevolved. b. crossbred. c. become parasites. d. become competitive.

a. coevolved.

Natural selection could not occur without a. genetic variation in species. b. stable environments. c. competition for unlimited resources. d. gradual warming of the Earth

a. genetic variation in species.

During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is "rewritten" as a molecule of a. messenger RNA b. ribosomal RNA c. transfer RNA d. translation RNA

a. messenger RNA

In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to the a. ribosomes. b. lac operon. c. RNA polymerase. d. heterochromatin

a. ribosomes.

In order for translation to occur, mRNA must migrate to the a. ribsosomes b. lac operon c. RNA polymerase d. enhancer

a. ribsosomes

Homologous structures in organisms provide evidence that the organisms a. share a common ancestor. b. must have lived at different times. c. have a skeletal structure. d. are now extinct.

a. share a common ancestor.

Artificial selection has been used by humans to a. speed up the process of divergent evolution. b. slow down the process of convergent evolution. c. stop evolution in domestic animals. d. study the process of coevolution.

a. speed up the process of divergent evolution.

Darwin thought that the animals of the Galápagos Islands were similar to those of the nearby coast of South America because a. the animals' ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands. b. the animals had all been brought to the islands by humans. c. the islands had slowly drifted away from the mainland. d. the animals in both places had evolved in nearly identical environments

a. the animals' ancestors had migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands.

Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called ____________________.

anticodons

Watson and Crick built models that demonstrate a) DNA and RNA have the same structure. b) DNA is made of two chains in a double helix c) guanine forms hydrogen bonds with adenine. d) thymine forms hydrogen bonds with cytosine.

b) DNA is made of two chains in a double helix

The enzymes that unwind DNA are called a. double helixes b. DNA helicases c. ribosomes d. mRNA

b. DNA helicases

The base-pairing rules state that the following are base pairs in DNA: a. adenine—thymine; uracil—cytosine. b. adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine. c. adenine—guanine; thymine—cytosine. d. uracil—thymine; guanine—cytosine

b. adenine—thymine; guanine—cytosine.

Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called what? a. codons b. anticodons c. polymers d. nucleotides

b. anticodons

Evolution by natural selection produces species that? a. are always larger than their ancestors b. are better suited to the environment than their ancestors c. produce more offspring than found in previous generations d. yield more diverse fossils than previous generations

b. are better suited to the environment than their ancestors

Transcription proceeds when RNA polymerase a. attaches to a ribosome. b. binds to a promoter on a strand of DNA. c. binds to a strand of RNA. d. unwinds the DNA molecule.

b. binds to a promoter on a strand of DNA

The movement of alleles into or out of a population due to migration is called a. mutation. b. gene flow. c. nonrandom mating. d. natural selection.

b. gene flow.

Between the two strands of a DNA segment the nitrogen bases are held together by _____. a. covalent bonds b. hydrogen bonds c. ionic bonds d. metallic bonds

b. hydrogen bonds

Only eukaryotic cells have a. DNA. c. ribosomes. b. membrane-bound organelles. d. cytoplasm.

b. membrane-bound organelles.

The phase of mitosis that is characterized by the arrangement of all chromosomes along the equator of the cell is called a. telophase. b. metaphase. c. anaphase. d. prophase.

b. metaphase.

Refer to the illustration above. The entire molecule shown in the diagram is called a(n) a. amino acid. c. polysaccharide. b. nucleotide. d. pyrimidine.

b. nucleotide

Scientists have discovered that cells contain smaller specialized structures known as ____________________. a. DNA b. organelles c. Golgi bodies d. none of the above

b. organelles

Natural selection is the process by which a. the age of selected fossils is calculated. b. organisms with traits well suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than organisms less suited to the same environment. c. acquired traits are passed on from one generation to the next. d. All of the above

b. organisms with traits well suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than organisms less suited to the same environment

As a result of mitosis, each of the two new cells produced from the original cell during cytokinesis a. receives a few chromosomes from the original cell. b. receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the original cell. c. donates a chromosome to the original cell. d. receives exactly half the chromosomes from the original cell.

b. receives an exact copy of all the chromosomes present in the original cell.

The primary function of DNA is to a. make proteins. b. store and transmit genetic information. c. control chemical processes within cells. d. prevent mutations

b. store and transmit genetic information.

How does natural selection lead to evolution? a. Stronger offspring kill weaker members of the species. b.. Helpful traits accumulate among surviving members of the species. c. Overproduction provides food for stronger members of the species. d. Environmental changes kill weaker members of the species.

b.. Helpful traits accumulate among surviving members of the species.

A nucleotide consists of a) a sugar, a protein, and adenine. b) a sugar, an amino acid, and starch. c) a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. d) a starch, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

c) a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

The diploid number of chromosomes in a human skin cell is 46. How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell? a. 46 b. 92 c. 23 d. 12.5

c. 23

Which of the following statements correctly describes Chargaff's contribution to the study of DNA? a. Chargaff hypothesized that DNA was a double helix, but he did not produce the image that proved this fact. b. Chargaff's experiments conclusively proved that DNA was made of nucleotides, but he could not show that there four types of nitrogenous bases. c. Chargaffs showed that adenine and thymine were found in equal percentages in DNA, but he did not know this was because of base-pairing. d. Chargaff's work proved that DNA could be made using radioactive nucleotides, but he did not show that DNA could be transferred from one organism to another.

c. Chargaffs showed that adenine and thymine were found in equal percentages in DNA, but he did not know this was because of base-pairing.

During transcription a. proteins are synthesized. b. DNA is replicated. c. RNA is produced. d. translation occurs.

c. RNA is produced.

What is the major unifying concept in biology that provides an explanation for the vast diversity of life on our planet? a. Theory of Natural Selection b. Theory of Survival of the Fittest c. Theory of Evolution d. Theory of Acquired Characteristics

c. Theory of Evolution

The process by which a population becomes better suited to its environment is known as a. accommodation. b. variation. c. adaptation d. acclimation.

c. adaptation

which of the following describes the base pairing rules in DNA? a.adenine pairs with thymine; uracil pairs with cytosine. b.adenine pairs with cytosine; thymine pairs with guanine c. adenine pairs with thymine; cytosine pairs with guanine d. adenine pairs with guanine; cytosine pairs with thymine

c. adenine pairs with thymine; cytosine pairs with guanine

The process in which two or more species become more adapted over time to each other's presence is called a. divergence. b. radiation. c. coevolution d. competition.

c. coevolution

While the shark and dolphin are similar in appearance, dolphins evolved from ancestors that were very different from sharks. The current similarity between sharks and dolphins is an example of a. coevolution. b. biogeography. c. convergent evolution. d. divergent evolution.

c. convergent evolution.

What is the name of the five-carbon sugar that is part of the backbone of DNA: a. glucose b. fructose c. deoxyribose d. ribose

c. deoxyribose

The accumulation of differences between populations that once formed a single population is called a. coevolution. b. adaptation. c. divergent evolution. d. cumulative differentiation.

c. divergent evolution

Eukaryotes have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. have a well defined nucleus b. have cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane c. do not have a well defined nucleus d. membrane-bound organelles.

c. do not have a well defined nucleus

Chromatids are a. dense patches within the nucleus. b. bacterial chromosomes. c. duplicate halves of a chromosome. d. prokaryotic nuclei.

c. duplicate halves of a chromosome.

A cell with a well-defined nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane is a: a. sex cell b. body cell c. eukaryote d. prokaryote

c. eukaryote

A species that has disappeared permanently is said to be ____________________. a. vestigial b. unevolved c. extinct d. jacked up

c. extinct

A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, each of the two new cells formed from the original cell a. has 23 chromosomes. b. grows new chromosomes from existing DNA. c. has a complete set of 46 chromosomes. d. None of the above

c. has a complete set of 46 chromosomes

To function properly, all living things must maintain a constant internal environment through the process of: a. mitosis b. dna replication c. homeostasis d. cell regeneration

c. homeostasis

Which of the following types of bonds are broken by helicases in order to unwind the DNA double helix: a. carbon b. nitrogen c. hydrogen d. none of the above

c. hydrogen

Scarcity of resources and a growing population are most likely to result in a. decreased homology. b. increased genetic variation. c. increased competition. d. convergent evolution.

c. increased competition.

diploid : body cell :: haploid : a. sex chromosome b. chromosome d. c. reproductive cell d. zygote

c. reproductive cell

When Darwin published his first book about evolution, he included all of the following ideas except a. the idea that species change slowly over time. b. the idea that some organisms reproduce at a greater rate than others. c. the idea that species are permanent and unchanging. d. the idea that some species become better suited to their environment than others.

c. the idea that species are permanent and unchanging

Which of the following was NOT part of Darwin's contribution to science? a. descent with modification b. survival of the fittest c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics d. natural selection

c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Messenger RNA is produced during: a. translation b. replication c. transcription

c. transcription

What is the idea developed by Charles Lyell which states that the geologic processes that shaped Earth in the past continue to operate in the same way today? a. inheritance of acquired characteristics b. catastrophism c. uniformitarianism d. descent with modification

c. uniformitarianism

The difference between anaphase of mitosis and anaphase I of meiosis is that a.the chromosomes line up at the equator in anaphase I. b.centromeres do not exist in anaphase I. c.chromatids do not separate at the centromere in anaphase I. d.crossing-over occurs only in anaphase of mitosis.

c.chromatids do not separate at the centromere in anaphase I.

Chargaff's rules, the base-pairing rules, state that in DNA a) the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine. b) the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine. c) the amount of guanine equals the amount of thymine. d) Both a and b

d) Both a and b A=T and C= G

Due to the strict pairing of nitrogenous base pairs in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be ____________________ to each other. a) adjacent b) married c) supplementary d) complementary e) engaged

d) complementary

An error in DNA replication can cause a. mutations. c. genetic variation. b. cancer. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The modern synthesis of evolutionary theory predicts that a. closely related species will show similarities in DNA sequences. b. if species have changed over time, their genes should have changed. c. closely related species will show similarities in amino acid sequences. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The scientists credited with establishing the structure of DNA are a. Avery and Chargaff. b. Hershey and Chase. c. Mendel and Griffith. d. Watson and Crick.

d. Watson and Crick.

Mitosis is a process by which a. DNA is replicated. b. cytokinesis occurs. c. cells grow in size. d. a cell's nucleus divides.

d. a cell's nucleus divides.

A change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly is called a. evolution b. meiosis c. segregation d. a mutation

d. a mutation

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA a. is single- stranded b. contains a different sugar molecule c. contains the nitrogen base uracil d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Populations of the same species living in different places a. do not vary. b. always show balancing selection. c. are genetically identical to each other. d. become increasingly different as each population becomes adapted to its own environment.

d. become increasingly different as each population becomes adapted to its own environment

Purines and pyrimidines are a. nitrogen bases found in amino acids b. able to replace phosphate groups from defective DNA c. names of specific types of DNA molecules d. classification groups for nitrogen bases

d. classification groups for nitrogen bases

What holds the complementary strands of the DNA double helix together and is broken by helicases in order to unwind the DNA: a. oxygen bonds b. carbon bonds c. nitrogen bonds d. hydrogen bonds

d. hydrogen bonds

The stage of the cell cycle that occupies most of the cell's life is a. G1. b. M. c. G2. d. interphase.

d. interphase.

Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of a. amino acids. b. fatty acids. c. monosaccharides. d. nucleotides.

d. nucleotides.

One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that a. nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes. b. mitochondria are found in larger quantities in eukaryotes. c. the Golgi apparatus is found only in prokaryotes. d. prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane.

d. prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane.

The spherical organelles that are the site of protein synthesis in a cell are the ____________________. a. Golgi bodies b. cytoplasm c. chromasomes d. ribosmes

d. ribosmes

A mutation caused by a piece of DNA breaking away from its chromosome and becoming attached to a nonhomologous chromosome is called: a. deletion b. duplication c. inversion d.translocation

d.translocation

The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is ____________________.

deoxyribose

Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a double ____________________.

helix

Enzymes called helicases are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the ____________________ bonds that hold the complementary strands together.

hydrogen

An educated guess or a __________________ may be tested by experimentation.

hypothesis

Messenger RNA is produced during the process of ____________________.

transcription

The nitrogen-containing base that is found only in RNA is what?

uracil