Biology quiz study

What happens to a cell's DNA before it divides?

It will copy and divide with the cells.

What are some characteristics that scientists use to sort cells into groups?

Many groups such as shape, size, and possibly cell group.

How does cell division (Mitosis) ensure that the daughter cells produced have the same set of DNA as the original parent cells?

Mitosis divides a cell's nucleus into two nuclei, each with an identical set of DNA.

What are 5 stages of mitosis

Mitosis, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What are mutations

Mutation is a change that occurs in the DNA sequence when it is copied or as a result of environmental factors.

Why is DNA replication necessary?

This is to make sure the identical genes get passed on to the next generation.

How can cells form tumors

Too little cell death or too much division.

Asexual Reproduction

offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism.

What problems can mutations cause

genetic disorders or diseases.

How many chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs=46 chromosomes

What are the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

How is DNA used to make proteins

All cells in an organism have the same DNA, but in different types of cells, different genes are activated. Each gene contains the instruction for one protein. So, each type of cell makes different types of proteins.

How is DNA used to make proteins?

All cells in an organism have the same DNA, but in different types of cells, different genes are activated. Each gene contains the instructions for one protein. So, each type of cell makes different types of proteins.

Explain how cells can have the same DNA, but different structures and functions.

All of our cells have the same DNA but the code of the DNA contains information for making proteins in the cells. Each type of call makes different proteins which gives the cells their specific structure and function.

Give an example of how a cell's shape and size is specific to its function.

Bigger cells will do more functions because of its size while smaller cells might do less functions. Shape-muscles have striations so they can contract and relax.

Asexual reproduction occurs in bacteria through binary fission. How is binary fission different from Mitosis?

Binary fission starts when the bacterial chromosome is copied. Both chromosomes are attached to the cell membrane on opposite sides of the cell. As the cell grows and gets longer, the chromosomes move away from each other.

How can differentiation cause certain genes to be turned on/off?

Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death.

How can differentiation cause certain genes to be turned on/off.

Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt division, instruct cells to differentiate, or initiate cell death.

What role do proteins have in cell differentiation?

Cell cycle regulators are proteins that control the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and can either stimulate or inhibit cell cycle progression.

Anaphase

Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis usually begins in late anaphase or telophase. Telophase: Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil and the spindle fibers fall apart.

What are some of the ways that different types of human cells differ from one another that makes them well-suited for a particular function?

Different structure for different function- Muscle tissue has striations, blood cells have RBC and nerve cells have an axon and dendrite.

Mitosis

Divides a cell's nucleus into two nuclei, each with an identical set of DNA

What happens during cytokinesis?

Divides cytoplasm between the two daughter cells, each with a genetically identical nucleus. The cells enter interphase and begin the cycle again.

Explain how the three experiments determined if DNA or protein is the genetic material.

If a cell contains both DNA and protein, it is the genetic material.

Explain how we know if genetic material is protein or DNA.

If it includes protein and DNA

Name 4 specialized types of cells in the human body. How are they different from one another?

Neurons (nerve cells),- nickelodeon splat, muscle- long rectangle cells skin- circular shape RBC's and WBC's- frisbee shaped

Telophase

Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil and the spindle fibers fall apart.

What is the monomer of DNA?

Nucleotides

What are the two basic types of cells?

Red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC)

Which type of reproduction (asexual or sexual) produces offspring with more genetic diversity?

Sexual Reproduction (there is a sperm and egg)

Metaphase

Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome. They align the chromosomes along the equator.

Given the DNA sequence A G T C C A G T fill in the complementary sequence.

T C A G G T C A

What type of bond holds together base pairs? Are these bonds weak or strong?

The Hydrogen bonds hold the base pairs together and they are weak bonds so they can unzip the DNA molecule into 2 strands.

What do actively dividing cells look like?

The are-noodle like structures.

Explain the arrangement of the components of DNA. How did Watson and Crick determine the arrangement?

The arrangement was G=C and A=T

What is Chargaff's Rule? Describe the relative amounts of each base.

The chemical compositions were aligned which led to the idea of the same amount of cytosine and guanine.

Explain how different enzymes assist in the replication of DNA.

The enzymes help the nitrogenous bases connect to each other and help in replication of DNA.

What information in the DNA provides the instructions for building a protein?

The information explains the sequence of the bases.

What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

The similarities: DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, The differences: prokaryotes have NO nucleus/organelles and are always single-celled. Eukaryotes have a nucleus and can be single-celled or multicellular.

How do the original DNA molecule and the newly synthesized DNA molecule compare? (Hint: are they similar or different?)

The two molecules are identical

What do all human cells have in common?

They all have-Nuclei, membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, organelles.

What are chromosomes?

an entire chain of DNA along with a group of stabilizing proteins.

Prophase

chromosomes condense. The Nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles begin to move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers form.

Organize the following structures from largest to smallest: genes, chromosomes, genome, DNA. Explain the connection between them.

chromosomes, genome, DNA, and genes. The complete DNA sequence for an entire organism is known as the genome. The sections of DNA that code for proteins are called genes. The DNA winds up around histone proteins to form stringy chromosomes.

Sexual Reproduction

requires two parents and takes longer, but it produces offspring that are genetically unique because they have a mixture of genes from both parents.