Biology I - The Cell: Chapter 4

Organelles

"TINY ORGANS" found in Cytoplasm to perform specific functions for the cell

Cell Theory

*All living things made of cells *Cells basic unit of life *Cells come from cell division (reproduction of existing cells)

Prokaryotic cells

*No nucleus *Little cellular content organization *Simplest cell Ex.: bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

*Nucleus *Highly organized cellular content *Complex cell Ex.: protists, fungi, plants, animals

Cell Membrane "selectively permeable"

Membrane will allow certain substances to pass through, but not others. Water soluble can't pass through easily, whereas lipid soluble can.

Glyoxysomes

BREAKS DOWN stored FAT in PLANT seeds to FEED the developing plant EMBRYO

Theodore "Teddy" Schwann (1839)

All ANIMALS made of cells

MATThias Schleiden (1838)

All PLANTS made of cells

Centrioles

Bundles of microtubules that appear in ANIMAL CELL division; helps PULL CHROMOSOME PAIRS APART

Cellular respiration

Burning glucose to RELEASE ENERGY

Nucleus

CONTROL CENTER of cell that controls all cellular functions. CONTAINS genetic information (DNA)

Cytoplasm (goo)

Cell SUBSTANCE BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE & NUCLEUS. Contains cytosol, organelles, cytoskeleton,& other particles.

Chromosomes

Chromatin THREADLIKE bodies that CARRY GENES in a linear order

Large central vacuole

Contains water, enzymes, & metabolic waste; takes up 90% of the cell

Cell membrane

DOUBLE LAYER of phospholipids and proteins on outside of all cells; CONTROLS what comes INTO and OUT OF CELL

Vacuole

Fluid filled SACKS FOR STORAGE of proteins, minerals, salts, enzymes, water, & lipids; can contain poisons, toxins, & sugars called sap

Vesicles

Fluid filled sac or pouch; (lysosomes,Peroxisomes,Glyoxysomes,& Endosome)

Cytoskeleton

Framework (skeleton) of cell made of protein tubules & filaments; MAINTAINS cell SHAPE and MOVES ORGANELLES around

Rudolph VircHOW (1855)

HOW cells made? All cells come from cell division

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Has attached ribosomes that make it appear bumpy under microscope; proteins & phospholipids: RIBOSOMES on ER surface are threaded into interior of ER to be MODIFIED and TRANSPORTED

Cristae

Inner mitochondrial membrane where (ACTUAL ATP PRODUCTION occurs)

Amyloplasts

Leucoplasts that STORE STARCH

Nucleolus

Located inside the nucleus to MAKE RIBOSOMES

Flagella

Long, whip like tail that PROPELS the CELL

Microfilaments

Made of threadlike ACTIN that is used in muscle contraction and movement of white blood cells

Endoplasmic reticulum

Network of hollow membrane tubules connecting nuclear envelope & cell membrane (intracellular CELL HIGHWAY)

Cell wall

Nonliving layer made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, & peptidoglycan in bacteria; SUPPORTS and PROTECTS the CELL; MAINTAINS plant SHAPE.

Chloroplasts

Organelle found in PLANTS used to STORE CHLOROPHYLL (type of plastids)

Leucoplasts

Plastid that STORE FOOD

Chromoplasts

Plastid that STORES fall COLORED PIGMENTS (red, yellow, orange, & purple)

Cilia

Protein TUBES that look like short hairlike projections. Move in unison to MOVE CELLS, fluids, or small particles across the cell surface.

Fluid mosaic model

Proteins EMBEDDED in cell membrane that move around causing an ever-changing pattern (kaleidoscope)

Integral proteins

Proteins completely embedded through the cell that TRANSPORTS MOLECULES INTO THE CELL

Peripheral proteins

Proteins that lie on one side or the other of the cell membrane, but AREN'T EMBEDDED

Contractile vacuole

REGULATE WATER INTAKE to keep it from bursting in unicellular protists

Intermediate filaments

RODS that ANCHOR the NUCLEUS and ORGANELLES in place that MAINTAIN the SHAPE of the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE

Mitochondria

Rod shaped organelle made of folded membranes that is the site of ATP production; generates cellular energy "POWERHOUSE of cell"; has own DNA (can reproduce themselves)

Plastid

STORAGE UNIT in PLANT cells FOR FOOD; can contain ribosomes, prokaryotic DNA, or pigment

Golgi

Series of flattened sacs with SHIPPING/RECEIVING side. Modifies, sorts, and packages molecules from ER for storage or transport out of the cell

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Series of interconnected, flattened sacs LACKING RIBOSOMES and is attached to the ends of rough ER; makes cholesterol, estrogen & testosterone, releases calcium and detoxifies drugs and poisons. Abundant in liver & kidney cells

Differentiation

Specialized cells in a multi-cellular organism that TURNS GENES ON & OFF

Ribosomes

Spherical (round) bodies found free floating in cytoplasm or attached to ER; produced in nucleolus and is site of protein synthesis (PROTEIN FACTORIES)

Chromatin

Sustainable substance of cell nucleus that FORMS CHROMOSOMES during cell division. Consists of DNA, RNA, and other proteins

Microtubules

Tube-like, hollow TUBULIN that hold organelles in place, maintain cell shape, & act as guide for organelle movement

Robert Hooke (1665)

Used microscope to see and NAME "CELLS"

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek (1673)

Used microscope to see protists (ANIMALCULES)

Endosome

Vesicle formed inside the cell. Fuses with lysosomes to DIGEST engulfed MATERIAL

Peroxisomes

Vesicles abundant in LIVER & KIDNEYS that contain digestive enzymes to break down fatty acids (energy use) & detoxify alcohol and drugs; do not bud from Golgi

Lysosomes

Vesicles that bud from Golgi containing digestive enzymes to BREAK DOWN PARTICLES and worn out cell parts