Biology Homework Unit 4

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body

The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body

Identify the dependent variable in this experiment

The number of periwinkles killed by crabs

Identify an independent variable in this experiment.

The source of the periwinkles ( Northern or southern sites in the Gulf of Maine)

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?

The ventricles contract carrying blood into the aorta and blood flows into the relaxed atria

Suppose that a woman had to have part of her thyroid gland surgically removed. She would most likely suffer from a condition known as hypothyroidism due to too little thyroid function. Predict how this woman's hypothyroidism would affect prolactin levels in her body. Which choice describes how surgical hypothyroidism would likely affect prolactin levels?

Thyroid hormone levels decrease, TRH levels increase, and PRL levels increase.

Why did the researchers present unshelled northern and southern periwinkles to northern and southern crabs in the second experiment

To test if either population of periwinkles was unpalatable to either population of crabs

Which letter indicates diastolic pressure

b (Where there is a dip in the changes in blood pressure)

The notochord functions are a core around which mesodermal cells form the frogs

backbone

The enlarged anterior portion of the neural tube will develop into a frogs

brain

Which letter indicates the arteries

d (Aorta->arteries-> arterioles) (When blood enters the arteries from the aorta, both pressure and velocity begin to fall. As blood leaves the arteries and flows through the arterioles, both pressure and velocity drop rapidly.)

Which letter indicates the vessels in which blood velocity is decreasing the most due to the increase in total combined cross sectional area of those vessels

e

During gastrulation in frogs cells from the animal pole spread over the embryo and form the

ectoderm

Which letter indicates the vessels in which blood travels the most slowly

f

True or false: The circulatory systems of land dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits the systemic circulation which is a lower pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation which is a higher- pressure circuit to the rest of the body

false- the pulmonary circulation is the lower pressure circuit to the lung whereas the systemic circulation is the higher pressure circuit to the rest of the body

the loss of water from the___ results in urine that is highly concentrated

filtrate

Suppose you wanted to start an animal breeding business. For most of the following animals, you could start out with just a single animal. Which of the following animals below would require that you start with at least two individuals

frogs

Which letter indicates the venules

g (*From heart*Aorta-> arteries-> arterioles-> capillaries-> venuels-> vein->Venae Cavae*to heart*)

Which letter indicates the vessels in which blood velocity is increasing the most due to a decrease in the total combined cross sectional area of those vessels

h

The way this heating system maintains a stable room temperature is similar to the way an animals body controls many aspects of its internal environment. The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment is known as

homeostasis

which letter indicates the vessels in which blood pressure is the lowest

i

The heater turns on and the temperature in the room_____ until it returns to the original setting

increases

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

inferior vena cava

From the pulmonary veins blood flows to the

left atrium

The kidneys ability to concentrate urine depends on the maintenance of an osmolarity gradient between the interstitial fluid of two structures the cortex and the

medulla

The response of the heating system reduces the stimulus. This is an example of ___ feedback

negative

An ectodermal thickening above the frogs notochord forms a

neural plate

During gastrulation in frogs a rod of mesoderm under the dorsal surface forms the

notochord

Osmosis does not require energy. For this reason, osmosis is a form of

passive transport

What is the function of the left ventricle

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation

Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole

The atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood flows into the atria

The phylogenetic tree shown here displays the major clades of chordates. Which statements about the phylogenetic tree are true?

>Rays and frogs have vertebrae >Birds and ray-finned fishes have a notochord and jaws >Descendants of organisms (d) have limbs with digits >Mammals and turtles are more closely related than are lungfishes and sharks >Organism (a) is a common ancestor of all chordates

An increase in the concentration of Ca2+ in the egg's cytoplasm triggers what is called the cortical reaction. In this activity, you will place the events of the cortical reaction in the correct sequence.

1) sperm and egg fuse: cytoplasmic ca2+ wave begins 2) cortical granules fuse with egg plasma membrane 3) sperm binding receptors on egg plasma membrane are degrated 4) vitelline layer is released from egg plasma membrane 5) perivitelline space expands due to osmotic water movement 6) Formation of fertilization envelope complete.

The body mass of the chimpanzee is approximately _ kg greater than the body mass of Australopithecus afarensis

10

The ratio of brain volume to body mass of Homo ergaster is approximately

14 cm^3 kg

Inhalation and exhalation move air into and out of the lungs. What happens when you inhale and exhale?

2) lung volume increases 3) Air moves into nose and down trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 4) air enters alveoli 5) O2 diffuses into blood; CO2 diffuses into alveoli 6) diaphragm and rib muscles relax 7) lung volume decreases 8) air moves out of alveoli 9) air moves up bronchioles bronchi and trachea 10) air leaves nose or mouth

The brain volume of Homo sapiens is approximately times as large as the brain volume of australopithecus afarensis.

3

Tissue and organ formation begins during the process of organogenesis. Which five of the following statements are true about organogenesis in a frog embryo?

>The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the frogs digestive tract >the notochord does not persist in adult frogs >somites form along the length of the notochord and neural tube >some somites cells migrate to other locations in the developing embryo >the neural tubes forms from ectoderm and develops into the central nervous system

Animal tissues develop from embryonic germ layers. Triploblastic animals have three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) and three basic body plans related to body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate).

>a pseudocoelom has the same function as a true coelom >A diplobast has no mesoderm >in a coelomate the tissue lining the inner side of the body arises from the same germ layer as the tissue lining the outer side of the body cavity.

Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla. Which of the following statements are true?

>both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering or cuticle >Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages >Arthropods possess an open circulatory system >some nematodes are parasitic on humans > Both nematodes and arthropods must mold in order to increase in size

Collecting ducts

>hormones control permeability to water and transport of NaCl >active transport of NaCl associated with loss of water from filtrate

Descending limb of the loop of henle

>numerous aquaporins (water channels) but almost no ion channels >no energy required for transport >epithelium always permeable to water

Ascending limb of the loop of henle

>passive transport of NaCl in the thin segment and active transport of NaCl in the thick segment >no aquaporins (water channels)

Some methods of contraception, such as birth control pills and patches, use synthetic hormones to manipulate the ovarian cycle in females. •Some hormone-based contraceptives contain a combination of a synthetic estradiol and a synthetic progestin (progesterone-like hormone). •Other hormone-based contraceptives contain progestin only. Which statements correctly explain how the hormone-based contraceptives affect the female reproductive cycle?

>the low dose of progestin and estradiol in the combination pill have a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus blocking ovulation >the low dose of estradiol in the combination pill prevents the surge in LH production >The progestin in the progestin only pill causes changes in the endometrium that prevents implantation

Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progesterone, are produced by the gonads in males and females and control the development of primary sex characteristics—the structures directly involved in reproduction. The sex hormones also trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics—the physical and behavioral characteristics that appear during puberty that are not directly related to reproduction. Because the principal sex hormones differ in males and females, different secondary sex characteristics develop. Sort the following secondary sex characteristics and hormones based on whether they are related to androgens, estrogens and progesterone, or neither.

Androgens: >increased muscle mass >testosterone >Deeping of voice >increased aggressiveness >development of facial hair Estrogens and progesterone >Estradiol >increased water retention >Fat deposition in hips >Changes in calcium metabolism >Breast development

Which of the following best describes an artery

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Which type of symmetry does each of the following animals display?

Asymmetry: sponge Radial symmetry: jelly and hydra Bilateral symmetry: Turtle, bobcat, snake, octopus

Which species of hominin had a brain volume closest to the brain volume of the chimpanzee?

Australopithecus afarensis

Based on what they knew about the fertilization envelope (a protective layer that forms around the egg when a sperm fuses with it), Steinhardt, Shatten, and their colleagues hypothesized that changes in the distribution of Ca2+ ions in sea urchin eggs are involved in the formation of the fertilization envelope. In sea urchin eggs (as in most eukaryotic cells) the concentration of Ca2+ ions is much higher in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) than in the cytoplasm. To see how cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration changes in the egg during fertilization, the researchers injected a Ca2+-specific fluorescent dye into the cytoplasm of unfertilized eggs. After adding sperm to the eggs, they observed the eggs with a fluorescence microscope. The following images show the changes in fluorescence that occurred after a single sperm entered the egg. The fluorescence of the dye increased with increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. The green color indicates the region of the cell with the highest fluorescence at that point in time.

Ca^2+ channels closed, Ca^2+ pumps operating slowly: a c f Ca^2+ channels open: b e h Ca^2+ channels closed, Ca^2+ pumps operating rapidly: d g

The role of Ca2+ ions in the formation of the fertilization envelope and blocking polyspermy can be further studied using Ca2+ channel blockers. As their name suggests, Ca2+ channel blockers block the movement of Ca2+ ions through channels. In the case of gated Ca2+ channels, the channel blockers prevent the channels from opening even if the signal to open is present. Suppose that you conduct an experiment in which you test whether the fertilization envelope forms and polyspermy occurs under the following conditions: Control group: An unfertilized sea urchin egg is left untreated (no Ca2+ channel blockers added). Then sperm are added. Experimental group: Ca2+ channel blockers are added to an unfertilized sea urchin egg. Then sperm are added.

Can fusion of sperm and egg occur? >No channel blocker added: yes >Channel blocker added: yes Can the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration increases in response to the fusion of sperm and egg? >No channel blocker added: yes >channel blocker added: no can the fertilization envelop form? >no channel blocker added: yes >channel blocker added: no Can polyspermy occur? > No channel blocker added: no >channel blocker added: yes

In which of the following animals are the circulatory fluid and interstitial fluid considered to be the same body fluid

Grasshoppers

The phylum arthropoda includes four major lineages. Cheliceriforms, myriapods, insects and their relatives and crustaceans

Cheliceriforms: >Horseshoe crab >Possess clawlike feeding appendages >Arachnids Myriapods: >millipedes and centipedes >exclusively terrestrial Insects: >Butterfly >Body divided into head thorax and abdomen >wings allow flight >Three pairs of walking legs Crustaceans >Crabs and isopods >Two pairs of antennae >Primarily aquatic

Determine which terms, phrases, and images describe each phase of development.

Cleavage: >Blastula >Cytoplasm partitioned into many cells >yellow ball Gastrulation: >blue and yellow ball >Embryonic germ layers form >gastrula >blastopore Organogenesis >neural tube >organs begin to develop from germ layers >somites

Both passive and active transport are used to move molecules into and out of cells as shown in the figure. identify the key differences between passive and active transport, and provide an example of each

How molecules move relative to a concentration gradient >passive transport: down a concentration gradient >active transport: against a concentration gradient Energy requirements: >passive transport: does not require energy >active transport: requires energy Examples >passive transport: Osmosis >active transport: Sodium potassium pump

Each of the following phrases describes the structure, function, or regulation of either the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary or anterior pituirary

Hypothalamus: > Posterior Pituitary: > Anterior pituitary: >

Which of the following best summarizes the results shown in the graph

Crabs are more successful in preying on northern and southern periwinkles

Which of the following events occurs at the onset of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Development of the corpus luteum

Each of the following phrases describes the structure, function, or regulation of either the hypothalamus posterior pituitary or anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus: >Integrates nervous and endocrine systems >synthesizes oxytocin and ADH Posterior pituitary: >Is an extension of the hypothalamus >releases oxytocin and ADH Anterior pituitary >regulated by hormones released into portal blood vessels >synthesizes and releases PRL >synthesizes and releases TSH

Which statement regarding the mammalian heart is correct

In the adult heart blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the lungs

You have probably noticed that urine is not always the same. The body is capable of adjusting the volume and the osmolarity of its urine output depending on a number of factors. The kidneys are regulated by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone. These hormones are secreted in response to changes in the animal's internal water and salt balance. For example, sweating or blood loss can disrupt water and/or salt balance in the body, leading to a hormonal response that returns the system to homeostasis. Mechanisms for adjusting blood volume or osmolarity include increasing water and/or sodium reabsorption in the nephrons and collecting ducts. How do the following stimuli affect water and sodium (Na+) reabsorption in the kidneys?

Increases water reabsorption: >ADH secretion > Sweating >Dehydration due to inadequate water intake >eating salty food Increases both water and Na reabsorption: >blood loss >severe diarrhea >aldosterone release Does not increase water or Na reabsorption: >alcohol consumption >Caffeine consumption >diabetes insipidus

What is the function of a circulatory system?

It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all the cells in the body

lancelets and tunicates are two groups of chordates. Classify each statement as applying to lancelets, tunicates, both lancelets and tunicates or neither.

Lancelets: >all chordate characters present in adults >Adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord >Adults bury themselves into the sediment of the seafloor Tunicates: >In adults water enters through one siphon and leaves through another >Most chordate characters not present in adults >Larvae swim using the notochord but adults may be sessile Both: >Adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits Neither: >adults swim using the vertebral column

which hormone spikes midway through the menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation

Luteinzing hormone (LH)

This osmolarity gradient is maintained by both the passive transport and the active transport of

NaCl

The _____ is formed when the neural folds join and a portion of the neural plate sinks beneath the embryos surface

Neural tube

Is this statement supported or not supported by the data on the graph? For the species represent on this graph body mass is directly proportional to brain size

Not supported

water responds to the osmolarity gradient by moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration a process called

Osmosis

Gas exchange involves the transport of two respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Review how each gas is transported between the atmosphere and the cells of your body by completing this exercise.

Oxygen only: >required for cellular respiration >net diffusion from alveoli to lung capillaries Carbon Dioxide only >Net diffusion from body tissues to blood >waste product of cellular respiration >sometimes transported as bicarbonate > net diffusion from lung capillaries to alveoli Both oxygen and carbon dioxide: >transported by hemoglobin >enters alveoli during inhalation

Which characteristic of the male reproductive system is not variable among animal species that reproduce sexually

Presence of genitalia

Many animals can be categorized as either protostomes and deuterostomes based on certain features of their embryonic development. Determine whether each of the following terms applies to only protostomes, only deuterostomes, both protostomes and deuterostomes, or neither.

Protostome: Mouth from blastopore Spiral determinate cleavage Coelom from solid masses of mesoderm Deuterostome: Anus from blastopore Coelom from folds of archenteron Radial indeterminate cleavage Both: Triploblast Neither: diploblast

Based on the results shown in the graph. how has natural selection affected populations of flat periwinkles in the southern Gulf of Maine over the last century?

Southern populations of flat periwinkles have accumulated traits that make them less vulnerable than northern populations to prediction by European green crabs

Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph Despite having a body mass similar to that of homo sapines homo neanderthalensis had a larger brain volume

Supported

Is this statement supported or not supported by the graph The ratio of brain volume to body mass of homo sapiens is larger than that of homo ergaster

Supported

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in the body is true

Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles

Oxygen shows cooperative binding to hemoglobin. Cooperative binding has the following effects on the binding and release of oxygen: Oxygen binding to hemoglobin: When one molecule of oxygen binds to one of hemoglobin's four subunits, the other subunits change shape slightly, increasing their affinity for oxygen.Oxygen release from hemoglobin: When four oxygen molecules are bound to hemoglobin's subunits and one subunit releases its oxygen, the other three subunits change shape again. This causes them to release their oxygen more readily. These two graphs show how cooperative binding differs from a hypothetical situation where binding is not cooperative. The x-axis shows the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2). This is a measure of the amount of oxygen present in a tissue. The blue arrows on the x-axis show the partial pressure of oxygen in various tissues of the body. The y-axis shows the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (O2 saturation). This is the percentage of oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin molecules that are actually bound to oxygen.

What is the O2 saturation in the lungs? >cooperative binding: 100 >Noncooperative binding: 100 What is the O2 saturation in tissues at rest? >cooperative binding: 50 >noncooperative binding: 70 What percentage of O2 is delivered to tissues at rest? >cooperative binding: 50 >noncooperative binding: 30 What is the O2 saturation in exercising tissues? >cooperative binding: 20 >noncooperative binding: 50 what percentage of O2 is delivered to exercising tissues? >cooperative binding: 80 >noncooperative binding: 50

Which letter indicates systolic pressure?

a ( at the peak of changes in blood pressure)

Hormones control the two closely linked reproductive cycles in human females—the uterine (or menstrual) cycle and the ovarian cycle. During one uterine cycle, which is approximately 28 days long, the lining of the uterus undergoes hormonally-regulated changes, if no pregnancy has occurred. At the same time, the hormones also cause a series of changes to take place in an ovary, known as the ovarian cycle. The flowchart below describes the events of the ovarian cycle. Drag the names of the hormones to their appropriate locations on the flowchart, starting with the release of a hormone from the hypothalamus. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all. (Note: GnRH = gonadotropin-releasing hormone; LH = luteinizing hormone; FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone.)

a) GnRH b) LH and FSH c) estradiol d)LH and FSH e) estradiol and progesterone f) LH and FSH g) estradiol and progesterone

In the animation, you saw that both high blood glucose levels and low blood glucose levels are stimuli that trigger specific responses by the body. These responses cause blood glucose levels to return to their normal range. In this activity, you will explore how this happens.

a) beta cells of pancreas release insulin b) body cells take up more glucose c) liver takes up glucose and builds glycogen d) blood glucose levels fall e) alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon f) liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose g)blood glucose levels rise

What does the distance between two white horizontal lines on this graph represent?

an increase of 200 cm3 in brain volume

Insects are the most diverse group of organisms in terms of numbers of species dominating terrestrial habitats. More than 30 orders of insects have been described with the order coleoptera being the largest. Classification is based on traits such as wings and mouthparts. All insects have a three part body plant consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen: Three pairs of walking legs and one or two pairs of wings.

a) hard forewings protect membranes hindwings (Coleoptera wing characteristic) b) Hindwings reduce to stabilizers c)

All Chordates share a set of derived characters during at least some part of their life.

a) notochord- A flexible rod that runs along the anterior posterior axis. (f) may be associated with a joint skeleton b)Pharyngeal clefts- grooves that sperate pouches along the side of the pharynx. (g) may develop into parts of the ear c)Pharyngeal slits- openings to the outside of the body along the side of the pharynx. (h) may develop into gill slits d)dorsal, hollow nerve cord- A bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body. (i) a bundle of nervous tissues running the length of the body e)Muscular post anal tail- a structure that contains muscles and extends past the anus. (j) May be used to propel some species in water

Prolactin is a pituitary hormone that regulates milk production in lactating mammals. PRL production is controlled by hormones produced in the hypothalamus. In response to either the presence or absence of a specific stimulus, a signal is sent to the brain that triggers the hypothalamus to secrete either a releasing hormone or an inhibitory hormone.

a) suckling by young b)hypothalamus c)dopamine d) TRH e) anterior pituitary f) mammary glands g)milk production

Label the diagram of the kidney and nephron below

a). Renal cortex b). Renal medulla c). Ureter d). Distal tubule e). Proximal tubule f). Bowman's Capsule g). Glomerulus h). Renal cortex i). Renal medulla j). Loop Henle k). Collecting duct

Gastrulation is the stage of embryonic development following cleavage. During gastrulation, cell division slows dramatically, and cells are rearranged in a precise way, forming three germ layers. The diagram below illustrates gastrulation in a frog embryo, represented in cross section.

a)blastocoel b)primitive gut (archenteron) c)ectoderm d)mesoderm e)endoderm f)blastopore g)yolk plug h)blastopore forms i) primitive gut begins to form j)three germ layers in place

The diagram below depicts the transport of carbon dioxide in blood, from body tissues to the lungs.

a)respiration produces CO2 b) formation of carbonic acid catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase c) CO2 binds to hemoglobin d) bicarbonate ion transported in blood e) carbonic acid converted back to CO2 and water f)CO2 releases from hemoglobin g) CO2 leaves the system

In the disorder diabetes mellitus, the body is unable to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose. There are two major types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. The graphs below show blood levels of glucose and insulin in three patients after each has consumed a sugary soft drink. Use the graphs to identify which patient is healthy, which has type 1 diabetes, and which has type 2 diabetes.

patient a: Type one diabetes patient b: healthy patient c: type 2 diabetes

Which function is not performed by the male reproductive system

production and storage of oogonia

Blood returns to the heart via the

pulmonary veins

Which statement about human blood vessels is correct

pulmonary veins carry oxygen rich blood to the heart

From the superior vena cava blood flows to the

right atrium

The thermostat is a ___ that detects the stimulus and triggers a response

sensor

This heating system maintains room temperature at or near a particular value, known as the

set point

The posterior portion of the neural tube will develop into the frogs

spinal cord

You open the window and a blast of icy air enters the room. The temperature drops to 17 degrees celsius which acts as a ____ to the heating system

stimulus

Which of the following is a hypothesis the researchers were testing in this study?

through evolution periwinkle populations with a history of predation by crabs have become les vulnerable to crab predation

why did the researchers set up four treatments

to test whether the origin (northern site or southern site) of the crabs and periwinkles affected their interactions

The basic functions of human female reproductive system are to produce eggs, develop offspring and make hormones

true

The osmolarity gradient is also maintained by the passive transport of

urea

Where does a human fetus develop

uterus

Which male reproductive structures are responsible for the transport and delivery of sperm?

vas deferens, urethra, and penis