Biology Final Spring 2021

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in:

A diploid zygote

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

A protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of RNA or DNA.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by:

A single mutation on a single gene.

Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is comprised of sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.

What is a function of the digestive system?

Absorb nutrients

Which of the following is a function of the large intestines?

Absorption of water

Which is only true of RNA, but NOT DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil

Which is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system?

All of the above (Thymus, spleen, bone marrow)

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?

All of the above (oceans, fossil fuels underground, atmosphere)

Which of the following best describes the benefits of radiation therapy?

All of the choices are correct.

Which is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

All the of the choices (Bacteria gaining resistance to antibiotics, weeds developing resistance to herbicides, HIV becoming resistant to drug treatments)

Variations in genes are called ____. Examples of these variations include eye color.

Alleles.

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli

Which monomer is matched to its correct polymer?

Amino acid - protein

A hypothesis is

An explanation that accounts for careful observation

A(n) ____ is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Antigen

What occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus?

Antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called:

Antigenic shift

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment > penetration > biosynthesis > maturation > release

All of the environments on Earth that support life. These include most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere.

Biosphere

Which is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6

What is the correct correlation?

Carbohydrates - provide the body with an immediate source of energy.

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ____ that are released into the atmosphere once they are burned.

Carbon

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it

Causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor.

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cells with abnormal nuclei

Which is the best description of a virus?

Chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

Which of the following statements best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherapy?

Chemicals that integrate into the DNA, causing it to break at specific points; general and so can cause long-term side effects including other cancers

Which of the following statements describes the flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

Which correctly describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termed a(n) _____.

Control

What group is identical to all other items or subjects that you are examining with the EXCEPTION that it does not receive the treatment or the experimental manipulation that the treatment group receives?

Control

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

Core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

The principle rule for sugars in living organisms is to:

Create cellular energy

During metaphase 1 of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called:

Crossing-over

____ act as alarms to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

Cytokines.

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA > RNA > Protein

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ____ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

Which is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Which of the following is a main function of many proteins?

Enzymatic activity

Which types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks?

Evolution

What is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Which is considered to be inheritable?

Eye color

Which is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

Facilitated diffusion

T or F: An autotroph is an organism that is unable to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

False

T or F: As the mRNA passes through the ribosome, each codon interacts with the anticodon of a specific Robson along RNA (rRNA) molecule

False

T or F: Climate change is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, generally attributed to the greenhouse effect cause by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

False

T or F: Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

T or F: Influenza viruses are typically named by the US Department of Health

False

T or F: mRNA has a protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material?

False

T or F: Once the virus has entered the target cell, there are two pathways, or cycles, it follows. It can either immediately begin using the resources of the host cell to manufacture new viruses (lysogenic cycle) or it can integrate directly into the host cell genome and delay its own reproduction until a later time (lytic cycle)

False.

Antigens are

Foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Which is the most effective means of treating or even curing sickle-cell disease?

Gene therapy

Which best describes the definition of a gene?

Genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

As global temperatures increase, which scenario is most likely to occur?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease

Product of photosynthesis, ____ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms

Glucose

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the surface and causing the climate to warm.

The correct steps of a single PCR cycle are

Heat to denature DNA strands > cool to allow primer to anneal > heat slightly to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

If blood sugar levels drop below normal, the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal. This is an example of:

Homeostasis

Which is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

Human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for the Earth's temperatures has been

Increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

A scientist is testing the effects of light and dark on the behavior of moths by turning a light on and off. The _______ is the amount of light and the moth's reaction is the ______.

Independent variable / dependent variable

During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?

Interphase

The greenhouse effect

Is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information?

Its four nitrogen bases.

In the ____ cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. The virus remains inactive, or latent.

Lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the

Lytic cycle

Which are greenhouse gases?

Methane and carbon dioxide

Which provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Which is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

What is the name of a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds?

Molecule

Environmental air temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of a day. A human's body temperature

Must be maintained within a range of a few degrees

Which is true about mutations?

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Nucleotides forming DNA

Which is true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with

Proteins

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

Red blood cells

Sickle-cell disease cause hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Which of the following most accurately describes how sickle-cell disease impacts the body?

Red blood cells clump up, blocking capillaries within the alveoli, resulting in acute chest syndrome, marked by pain, fever, and shortness of breath.

Hemoglobin functions in ____ cells and carries ____ to all cells of the body.

Red blood; oxygen

Which acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle?

Respiration from humans and animals.

Meiosis is DIFFERENT from mitosis in that in meiosis:

Results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

What is the correct sequence of events for an altered protein that is secreted from the cell?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum > Golgi apparatus > plasma membrane

What is the correct sequence for the cell cycle?

S > G2 > M > G1

DNA replication is considered to be ____ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semiconservative

Which of the following statements best describe the way molecules move across a plasma membrane?

Small, uncharged molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily

In humans, male gametes are called ____, and female gametes are called ____.

Sperm; eggs

Climate can best be described as

The average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time

Why are new flu vaccines required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination with no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

Which statement best summarizes the overall purpose of light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions capture the infrared energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.

How does climate change affect Earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that:

The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine, and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine

What do all greenhouse gases have in common?

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are non living things. What characteristics to giant viruses posses that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ____ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ____ of the chloroplast.

Thylakoid; stroma

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

T or F: Adaptive immunity targets specific antigens associated with a pathogen, and also has the ability to remember past responses.

True

T or F: Cell-mediated immunity targets cells of our bodies that have become infected with pathogens and are presenting the antigen.

True

T or F: Cytokines act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

True

T or F: The photosynthetic organisms (autotrophs such as plants) convert CO2 into carbohydrate, and then this food is used by both heterotrophs to power cellular activities?

True

T or F: the defenses that act as general defenses, meaning they are not targeting a specific pathogen, are called the Adaptive Defenses.

True

T or F: Although carbon dioxide is found in very low concentrations in the atmosphere, it is one of the most important of the greenhouse gases due to its ability to absorb infrared energy.

True.

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means:

Two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

What are sister chromatids?

Two identicial chromosome strands still attached at the centromere.

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in:

Two monomers

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have a(n) ___ and females have a(n) ___.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

A scientific theory is:

a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amylase and maltase

Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of:

an experiment

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

Cells are

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n) _________

hypothesis

Transcription is the

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

At what level of biological organization does evolution occur?

population

Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their

rate of cell division

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______.

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

Cancer occurs when

the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs.

What property of phospholipids make them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

they have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

three