Biology quizzes

Chapter 15: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of histone acetylation and DNA methylation in gene regulation? a.) DNA methylation reduces transcription, and histone acetylation promotes transcription. b.) DNA methylation promotes transcription, and histone acetylation reduces transcription. c.) DNA methylation and histone acetylation both promote transcription. d.) DNA methylation and histone acetylation both reduce transcription.

a.) DNA methylation reduces transcription, and histone acetylation promotes transcription.

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? a.) FADH2 b.) pyruvate c.) ATP d.) NADH

a.) FADH2

Chapter 9: During aerobic respiration, which of the following molecules directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? a.) FADH2 b.) NADH c.) ATP d.) water

a.) FADH2

Chapter 9: If cells are provided with nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope of hydrogen ( 3H), newly synthesized DNA will be radioactively labeled. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team introduced labeled T nucleotides into cultures of dividing human lymphocytes at specific times. A pathogen was introduced into one culture prior to the start of the experiment, and another culture was left untreated as a control. Following a 24-hour incubation with the radiolabeled nucleotides, cells were lysed, and the DNA was isolated and tested for presence of radioactivity. The research team found that lymphocytes exposed to a pathogen incorporated three times the amount of labeled nucleotide as the control. Which of the following hypotheses might explain these observations? a.) Infection causes lymphocytes to reproduce more rapidly. b.) The pathogen thrived in culture and incorporated the excess nucleotide. c.) Infection causes lymphocyte cultures to skip some parts of the cell cycle. d.) Infection causes cell cultures in general to reproduce more rapidly.

a.) Infection causes lymphocytes to reproduce more rapidly.

Chapter 14: Consider this model of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells: What is the role of the nuclear envelope in regulating gene expression? a.) It controls passage of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. b.)It controls binding of the mRNA to the ribosome in the nucleolus. c.) The nuclear envelope plays no role in the regulation of gene expression. d.) It controls RNA splicing.

a.) It controls passage of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Chapter 14: How can a point mutation in DNA change the function of a protein? a.) It might substitute a different amino acid in the protein, which could change its function. b.) It might exchange one stop codon for another stop codon. c.) It might exchange one serine codon for a different serine codon. d.) It might result in a chromosomal translocation.

a.) It might substitute a different amino acid in the protein, which could change its function.

Chapter 7: During glycolysis, which molecule is reduced when glucose is oxidized? a.) NAD+ b.) ATP c.) NADH d.) oxygen

a.) NAD+

Chapter 8: Which of the following transfer energy from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? a.) NADPH b.) light c.) G3P d.) ATP

a.) NADPH d.) ATP

Chapter 14: Select the true statement(s) regarding transcription factors: a.) Some transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNA polymerase can bind. b.) When transcription factors bind DNA, the DNA unwinds and separates into single strands. c.) Transcription factors bind at specific DNA sequences. d.) Transcription factors bind at the start codon.

a.) Some transcription factors must bind the promoter before RNA polymerase can bind. c.) Transcription factors bind at specific DNA sequences.

Chapter 6: Which of the following statements about a system at chemical equilibrium is true? a.) The system can do no work. b.) Over time, the system will spontaneously move away from equilibrium. c.) The system consumes energy at a steady rate. d.) The system releases energy at a steady rate.

a.) The system can do no work.

Chapter 7: During cellular respiration, the reactions that generate the largest amount of ATP take place in the mitochondria. a.) True b.) False

a.) True

Chapter 8: The graph below shows the action spectrum that illustrates the wavelengths that drive photosynthesis, as measured by the release of oxygen gas. Which wavelength of light is most effective at driving photosynthesis? a.) Violet-blue wavelengths due to their short wavelengths and high energy b.) Red wavelengths due to their short wavelengths and high energy c.) All wavelengths of light are equally effective at driving photosynthesis.

a.) Violet-blue wavelengths due to their short wavelengths and high energy

Chapter 8: How is the energy from the sun transported within chloroplasts? a.) When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll molecules that excite electrons, which is then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose. b.) When photons strike photosystem (PS) I, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll, molecules that excite electrons, which is then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex then transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose. c.) When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll molecules that in turn excite electrons, which are then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-I to PS-II. The products of the light dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose. d.) When photons strike photosystem (PS) I, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll molecules that excite electrons, which is then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS I to PS II. The products of the light independent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.

a.) When photons strike photosystem (PS) II, pigments pass the light energy to chlorophyll molecules that excite electrons, which is then passed to the electron transport chain. The cytochrome complex transfers protons across the thylakoid membrane and transfers electrons from PS-II to PS-I. The products of the light dependent reaction are used to power the Calvin cycle to produce glucose.

Chapter 14: Which of these mutations, resulting in an error in the mRNA just after the 5ʹ AUG start codon, is likely to have the most serious effect on the polypeptide product? a.) a deletion of two nucleotides b.) a deletion of a codon c.) a substitution of the first nucleotide of a GGG codon d.) a substitution of the third nucleotide in an ACC codon

a.) a deletion of two nucleotides

Chapter 6: Which of the following analogies best describes the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? a.) a hug between two people b.) a key fitting into a lock c.) a square peg fitting through the square hole and a round peg fitting through the round hole of a children's toy d.) the fitting together of two jigsaw puzzle pieces

a.) a hug between two people

Chapter 14: The most common genetic cause of cystic fibrosis is a deletion of a single codon (UUU). What is the result of this codon deletion? a.) a polypeptide missing an amino acid b.) a base-pair substitution c.) a frameshift mutation d.) a nucleotide mismatch

a.) a polypeptide missing an amino acid

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? a.) acetyl CoA b.) ATP c.) pyruvate d.) NADH

a.) acetyl CoA

Chapter 14: Accuracy in the translation requires ___? a.) bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs b.) binding of ribosomes to mRNA c.) attachment of amino acids to tRNAs d.) shape of the A and P sites of ribosomes

a.) bonding of the anticodon to the codon and the attachment of amino acids to tRNAs

Chapter 3: What is the name of the functional group shown in Figure 3.2? a.) carboxyl b.) carbonyl c.) ketone d.) aldehyde e.) hydroxyl

a.) carboxyl

Chapter 3: What would you add to the following hydrocarbon to make it polar and acidic? a.) carboxyl group b.) amino group c.) hydroxyl group d.) methyl group

a.) carboxyl group

Chapter 4: Intermediate filaments attach to which of the following structures in the plasma membrane? a.) desmosomes b.) tight junctions c.) middle lamella d.) gap junctions e.) extracellular matrix

a.) desmosomes

Chapter 5: The movement of the hydrophobic gas nitrous oxide (N 2O) (laughing gas) into a cell is an example of a.) diffusion through the lipid bilayer. b.) cotransport across the lipid bilayer. c.) osmosis through the lipid bilayer. d.) active transport across the lipid bilayer. e.) facilitated diffusion through the lipid bilayer.

a.) diffusion through the lipid bilayer.

Chapter 2: The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is________. a.) electronegativity b.) covalency c.) polarity d.) ionic potential e.) tonicity

a.) electronegativity

Chapter 14: In eukaryotic regulation of gene expression, regulatory DNA sequences may be far away from the site of transcription. What is this type of regulatory DNA called? a.) enhancer b.) TATA box c.) promoter d) proximal-control element

a.) enhancer

Chapter 15: Most repressor proteins exhibit allosteric properties. Which of the following molecules binds with the repressor to alter its structure? a.) inducer b.) promoter c.) RNA polymerase d.) transcription factor

a.) inducer

Chapter 1: Which of the following are characteristics of life a.) living things use energy b.) living things grow c.) living things reproduce d.) living this have DNA

a.) living things use energy b.) living things grow c.) living things reproduce d.) living this have DNA

Chapter 3: Which of the following common chemical groups is hydrophobic? a.) methyl b.) amino c.) hydroxyl d.) carboxyl

a.) methyl

Chapter 4: Which structure-function pair is mismatched? a.) microtubule; muscle contraction b.) Golgi; protein trafficking c.) nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits d.) ribosome; protein synthesis

a.) microtubule; muscle contraction

Chapter 4: Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures? a.) microtubules and motor proteins b.) centrioles and motor proteins c.) actin filaments and microtubules d.) actin filaments and motor proteins

a.) microtubules and motor proteins

Chapter 8: ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll is called ____. a.) photophosphorylation b.) oxidative phosphorylation c.) substrate-level phosphorylation d.) dephosphorylation

a.) photophosphorylation

Chapter 2: Unequal sharing of electrons in water makes water ____. a.) polar b.) change easily from a liquid to a gas c.) hydrophobic d.) have low surface tension e.) ionic

a.) polar

Chapter 2: What type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens within a water molecule? a.) polar covalent b.) hydrogen c.) hydrophilic d.) nonpolar covalent e.) ionic

a.) polar covalent

Chapter 9: Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores during __. a.) prophase b.) interphase c.) telophase d.) metaphase e.) anaphase

a.) prophase

Chapter 5: When vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, which side of the vesicle membrane ends up facing the outside of the cell? a.) the inside of the vesicle membrane b.) the outside of the vesicle membrane c.) it depends on the final destination of the protein

a.) the inside of the vesicle membrane

Chapter 3: A carbon skeleton is covalently bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. When placed in water, it .... a.) will function as neither an acid nor a base. b.) will function only as an acid because of the carboxyl group. c.) will function as both an acid and a base. d.) will function only as a base because of the amino group.

a.) will function as neither an acid nor a base.

Chapter 3: Which of these functional groups may raise the pH of a solution to which is added? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E f.) F

a.)A

Chapter 3.2: How many of the items in the following list involve the dehydration synthesis reaction? o Forming a fat molecule from glycerol and fatty acids o Forming hydrogen bonds between water molecules o Denaturing a protein o Forming a cellulose molecule from glucose molecules o Digesting starch in a test tube a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4 e.) 5

b.) 2

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: How many ATP molecules NET does glycolysis yield? a.) 4 b.) 2 c.) 1 d.) 6

b.) 2

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: How many NADH molecules are produced by glycolysis? a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 4 d.) 6

b.) 2

Chapter 9: Which of the following represents the complementary DNA sequence to the sequence below. 5' ATTGTCGCGT 3' a.) 3' ATTGTCGCGT 5' b.) 3'TAACAGCGCA 5' c.) 5' TGCGCTGTTA 3' d.) 5' AUUGUCGCGU 3'

b.) 3'TAACAGCGCA 5'

Chapter 14: Consider this model of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells: A liver cell that is temporarily increasing glucose storage would be most likely to regulate gene expression at step __, whereas a neuron that is turning off non-neuronal genes would do so by regulating gene expression at step ___. a.) 3; 6 b.) 7; 1 c.) 6; 3 d.) 1; 7

b.) 7; 1

Chapter 9: A group of cells is assayed for DNA content immediately before beginning mitosis and is found to have an average of 16 picograms of DNA per nucleus. How many picograms of DNA would be found in a cell nucleus following completion of mitosis and cytokinesis? a.) 32 b.) 8 c.) 16 d.) 4

b.) 8

Chapter 1: What molecular evidence do we have that all of life is related? a.) All life on Earth stores its genetic material inside the nuclei of its cells. b.) All life on Earth has DNA. c.) All life on Earth has the same set of mutations in its genes. d.) All life on Earth has the same number of DNA base pairs.

b.) All life on Earth has DNA.

Chapter 3: Which molecule has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

b.) B

Chapter 14: During proofreading, which of the following enzymes 'reads' the DNA? a.) Helicase b.) DNA polymerase c.) Topoisomerase d.) Primase

b.) DNA polymerase

Chapter 14: How do enhancers and promoters differ? a.) Enhancers bind transcription factors to silence gene expression, while promoters activate transcription. b.) Enhancers increase the efficiency of gene expression, by binding to Activators that interact with transcription factors bound to the promoter. c.) Promoters bind transcription factors to increase the efficiency of transcription. Enhancers bind RNA polymerases to initiate transcription. d.) There is no difference. Both are transcription factor-binding sequences in DNA.

b.) Enhancers increase the efficiency of gene expression, by binding to Activators that interact with transcription factors bound to the promoter.

Chapter 8: Only plants benefit from photosynthesis. a.) True b.) False

b.) False

Chapter 9: Measurements of the amount of DNA per nucleus were taken on a large number of cells from a growing fungus. The measured DNA levels ranged from 3 to 6 picograms per nucleus. In which stage of the cell cycle would the nucleus contain 6 picograms of DNA? a.) G0 b.) G2 c.) G1 d.) S

b.) G2

Chapter 1: Which of the following is NOT true about natural selection? a.) It depends on both inheritance and variation. b.) It ensures that only the biggest and the strongest organisms survive. c.) It explains how environments affect which organisms live and reproduce. d.) It results in adaptations that improve an organism's chances of survival.

b.) It ensures that only the biggest and the strongest organisms survive.

Chapter 14: What is a nonsense mutation? a.) It changes an amino acid in the encoded protein. b.) It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA. c.) It has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. d.) It alters the reading frame of the mRNA.

b.) It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA.

Chapter 5: Which of the following is least likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion? a.) CO2 b.) K+ c.) O2 d.) testeroerone

b.) K+

Chapter 8: The graph below shows the action spectrum that illustrates the wavelengths that drive photosynthesis, as measured by the release of oxygen gas. a.) The green-yellow wavelengths are much more effective than the other wavelengths at driving photosynthesis. b.) The red and violet-blue wavelengths are much more effective than the other wavelengths at driving photosynthesis. c.) All wavelengths of light are equally effective at driving photosynthesis.

b.) The red and violet-blue wavelengths are much more effective than the other wavelengths at driving photosynthesis.

Chapter 15: Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of general transcription factors in eukaryotes? a.) They are required for the expression of specific protein-encoding genes. b.) They bind to other proteins or to a sequence element within the promoter, such as the TATA box. c.) They inhibit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter and begin transcribing. d.) They usually lead to a high level of transcription even without additional specific transcription factors.

b.) They bind to other proteins or to a sequence element within the promoter, such as the TATA box.

Chapter 6: Which of the following analogies best describes the induced-fit model of enzyme-substrate binding? a.) a square peg fitting through the square hole and a round peg fitting through the round hole of a children's toy b.) a hug between two people c.) the fitting together of two jigsaw puzzle pieces d.) a key fitting into a lock

b.) a hug between two people

Chapter 14: An operon is __. a.) a region of DNA that contains promoters and coding sequences for several genes b.) a region of DNA that codes for functionally related genes under the control of a single promoter c.) a region of DNA that codes for sugar metabolizing enzymes d.) a region of DNA that codes for a single gene under the control of multiple promoters

b.) a region of DNA that codes for functionally related genes under the control of a single promoter

Chapter 6: If an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to a.) heat the solution to 90°C. b.) add more of the enzyme. c.) add an allosteric inhibitor. d.) add more substrate.

b.) add more of the enzyme.

Chapter 9: Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." The little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. After the disruption, which components involved in oxidative phosphorylation must be present for electron transfer and ATP synthesis to still occur? a.) only the ATP synthase system b.) all of the electron transport system and ATP synthase c.) only the electron transport system d.) all of the electron transport system and the proteins that add CoA to acetyl groups

b.) all of the electron transport system and ATP synthase

Chapter 15: A specific gene is known to code for three different but related proteins. This could be due to which of the following? a.) premature mRNA degradation b.) alternative RNA splicing c.) use of different enhancers d.) protein degradation e.) differential transport

b.) alternative RNA splicing

Chapter 14: A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the following structure. These mRNAs are the result of: a.) alternative transcription b.) alternative splicing c.) exon shuffling d.) mutation

b.) alternative splicing

Chapter 5: Which of the following molecules would you expect to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most slowly, if at all? a.) O2 b.) an amino acid c.) CO2 d.) water e.) CH4

b.) an amino acid

Chapter 6: The reaction ADP + P --> ATP is a(n) _____ reaction. a.) spontaneous b.) anabolic c.) endergonic d.) exergonic e.) nonspontaneous f.) catabolic

b.) anabolic c.) endergonic e.) nonspontaneous

Chapter 6: Figure 6.4 illustrates various aspects of the free-energy change (ΔG) for the reaction A + B ↔ C + D. Which of the following changes in free-energy represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction? a.) a b.) b c.) c d.) d e.) e

b.) b

Chapter 1: Cells are...... a.) found in living and non-living things b.) complex and are the basic unit of life c.) just like viruses d.) simple and do not evolve

b.) complex and are the basic unit of life

Chapter 13: What is a telomere? a.) middle of a chromosome b.) end of a chromosome c.) transcriptionally active DNA d.) where microtubules grab onto chromosomes

b.) end of a chromosome

Chapter 5: You are studying the entry of a small molecule into red blood cells. You determine the rate of movement across the membrane under a variety of conditions and make the following observations: i. The molecules can move across the membrane in either direction. ii. The molecules always move down their concentration gradient. iii. No energy source is required for the molecules to move across the membrane. iv. As the difference in concentration across the membrane increases, the rate of transport reaches a maximum. v. the molecule cannot cross artificial membranes that are made of phospholipids only a.) simple diffusion b.) facilitative diffusion c.) active transport d.) osmosis

b.) facilitative diffusion

Chapter 4: Organelles do NOT have to have a membrane. a.) true b.) false

b.) false

Chapter 1: Which of the following represents a well written, testable hypothesis? a.) boys are smarter than girls. b.) if the amount of oxygen provided to a yeast cell is reduced, then the yeast will make more alcohol. c.) if I eat peas then I will be healthier. d.) reading newspapers can influence change in ones life

b.) if the amount of oxygen provided to a yeast cell is reduced, then the yeast will make more alcohol.

Chapter 7: The effect of high levels of ADP is to ________ in cellular respiration. a.) decrease the activity of specific enzymes b.) increase the activity of specific enzymes c.) has no effect on the activity of specific enzymes d.) slow down the pathway

b.) increase the activity of specific enzymes

Chapter 5: The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. Hydrogenated vegetable oil ________. a.) has more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains b.) is solid at room temperature c.) is less likely to clog arteries d.) has fewer trans fatty acids

b.) is solid at room temperature

Chapter 7: Fermentation in animal cells produces __. a.) pyruvate b.) lactate and NAD+ c.) carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP d.) carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+ e.) lactate, NADH and ATP

b.) lactate and NAD+

Chapter 9: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? a.) glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA b.) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle c.) fermentation and glycolysis d.) oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation

b.) oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: In box C, ATP is produced by__. a.) substrate-level phosphorylation b.) oxidative phosphorylation

b.) oxidative phosphorylation

Chapter 6: Chemical bond energy is a form of ___ energy. a.) entropic b.) potential c.) kinetic d.) heat

b.) potential

Chapter 6: Chemical bond energy is a form of ___ energy. a.) kinetic b.) potential c.) entropic d.) heat

b.) potential

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: in the citric acid cycle, ATP is produced by__. a.) oxidative phosphorylation b.) substrate-level phosphorylation

b.) substrate-level phosphorylation

Chapter 14: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus. Therefore, the genes in prokaryotic cells are: a.) all expressed, all of the time b.) transcribed and translated almost simultaneously c.) transcriptionally controlled because translation begins before transcription ends

b.) transcribed and translated almost simultaneously

Chapter 1: When designing an experiment a.) you include multiple variables to test as much as possible at once b.) you test only one variable at a time, hold all else constant c.) you only need one of each category to get results d.) you can typically just guess the result and not actually go through with it

b.) you test only one variable at a time, hold all else constant

Chapter 4: Flagella are found only in eukaryotic cells. a.) true b.) false

b.)false

Chapter 2: Using a periodic table, determine how many covalent bonds a nitrogen atom is most likely to form? a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4

c.) 3

Chapter 8: The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with a.) O2 and NADPH. b.) light energy. c.) ATP and NADPH. d.) C and ATP.

c.) ATP and NADPH.

Chapter 6: Which of the following statements best describes the critical role that ATP plays in cellular metabolism? a.) It is one of the four building nucleotides required for DNA synthesis. b.) The covalent bond on the terminal phosphate of ATP is particularly strong, so it releases extra energy when hydrolyzed. c.) ATP serves as an energy shuttle in the cell, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions. d.) ATP hydrolysis provides the energy used to power exergonic reactions in the cell.

c.) ATP serves as an energy shuttle in the cell, coupling exergonic and endergonic reactions.

Chapter 3: Which of the structures illustrated could not be formed by typical covalent bonds? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

c.) C

Chapter 9: Cells from advanced malignant tumors frequently have very abnormal chromosomes as well as an abnormal number of chromosomes. What might explain the association between malignant tumors and chromosomal abnormalities? a.) Cells with abnormal chromosomes have increased metabolism. b.) Cancer cells replicate chromosomes multiple times per cell cycle. c.) Cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities. d.) Cancer cells are no longer anchorage dependent.

c.) Cell cycle checkpoints are not in place to stop cells with chromosome abnormalities.

Chapter 6: Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics? a.) Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy. b.) Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work. c.) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization. d.) Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.

c.) Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.

Chapter 15: Gene expression might be altered based on post-transcriptional processing in eukaryotes rather than prokaryotes. Which of the following statements describes this difference? a.) Eukaryotic mRNAs get 5' caps and 3' tails. b.) Prokaryotic genes are expressed as mRNA, which is more stable in the cell. c.) Eukaryotic exons may be spliced in alternative patterns. d.) Prokaryotes use ribosomes of different structure and size.

c.) Eukaryotic exons may be spliced in alternative patterns.

Chapter 9: The data in the table above were obtained from a study of the length of time spent in each phase of the cell cycle by cells of three eukaryotic organisms designated beta, delta, and gamma. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the difference in time spent in S phase by beta and gamma? a.) Beta reproduces asexually, and gamma reproduces sexually. b.) Beta is tetraploid, and gamma is diploid. c.) Gamma contains more DNA than beta. d.) Gamma is unicellular, and beta is multicellular.

c.) Gamma contains more DNA than beta.

Chapter 9: How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells? a.) Microfilaments cause the plasma membrane to form a cleavage furrow and pinch off to form two separate cells. b.) Microtubules cause the cell wall to constrict and form a cell plate. c.) Golgi-derived vesicles move on microtubules to the middle of the cell to form the cell plate. d.) Microtubules and microfilaments move the cell plate to the center of the cell where it fuses with the plasma membrane.

c.) Golgi-derived vesicles move on microtubules to the middle of the cell to form the cell plate.

Chapter 6: Why might a severe fever result in death if it is not brought under control? a.) It may destroy the primary structure of cellular enzymes. b.) It may increase the rate of cellular chemical reactions. c.) It may alter the tertiary and quaternary structures of cellular enzymes. d.) It may result in consumption of excess ATP.

c.) It may alter the tertiary and quaternary structures of cellular enzymes.

Chapter 8: The graph below shows the absorption spectra of the three main types of photosynthetic pigments that contribute to light absorption in algae. Recall that light must be absorbed in order for its energy to be usable by the algae for photosynthesis. Which interpretation is correct? a.) The green-yellow wavelengths are absorbed much more than the red and violet-blue wavelengths. b.) All wavelengths of light are absorbed equally by the algae. c.) The red and violet-blue wavelengths are absorbed much more than the green-yellow wavelengths

c.) The red and violet-blue wavelengths are absorbed much more than the green-yellow wavelengths

Chapter 7: Is the NADH produced in glycolysis used in any other reactions of cellular respiration where ATP is produced? a.) No, NADH is not used in any subsequent stages of cellular respiration. b.) Yes, NADH is an input to both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, where more ATP is produced. c.) Yes, NADH is an input to oxidative phosphorylation, where more ATP is produced. d.) No, NADH is used in oxidative phosphorylation, but no additional ATP is produced. e.) Yes, NADH is an input to the citric acid cycle, where more ATP is produced.

c.) Yes, NADH is an input to oxidative phosphorylation, where more ATP is produced.

Chapter 15: Altering patterns of gene expression in prokaryotes would most likely contribute to the organism's survival in which of the following ways? a.) organizing gene expression so that genes are expressed in a given order b.) allowing each gene to be expressed an equal number of times c.) allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions d.) allowing young organisms to respond differently than more mature organisms

c.) allowing the organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions

Chapter 5: The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure suggests that membranes a.) are composed of a fluid phospholipid bilayer sandwiched between two layers of hydrophilic proteins. b.) are composed of a single fluid layer of phospholipids and proteins. c.) are composed of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. d.) are composed of a fluid bilayer of fatty acids with proteins associated on the outer and inner surfaces.

c.) are composed of protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Chapter 6: changes in free-energy represents the activation energy required for a noncatalyzed reaction? a.) a b.) b c.) c d.) d e.) e

c.) c

Chapter 5: Which of the following is required for the sodium-potassium pump to transport potassium ions into an animal cell? a.) low intracellular concentrations of sodium b.) low intracellular concentrations of potassium c.) energy from ATP d.) high intracellular concentrations of potassium e.) high intracellular concentrations of sodium

c.) energy from ATP

Chapter 7: Consider this schematic of cellular respiration: What process occurs in box A? a.) electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation b.) the citric acid cycle c.) glycolysis d.) pyruvate oxidation

c.) glycolysis

Chapter 6: No Energy transformation is 100% efficient. When you burn fuel in your car, you only harness about 25% of the energy of the fuel to power your car. What happens to the rest? a.) it is destroyed b.) it is stored for later use c.) it is released as heat d.) it is converted to ATP

c.) it is released as heat

Chapter 9: Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H + ions into which location in eukaryotic cells? a.) cytoplasm adjacent to the mitochondrial outer membrane b.) mitochondrial matrix c.) mitochondrial intermembrane space d.) mitochondrial inner membrane

c.) mitochondrial intermembrane space

Chapter 5: Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP hydrolysis? a.) movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell b.) movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium c.) movement of sodium ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid d.) movement of water into a cell through aquaporins e.) facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channel

c.) movement of sodium ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid

Chapter 4: What kind of amino acid would likely you find at D? a.) polar amino acid b.) acidic amino acid c.) nonpolar amino acid d.) basic amino acid

c.) nonpolar amino acid

Chapter 5: All of the following are found in membranes except: a.) glycoproteins b.) phospholipids c.) nucleic acids. d.) cholesterol

c.) nucleic acids.

Chapter 7: Given the equation below, what is the final electron acceptor? a.) glucose b.) carbon dioxide c.) oxygen gas d.) water

c.) oxygen gas

Chapter 14: Consider this model of regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells: The most common from of post-translational modification involves the activation of a protein by ____. a.) poly-adenylation b.) splicing c.) phosphorylation d.) capping

c.) phosphorylation

Chapter 6: An enzyme-catalyzed reaction is conducted in a test tube with a fixed amount of enzyme. Increasing the substrate concentration in the test tube may overcome the effect of which of the following conditions? a.) presence of a fixed amount of an allosteric inhibitor b.) denaturation of the enzyme c.) presence of a fixed amount of a competitive inhibitor d.) a saturated enzyme population

c.) presence of a fixed amount of a competitive inhibitor

Chapter 5: Crossing a membrane by simple diffusion can be distinguished from facilitated diffusion because: a.) Simple diffusion does not require energy, while facilitative diffusion requires ATP. b.) Simple diffusion moves substances down a concentration gradient; while facilitative diffusion moves substances against the concentration gradient c.) simple diffusion does not require a protein; while facilitative diffusion requires proteins d.) simple diffusion is found in prokaryotes only, facilitative diffusion is found in eukaryotes only

c.) simple diffusion does not require a protein; while facilitative diffusion requires proteins

Chapter 8: What two main products result from photosynthesis? a.) sugars/carbs and carbon dioxide b.) chlorophyll and oxygen c.) sugars/carbs and oxygen d.) oxygen and carbon dioxide

c.) sugars/carbs and oxygen

Chapter 5: Submerging a plant cell in distilled water will result in a.) lysis of the cell membrane. b.) plasmolysis of the cell. c.) the cell becoming turgid. d.) bursting of the cell. e.) the cell becoming flaccid.

c.) the cell becoming turgid.

Chapter 6: Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot springs because a.) they are able to maintain a lower internal temperature. b.) their enzymes are completely insensitive to temperature. c.) their enzymes have high optimal temperatures. d.) high temperatures make catalysis unnecessary.

c.) their enzymes have high optimal temperatures.

Chapter 7: What is the purpose of cellular respiration? a.) to break down glucose b.) to exchange O2 for CO2 c.) to make ATP d.) to breathe

c.) to make ATP

Chapter 1: Biology is multidisciplinary which means a.) it is too complex and you should drop now b.) we need to discipline ourselves to learn it c.) we must also understand chemistry, math, physics d.) you will need to take english and math concurrently with it

c.) we must also understand chemistry, math, physics

Chapter 6: A(n) ________ inhibitor has a structure similar to the substrate. It binds to the __________ site. A(n) __________ inhibitor does not have a structure similar to the substrate. It binds to an __________ site. -competitive -noncompetitive -active -allosteric

competitive, active noncompetitive, allosteric

Chapter 9: A cell in G2 of the cell division cycle contains 20 chromatids. How many centromeres are present in this cell? a.) 80 b.) 20 c.) 30 d.) 10 e.) 40

d.) 10

Chapter 6: The energy 'currency' used by cells is ________. a.) AMP b.) adenosine c.) ADP d.) ATP

d.) ATP

Chapter 8: Which complex is involved in ATP synthesis? a.) photosystem I b.) photosystem II c.) cytochrome complex d.) ATP synthase

d.) ATP synthase

Chapter 8: Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? a.) Cellular respiration is unique to heterotrophs. b.) Only heterotrophs require chemical compounds from the environment. c.) Only heterotrophs have mitochondria. d.) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

d.) Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.

Chapter 3: Which molecule would have a positive charge in a cell? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D

d.) D

Chapter 8: Where would you find the enzyme Rubisco? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

d.) D

Chapter 8: Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a.) NADPH → O2 → CO2 b.) H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II c.) NADPH → electron transport chain → O2 d.) H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

d.) H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

Chapter 9: During __ the cell grows, replicates its chromosomes and replicates its organelles. a.) G1 phase b.) M phase c.) S phase d.) Interphase e.) G2 phase

d.) Interphase

Chapter 15: Why is a myosin gene transcriptionally expressed in muscle cells but not in neurons? a.) Neurons lack an enhancer in the myosin gene. b.) Neurons lack the myosin gene. c.) Muscle cells have an extra enhancer in the myosin gene. d.) Muscle cells express an activator protein that binds the myosin enhancer.

d.) Muscle cells express an activator protein that binds the myosin enhancer.

Chapter 5: Which of the following molecules would you expect to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly? a.) an amino acid b.) glucose c.) starch d.) O2 e.) Na+

d.) O2

Proton pumps are used in various ways by members of every domain of organisms: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. What does this most probably mean? a.) Proton pumps must have evolved before any living organisms were present on Earth. b.) Cells of each domain evolved proton pumps independently when oceans became more acidic. c.) Proton pumps are an essential feature of all cell membranes. d.) Proton gradients across a membrane were used by cells that were the common ancestor of all three domains of life.

d.) Proton gradients across a membrane were used by cells that were the common ancestor of all three domains of life.

Chapter 3: Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? a.) They are hydrophilic. b.) The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. c.) They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. d.) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

d.) The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Chapter 6: Which of the following statements is true for all exergonic reactions? a.) A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reaction to proceed. b.) The products have more total energy than the reactants. c.) The reaction goes only in a forward direction: all reactants will be converted to products, but no products will be converted to reactants. d.) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

d.) The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.

Chapter 5: Mammalian blood contains the equivalent of 0.15 M NaCl. Seawater contains the equivalent of 0.45 M NaCl. What will happen if red blood cells are transferred to seawater? a.) NaCl will passively diffuse into the red blood cells. b.) The blood cells will take up water, swell, and eventually burst. c.) NaCl will be exported from the red blood cells by facilitated diffusion. d.) Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.

d.) Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrivel and collapse.

Chapter 9: What is a cleavage furrow? a.) an indentation between daughter prokaryotic cells b.) a ring of vesicles forming a cell plate c.) the metaphase plate where chromosomes attach to the spindle d.) a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

d.) a groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei

Chapter 1: A hypothesis in biology is best described as.... a.) a general principle that explains some aspect of life b.) an observation that supports a theory c.)an unchanging statement that correctly predicts some aspect of life d.) a possible explanation of an observation

d.) a possible explanation of an observation

Chapter 5: Ion pumps are used for _______. a.) passive transport b.) facilitative diffusion c.) osmosis d.) active transport

d.) active transport

Chapter 9: The cell cycle is regulated at the molecular level by a set of proteins known as a.) separase proteins. b.) ATPases. c.) cohesins. d.) cyclins.

d.) cyclins.

Chapter 6: Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Catabolism is to anabolism as ________ is to ________. a.) exergonic; spontaneous b.) free energy; entropy c.) work; energy d.) exergonic; endergonic

d.) exergonic; endergonic

Chapter 5: A sample of cells is placed in a salt solution. The cells shrink and the membrane is distorted. Relative to the cell, the solution is probably: a.) hypotonic b.) osmotic c.) isotonic d.) hypertonic

d.) hypertonic

Chapter 4: Where is DNA found in a bacteria cell? a.) nucleus b.) trick question, bacteria don't have DNA c.) at the ribosomes d.) in the cytoplasm (nucleoid)

d.) in the cytoplasm (nucleoid)

Chapter 6: Which of the following is not an example of an energy transformation? a.) solar panels at work b.) formation of static electricity c.) electric flow causing a light bulb to glow d.) none of the above

d.) none of the above

Chapter 4: What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? a.) presence of ribosomes b.) presence of cytoplasm c.) phospholipid membrane d.) presence of a nucleus

d.) presence of a nucleus

Chapter 5: The sugars associated with glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes a.) maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures. b.) decrease membrane fluidity at high temperatures. c.) serve as an energy source for the cell. d.) serve as markers that distinguish one cell from another.

d.) serve as markers that distinguish one cell from another.

Chapter 3: Which term best describes the image?: a.) enantiomers. b.) optical isomers. c.) cis-trans isomers. d.) structural isomers.

d.) structural isomers.

Chapter 2: Radiometric isotopes can be used in studies of metabolic pathways because... a.) their half-life allow a researcher to time an experiment b.) they are more reactive c.) the cell does not recognize the extra protons in the nucleus, so isotopes are readily used in metabolism. d.) the fact that the extra neutrons makes the atom unstable, it emits radioactive energy that can be detected by doctors.

d.) the fact that the extra neutrons makes the atom unstable, it emits radioactive energy that can be detected by doctors.

Chapter 3: Ethane (C2H6) gas is a molecule that consists of two tetrahedral groups of single-bonded atoms. Which of the following would change the configuration of these atoms from a tetrahedral configuration to a planar configuration? a.) the presence of triple covalent bonds between the two carbon atoms and single covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms b.) the presence of single covalent bonds between the two carbon atoms and double covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms c.) the presence of single covalent bonds between the two carbon atoms and single covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms d.) the presence of double covalent bonds between the two carbon atoms and single covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms

d.) the presence of double covalent bonds between the two carbon atoms and single covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms

Chapter 15: Which of the following is associated with heterochromatin? a.) acetylation of histone tails b.) methylation of histone tails c.) telomeres and centromeres d.) two of the above e.) all of the above

d.) two of the above

Chapter 9: The unlettered circle at the top of the figure above shows a diploid nucleus with four chromosomes that have not yet replicated. There are two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is black, and the other is gray. The circles labeled A-E show various combinations of these chromosomes. Which image displays the chromosomal composition of one daughter nucleus at telophase of mitosis? a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E

e.) E

Chapter 5: Which of the following statements about diffusion is correct? a.) It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration. b.)It is very rapid over long distances. c.) It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. d.) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. e.) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

e.) It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Chapter 2: What type of bond joins these two oxygen atoms? a.) single covalent b.) quadruple covalent c.) hydrogen d.) ionic e.) double covalent

e.) double covalent

Chapter 7: Among the products of glycolysis, which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions? a.) pyruvate and ATP only b.) NADH only c.) ATP and NADH only d.) ATP only e.) pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

e.) pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Chapter 3.2: Name one function of a protein

enzyme, antibody, provides structure

Chapter 5: Cell membrane components are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, transported as vesicles to the Golgi apparatus where they are modified, and then are transported to the cell surface where they deliver their contents to the cells exterior and become a part of the cell membrane in a process called _________. The reverse of this process, bringing nutrient containing particles from outside to the inside of the cell is called __________. a.) exocytosis b.) endocytosis c.) active transport d.) simple diffusion

exocytosis, endocytosis

Chapter 5: Identify phospholipids in this model: a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D e.) E f.) F g.) E and F

g.) E and F

Chapter 5: The __________ portion of the cell membrane functions as a barrier while the ___________ portion determines specific functions, including pumps, receptors, adhesion, etc. -carbohydrate -lipid -protein -nucleic acid

lipid, protein

Chapter 4: Match the organelle or cell structure with its function. -Mitochondria -Ribosome -Golgi -Chloroplast a.)ATP production b.)protein synthesis c.)sorting and shipping d.)photosynthesis

mitochondria- ATP production ribosome- protein synthesis Golgi- sorting and shipping Chloroplast- photosynthesis

Chapter 2: To determine the number of ___________ you need to subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass.

neutrons

Chapter 4: rRNA are synthesized in the ________ and leave via the ________ to function in the _________ -nucleolus -nucleoid -cytoplasm -nuclear pore -cell membrane -ER

nucleus, nuclear pore, cytoplasm

Chapter 14: A repressible operon is typically ______ and regulates _______ processes. An inducible operon is typically _______ and regulates _______ processes. -on -off -anabolic -catabolic

on, anabolic off, catabolic

Chapter 8: Know all the parts of a chloroplast.

outer membrane, stroma, thylakoid, inner membrane

Chapter 5: At resting membrane potential, nerve cells have an excess of ___________ charged molecules on the outside of the membrane and an excess of ___________ charged molecules on the inside of the membrane. a.)negative b.) positive c.) neutral

positive, negative

Chapter 7: In fermentation ________ is reduced and ________ is oxidized. -NADH -NAD+ -lactate -ethanol -pyruvate

pyruvate, NADH

Chapter 7: The reaction below is one of the many reactions of the citric acid cycle: isocitrate + NAD+ → alpha-ketoglutarate + NADH + CO2 In this reaction, NAD+ is _______ to NADH and isocitrate is ______ to alpha-ketoglutarate. -oxidized -reduced

reduced, oxidized

Chapter 7: Dehydrogenases and kinases are two important kinds of enzymes. Each of them function in cellular respiration. Dehydrogenases ________ and kinases ________. -transfer phosphate groups -add methyl groups -remove hydrogens -transfer acetyl groups

remove hydrogens, transfer phosphate groups

Chapter 6: Building proteins ________ energy; ATP hydrolysis _______ energy. -releases -requires

requires, releases

Chapter 8: The Light reactions occur in the _______ and the calvin cycle occurs in the _______.

thylakoid membrane, stroma

Chapter 3.2: Match the biological molecule with its monomer. -Carbohydrate -Lipid -Proteins -Nucleic Acid

-Carbohydrate: monosaccharide -Lipid: glycerol fatty acids -Proteins: amino acids -Nucleic Acid: nucleotide

Chapter 3.2: Match the biological molecule to a correct statement about its shape. -Nucleic Acid (DNA) -carbohydrate -lipids -protein

-Nucleic Acid (DNA): double stranded -carbohydrate: forms a ring -lipids: contains a non-polar and polar part -protein: contains both a basic and acidic functional group

Chapter 5: How do the following molecules pass through the plasma membrane? -Potassium Ions...... -Water...... -Glycerol....... -Chloride Ions....... -Urea...... ......simple diffusion .........requires a channel or carrier .........slowly by diffusion, more rapidly by a channel or carrier

-Potassium Ions requires a channel or carrier -Water slowly by diffusion, more rapidly by a channel or carrier -Glycerol slowly by diffusion, more rapidly by a channel or carrier -Chloride Ions requires a channel or carrier -Urea slowly by diffusion, more rapidly by a channel or carrier

Chapter 4: Where can you find ribosomes? -Rough endoplasmic reticulum -smooth endoplasmic reticulum -cytoplasm -eukaryotes -golgi -prokaryotes

-Rough endoplasmic reticulum -cytoplasm -eukaryotes -prokaryotes

Chapter 14: Select the true statement(s) regarding RNA splicing: -Some exons of the primary transcript may be removed. -Some introns of the primary transcript are removed. -All exons of the primary transcript are removed. -All introns of the primary transcript are removed.

-Some exons of the primary transcript may be removed. -All introns of the primary transcript are removed.

Chapter 9: Match the description of events with the phase of mitosis during which it occurs. -Spindle begins to form -Chromosomes align midway between poles of cell. -Nuclear envelope breaks down. -Chromosomes decondense. -Sister chromatids separate. -Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. -Nuclear envelope re-forms. A.Prophase B.Metaphase C.Anaphase D.Telophase

-Spindle begins to form: A.Prophase -Chromosomes align midway between poles of cell: B.Metaphase -Nuclear envelope breaks down:A.Prophase -Chromosomes decondense:D.Telophase -Sister chromatids separate:C.Anaphase -Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores:A.Prophase -Nuclear envelope re-forms:D.Telophase

Chapter 3.2: Match the Polymer with its monomers -Starch -DNA -Enzyme -Fat molecule

-Starch--> Monosaccharides -DNA--> Nucleotide -Enzyme--> Proteins -Fat molecule--> Lipids

Chapter 3.2: Match the bond type with the polymer -glycosidic linkage -peptide bond -phosphodiester bond -Ester linkage

-glycosidic linkage: celulose -peptide bond: membrane protein -phosphodiester bond: RNA -Ester linkage: phospholipid

Chapter 9: -If a red blood cell bursts when placed in a solution, the solution is ______ relative to the cytoplasm of the red blood cell. The solution has _______ solutes than the cell's cytoplasm. -If a red blood cell shrivels when placed in a solution, the solution is _________ relative to the cytoplasm of the red blood cell. The solution has _________ solutes than the cell's cytoplasm. +isotonic +hypotonic +hypertonic +fewer +more +the same number

-hypotonic, fewer -hypertonic, more

Chapter 14: A _______ mutation leads to truncated protein. A _______ mutation does not change the final protein produced. A _______ mutation only affects a single amino acid but can still impact protein function. A _______ mutation changes the reading frame and often leads to a premature stop. -frameshift -missense -silent -nonsense

-nonsense -silent -missense -frameshift

Chapter 14: In a eukaryotic cell: -cytoplasm -nucleus The site of DNA replication is _______. The site of transcription is _______. The site of RNA splicing is ________. The site of translation is ________.

-nucleus -nucleus -nucleus -cytoplasm

Chapter 4: Name 4 things that ALL cells have.

-phospholipid membrane -ribosomes -DNA -cytoplasm

Chapter 8: Select all of the organisms that perform photosynthesis from the list below. -plants -animals -fungi -bacteria -algae

-plants -bacteria -algae

Chapter 8: what colors of light drive photosynthesis? -red -yellow -green -blue

-red -blue -yellow

Chapter 1: Order the steps of the scientific method in the correct order. 1.Conclusion and possible new observations or publication 2. Analysis 3. Testable Hypothesis. 4. Experimentation 5. Ask a question -- Why? 6. Observation

1. Observation 2. Ask a question -- Why? 3. Testable Hypothesis 4. Experimentation 5. Analysis 6. Conclusion and possible new observations or publication

Chapter 14: Order the following steps of translation: 1.)attachment of the ribosome to the mRNA 2.)assembly of ribosomal subunits and export to the cytoplasm 3.)release of the uncharged tRNA 4.)entrance of the charged tRNA into the ribosome 5.)Transcription of rRNA in the nucleolus

1.) Transcription of rRNA in the nucleolus 2.) assembly of ribosomal subunits and export to the cytoplasm 3.) attachment of the ribosome to the mRNA 4.) entrance of the charged tRNA into the ribosome 5.) release of the uncharged tRNA

Chapter 9: Put the following in order. -chromosomes align at equator of cell -nuclear envelope dissipates -nuclear envelope reforms -chromosomes condense

1.chromosomes condense 2.nuclear envelope dissipates 3.chromosomes align at equator of cell 4.nuclear envelope reforms

Chapter 13: DNA polymerase binds to one strand, the leading strand, and builds a new DNA from that strand. What direction does the DNA polymerase read this template strand?

3' to 5'

Chapter 8: How many times must the calvin cycle must turn to make one glucose?

6

Chapter 3.2: Define monomer.

A building block of a monomer

Chapter 3.2: Glucose molecules are to starch as ____________ are to proteins.

Amino Acids

Chapter 3: What type of bond is this?:

Carbonyl

Chapter 3: What type of bond is this?:

Carboxyl

Chapter 3.2: What are the two functional groups found in all amino acids?

Carboxyl, and amino group

Chapter 3.2: Which of the biological molecules provides our body with long term energy?

Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of LIPIDS called fats

Chapter 8: What is the name of the pigment molecule that absorbs light energy called?

Chlorophyll

Chapter 8: Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?

Chloroplast- In photosynthesis the stage glycolysis occurs in the chlorophyll in the calvin and electron transport chain cycle they occur in the mitochondria.

Chapter 3.2: Explain what the Amoeba Sisters meant when they said CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP? Be sure to include in your answer which molecule can be categorized as CHO, CHON, or CHONP.

Cho- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Chon-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen CHONP-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and phosphate

Chapter 3.2: List the steps of the central dogma, in order.

DNA ---> RNA---> Proteins

Chapter 4: Plant and animal cells are made of ____________ cells.

Eukaryotic

Chapter 7: During strenuous exercise, glucose consumption accelerates to keep up with the ATP demands of contracting skeletal muscle. When glucose supplies fall, how do your skeletal muscle cells support cellular respiration? -Glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose, which feeds into glycolysis. -Stored proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids, which feed into glycolysis. -Stored nucleic acids undergo oxidative phosphorylation. -Stored fats undergo beta-oxidation and feed into the citric acid cycle.

Glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose, which feeds into glycolysis. AND Stored fats undergo beta-oxidation and feed into the citric acid cycle.

Chapter 13: Match the DNA replication enzymes with their function -Helicase -Ligase -Primase -DNA polymerase A.Builds new strand of DNA B.unwinds DNA C.lays down an RNA primer D.connects okazaki fragments together

Helicase; B.unwinds DNA Ligase; D.connects okazaki fragments together Primase; C.lays down an RNA primer DNA polymerase; A.Builds new strand of DNA

Chapter 14: Regions of non-coding RNA that are removed by splicing are called _______. RNA splicing is carried out by molecular complexes called ______. When non-coding RNA sequences are removed, this process is called _______. In the final mRNA, _______ are joined together without intervening sequences. -exons -introns -splicing -spliceosomes

Introns, spliceosomes, splicings, exons

Chapter 3.2: Which Biological molecules is the major component of the cell membranes (a part of ALL cells!!)?

Lipids (phospholipids, glycolipids) and Proteins

Chapter 3.2: Which of the four biological molecules is DNA?

Nucleic acids

Chapter 3.2: List 4 biological molecules

Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

Chapter 3.2: Where would you most likely find a polar amino acid?

On the outside of a cytoplasmic protein

Chapter 4: DNA codes for RNA which ultimately codes for ______________.

Proteins

Chapter 4: ____________ carries proteins and other substances from the Golgi to the membrane.

Transport Vesicles

Chapter 3.2: Fatty Acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be....

Unsaturated

Chapter 14: What is a promoter? a,) A DNA sequence to which DNA polymerase and transcription factors bind b.) A start codon c.) An RNA sequence where the ribosome attaches d.) DNA sequence at the end of the chromosome

a,) A DNA sequence to which DNA polymerase and transcription factors bind

Chapter 13: How many origins of replication are there in bacterial chromosomes? a.) 1 b.) 2 c.) 3 d.) 4

a.) 1

Chapter 2: A neutral atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have? a.) 5 b.) 6 c.) 0 d.) 16 e.) 11

a.) 5

Chapter 6: Given the following substrate, predict which of the following would likely be a competitive inhibitor. a.) A b.) B c.) C d.) D

a.) A

Chapter 3: In which structure(s) illustrated are all bonds with hydrogen polar covalent bonds? a.) A only b.) A and D c.) A and C d.) D only

a.) A only

Chapter 15: Which of the following mechanisms is used to coordinate the expression of multiple, related genes in eukaryotic cells? a.) A specific combination of control elements in each gene's enhancer coordinates the simultaneous activation of the genes. b.) The genes share a single common enhancer, which allows appropriate activators to turn on their transcription at the same time. c.) The genes are organized into large operons, allowing them to be transcribed as a single unit. d.) A single repressor is able to turn off several related genes.

a.) A specific combination of control elements in each gene's enhancer coordinates the simultaneous activation of the genes.

Chapter 6: What is the typical direct source of energy for an endergonic reaction in cells? a.) ATP b.) no energy input required for endergonic reactions c.) glucose d.) sugar

a.) ATP

Chapter 7: Which equation represents cellular respiration? a.) C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP b.) C6H12O6 + 6CO2 --> 6O2 + 6 H2O + ATP c.) 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 d.) 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2

a.) C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP