Biology II Chapters 26-29 Test 2

Which cells lack living protoplasts at maturity?

Sclerenchyma

All plants evolved from green algae and share a common ancestor.

True

Animal cells lack cell walls.

True

Archegonium and antheridium represent haploid structures that produce reproductive cells.

True

Arthropods are the most successful of all animals with well over one million species.

True

Bryophytes require water for sexual reproduction.

True

Cnidarians use nematocysts to capture prey (they release a venom).

True

Sponges lack tissue and symmetry, but other animals are radially or bilaterally symmetrical.

True

In a flower after fertilization, the following tissues are diploid: a. carpel, integuments, and megaspore mother cell b. carpel, integuments, and megaspore c. carpel, megaspore, and zygote d. carpel, megaspore mother cell, and endosperm

a. carpel, integuments, and megaspore mother cell

In seeds, the endosperm helps with a. fertilization b. protection c. nourishment d. dispersal

c. nourishment

Plant organs form by

cell division in meristematic tissue.

Choanocytes of sponges bear a striking resemblance to the ________, members of the Unikonta group of protists.

choanoflagellates

Nephrostomes

cilia-lined openings in the nephridia

Meristems

clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and large nuclei

Sorus

cluster of sporangia

Root cap

contains two types of cells *columella cells (inner) *root cap cells (outer and lateral)

The ________ of a mollusk is a highly efficient respiratory structure.

ctenidium

The repeating unit of the vegetative shoot contains all of the following except a. internode b. leaf c. axillary bud d. flowers

d. flowers

Angiosperms

flowering plants

Ctenidia

gills in aquatic mollusks

In a pine tree, the microspores and megaspores are produced by the process of a. fertilization b. mitosis c. fusion d. meiosis

d. meiosis

When you peel your potatoes for dinner, you are removing the majority of their

dermal tissue and vascular tissue.

A plant that produces two axillary buds at a node is said to have what type of leaf arrangement?

opposite

The ground tissue that carries out most of the metabolic and storage function is

parenchyma cells.

Gymnosperms

plants with naked seeds

Dermal tissue

primarily the epidermis, which is usually one cell thick and is covered with a fatty or waxy cuticle to retard water loss

Fern Reproduction

produce distinctive sporangia in clusters called sori on the back of the fronds

Cork cambium

produces bark

Vascular cambium

produces secondary vascular tissue

Palmate Leaf

ribs radiating from a central point

In vascular plants, one difference between root and shoot systems is that

root systems undergo secondary growth, but do not form bark.

Deuterostomes

develop the anus first from or near the blastopore and the mouth second. Humans fall in this category

Protostomes

develop the mouth first from or near the blastopore and the anus second

Compound leaf

divided into leaflets

Molting is a key feature of

Echysozoans

Rotifers are named for the wheel of cilia at the top of their bodies. What is its function?

Locomotion

How could a plants without roots obtain sufficient nutrients from the soil?

Mycorrhizal fungi associate with the plant and assist with the transfer of nutrients.

Whisk ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

NO vascular tissue (only ferns have vascular tissue)

Palisade and spongy parenchyma are typically found in the mesophyll of

eudicots.

Cnidarians possess

extracellular digestion

Pterophytes

-All require free water for flagellated sperm -lack seeds

Myriapoda

-Centipedes: one pair of appendages per segment -Millipedes: two pairs of appendages per segment

Four classes of Arthropods

-Chelicerata -Crustacea -Hexapoda -Myriapoda

Green algae split into two clades

-Chlorophytes - never made it to land -Charophytes - sister to all land plants

Body cavities

-Coelom: a cavity that lies within tissues derived from mesoderm -Pseudocoelem: a city that lies between tissues derived from mesoderm and the gut.

Shoot system

-above the ground -provides support for leaves and flowers

Stems of Vascular Plants

-are composed of repeating segments, including nodes and internodes -vascular tissues may be arranged on the outside of the stem or scattered throughout the stem -can contain stomata

Root system

-below the ground -anchor the plant -take up water and minerals

Ferns

-conspicuous sporophyte (15m mature tree) -much smaller gametophyte -both photosynthetic

Zone of Cell division

-contains mostly cuboidal cells -carries WER gene and SCR gene (WER gene suppresses root hair)

Sporophyte

-diploid generation -produces haploid spores by meiosis

Gametophyte

-haploid generation -produces gametes that eventually lead to the formation of diploid zygotes

Zone of Maturation

-include root hair and nonhair cells -parenchyma cells (ground meristem)

Hexapoda

-insects are by far the largest group

Moss

-large gametophyte -small, dependent sporophyte

Conifers

-most familiar gymnosperm phylum -pines, spruces, firs, cedars -found in colder, dryer regions

Animals share these features

-multicellular -heterotrophs -diversity of form -diversity of habitat -embryo development -movement

Evolution of body cavity

-outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system) -middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles) -inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines)

Sequence of cell types in an oak tree, moving from the center of the tree out

-pith -primary xylem -secondary xylem -vascular cambium -secondary phloem -primary phloem -cork cambium -cork

Phloem

-principle food conducting tissue -contains 2 types of elongated cells: *sieve cells and sieve tube members *living cells that contain clusters of pores called sieve areas or sieve plates

Xylem

-principle water conducting tissue -tracheids: dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another

Adaptions to terrestrial life

-protection from desiccation (waxy cuticle and stomata) -moving water using tracheids (Tracheophytes have tracheids) -dealing with UV radiation caused mutations (shift to a dominant diploid generation) -haplodiplontic life cycle (multicellular haploid and diploid stages)

Structures that allow plants to carry out photosynthesis below the ground include

-rhizomes -chloroplast-rich root dermal cells -window leaves -tubers

Zone of Elongation

-roots lengthen -roots widen

Arthropods

-segmented with an exoskeleton -exoskeleton molts during ecdysis -jointed appendages can be modified into mouth parts, antennae, or legs

Crustacea

-shrimp, lobsters, crabs, crayfish -2 pairs of antennae, 3 appendages -most appendages are biramus

Angiosperm

-small, dependent gametophyte -large sporophyte

Chelicerata

-spiders, ticks, mites -most anterior appendages called chelicerae

Ground tissue cells

-storage -photosynthesis -support

Monocots

-vascular tissues are parallel -usually do not have a petiole

Eudicots

-vascular tissues make a network -leaves of most have a flattened blade and a slender petiole

In terms of numbers of species, the most successful phylum on the planet is

Arthropoda

A major innovation of land plants is embryo protection. How is a moss embryo protected from desiccation?

By the archegonium

Plants are unlike Charophytes in having all of the following except: a. haplodiplontic life cycle b. diploid embryos c. plasmodesmata d. all of the above

C. Plasmodesmata

Which of the following would not be found in a bryophyte? a. Mycorrhizal association b. Rhizoids c. Tracheid cells d. Photosynthetic gametophytes

C. Tracheid Cells

Female reproductive structure of a flower

Carpel/Pistol -stigma: pollen attaches here -style: holds up the stigma -ovary: produces eggs

Lycophytes and pterophytes

DO NOT have seeds

Ginkgophytes

Dioecious (male and female reproductive cells produced on different trees)

A notochord is surrounded by bone or cartilage.

False

What separates the angiosperms from other seed plants?

Fruits and flowers

Which innovation likely contributed to the tremendous success of angiosperms?

Fruits that attract animal dispersers

Which phyla of gymnosperms has the least number of species?

Ginkophyta

Male reproductive structure of a flower

Stamen -anther: produces pollen -filament: holds up the anther

A paleontologist discovers a thick layer of fossilized zoecia on rocks, what does this say about the rocks when the animals were alive?

The rocks were part of a mountain that eroded.

Compare what happens to a spore mother cell as it gives rise to a spore with what happens to a spore as it gives rise to a gametophyte.

The spore mother cell goes through meiosis and the spore goes through mitosis.

In modern phylogenetic analysis of the animals, the protostomes are divided into two major groups based on what characteristic?

Their ability to molt

Why aren't club mosses classified as bryophytes?

They have tracheids

Root hairs and lateral roots are similar in each respect except

both are not generally long-lived.

A bract is

a leaf.

Leaves are an extension of

a shoot apical meristem.

Which of the following cell types of a sponge possesses a flagellum? a. Choanocyte b. Amoebocyte c. Epithelial d. Spiclues

a. Choanocyte

Which of the following terms is not associated with a male portion of a plant? a. Megaspore b. Antheridium c. Pollen grains d. Microspore

a. Megaspore

With regard to classification in the animals, the study of which of the following is changing our understanding of the organization of the kingdom? a. Molecular systematics b. Origin of tissues c. Patterns of segmentation d. Evolution of morphological characteristics

a. Molecular systematics

Which of the following structures is not a component of the water-vascular system of an echinoderm? a. Ossicles b. Ampullae c. Radial canals d. Madreporites

a. Ossicles

The function of guard cells is to

allow carbon dioxide uptake.

Which of these phyla are deuterstomes? a. Platyhelminthes b. Echinodermata c. Arthropoda d. Chordata

b. Echinodermata d. Chordata

Which of the following gymnosperms possesses a form of vascular tissue that is similar to that found in the angiosperms? a. Cycads b. Gnetophytes c. Ginkgophytes d. Conifers

b. Gnetophytes

One characteristic that separates ferns from complex vascular plants is that ferns do not have a. alternation of generations in their life cycle b. seeds c. cuticle to prevent desiccation d. a vascular system

b. Seeds

Which feature of vascular plants were the first to evolve? a. Roots b. Stems c. Leaves D. Flowers

b. Stems

An example of a seedless vascular plant is a. a hornwort b. a club moss c. a pint tree d. None of these

b. a club moss

Plant cell types can be distinguished by all of the following except a. vacuole size b. identity of peroxisomes c. cell wall thickness d. vitality of maturity

b. identity of peroxisomes

Which of the following characteristics is not seen in the phylum Platyhelminthes? a. cephalization b. segmentation c. a body cavity d. bilateral symmetry

b. segmentation

Open circulatory system

body fluids can combine with blood in the body (insects)

Closed circulatory system

body fluids cannot enter the blood stream (humans)

Which of the following characteristics is not found in the arthropods? a. Jointed appendages b. Segmentation c. Closed circulatory system d. Segmented ganglia

c. Closed circulatory system

Based on embryonic development, which of the following phyla is the closest to the chordates? a. Annelida b. Arthropoda c. Echinodermata d. Mollusca

c. Echinodermata

To which of the following groups would a species that does not mold, possess a coelem, and has a trochophore larva belong? a. Arthropods b. Nemotodes c. Mollusks d. Echinoderms

c. Mollusks

Which of the following adaptations allows plants to pause their life cycle until environmental conditions are optimal? a. Stomata b. Phloem and xylem c. Seeds d. Flowers

c. Seeds

Which of the following plant structures is not matched to its correct function? a. Stomata - allow gas transfer b. Tracheids - allow the movement of water and minerals c. Cuticle - presents desiccation d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Serial segmentation is a key characteristic of which of the following phyla? a. Mollusca b. Brachiopoda c. Bryozoa d. Annelida

d. Annelida

Which of the following classes of arthropod possess chelicerae? a. Chilopoda b. Crustacea c. Hexapoda d. Chelicerata

d. Chelicerata

Which of the following plant cell type is mismatched to its function? a. Xylem - conducts mineral nutriets b. Phloem - serves as part of the bark c. Trichomes - reduces evaporation d. Collenchyma - performs photosynthesis

d. Collenchyma - performs photosynthesis

Which of these plants lack archegonia and antheridia? a. Lycophytes b. Gnetophytes c. Bryophytes d. None of these

d. None of these

Which of the following is not a modified stem? a. a tuber b. a rhizome c. a stolon d. a bract

d. a bract

Triploblastic

has three germ layers

Diploblastic

has two germ layers

Pinnate Leaf

have a central rib, like a feather

Nephridia

kidney-like structure

Malpighian tubules

kidney-like structures in arthropods

Root hairs form in the zone of

maturation.

A unique feature of plants is indeterminate growth. Indeterminate growth is possible because

meristematic cells continually replace themselves.

Ecdysis

molting or shedding of skin

Animals are unique in the fact that they possess ________ for movement and ________ for conducting signals between cells.

muscle tissue; nervous tissue

Roots differ from stems because roots lack

nodes.

You can determine the age of an oak tree by counting the annual rings of ________ formed by the ________.

secondary xylem; vascular cambium

Integument

seed coat that protects the embryo

The food-conducting cells in an oak tree are called

sieve-tube members.

Scouring rush (horse tails)

silica deposits in cells

In vascular plant leaves, gases enter and eave the plant through pores called

stomata.

Bryozoans

the only colonial animals

Body cavities differ from digestive cavities because

they are not connected to the outside.

Mosses do not reach a large size because. . .

they do not have specialized vascular tissue to transport water very high.

Casparian strips

tissues interior to endodermis only present in the zone of maturation

Most mollusks are gonochroic.

unisexualism

Cells of the ________ regulate the flow of water laterally between the vascular tissues and the cell layers in the outer portion of the root.

xylem

In double fertilization, one sperm produces a diploid ______, and the other produces a triploid ______.

zygote; primary endosperm