Biology Review Sheet

What is gene therapy and how does it work? Is it currently a permanent or temporary procedural "cure"?

Gene therapy is taking someone's DNA that has no mutations and inserting the perfect sequence into the DNA. It is a permanent cure.

Differences between food chains, webs, and pyramids ( of both number, mass, and energy). Which is more stable?

The difference between a food chain and a food web is that food webs are more stable than food chains. Food pyramids let you see the energy transferred from level to level until you reach the top of the food chain.

Describe how energy flows and matter cycles through living systems and the order of various energy pathways (light energy, chemical & heat). % of energy is passed on to each trophic level? The role of producers, 1st, 2nd, 3rd level consumers.

The flow of energy into ecosystems occurs in one direction only, while chemical is recycled within the ecosystem itself. 10% is passed on each level. Producers collect sunlight (100%), get consumed by herbivores (10%). Then the carnivores (0.1%) will eat the second level consumers. Other types carnivores (0.01%) which hunt both carnivores and herbivores are third level consumers.

What are the major factors that can change the gene frequency in a given population? What is the difference between emigration, immigration, geographic and reproductive isolation? Does random reproductive isolation? Does random reproduction lead to genetic drift or stable gene pools over long periods of time?

The major factors that can change the gene frequency are immigration or emigration, geological, behavioral, reproductive, or temporal isolation. Immigration is coming in, while emigration is going out of an area, geographic isolation is where two populations are separated by geographic barriers. while reproductive isolation is when the members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Random reproduction leads to stable gene pools over time because there are a diverse species.

Diagram two homologous chromosomes, each one containing two genes (one for dominant brown eyes, another for recessive blue eyes and one for dominant large nose size and one with recessive small nose size. List all the allele combinations that can be found in the gametes produced by meiosis for these chromosomes.

BBLl, BbLl, bbLl, BBLL, BbLL, bbLL, BBll, Bbll, bbll.

Ecological hierarchy between individuals, communities, populations, ecosystems, & biosphere and ecosystem.

Biosphere; ecosystem; community; population; organism.

Given the multiple allele combination for the four blood types, solve problems involving paternity rights for babies with different blood types(A,B,AB, or O)

Blood Types: A=iA i, iA iA Can take Blood Type A or O B=iB i, iB iB B or O AB= iA iB A, B, AB, or O O= i i O

The role of photosynthesis, respiration, & burning in the Carbon cycle. The role of bacteria, plants & animals in the Nitrogen cycle.

Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis - remove carbon from the atmosphere. Respiration - releases carbon rapidly into the atmosphere. Burning - increase the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Nitrogen Cycle: Bateria - combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia. Plants - take nitrogen from the soil by absorption. Animals - eat plants with absorbed amino acids, created by the bacteria using nitrogen.

Definition, examples, and graphic representation of carrying capacity, stable, exponential, and declining population growth.

Carrying Capacity: the number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation. Unrestricted deer population growth may diminish the habitat's carrying capacity. Stable growth: Noth birth rate and death rate are the same in a country's population. Exponential growth: growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size.Zebra Mussels grew rapidly when taking over the new waters. Declining population growth: Exampledecline is the reduction over time in a region's population. An example is death rates are high or emigration.

What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution? Which includes animals that are NOT closely related but appear to have similar traits due to sharing the same environment, which is closely related even though their outward appearances may differ, which have the same common underlying structures but live and are adapted to different environments.

Convergent evolution is when unrelated organisms come to resemble one another. Divergent evolution is when organisms are closely related, but they don't appear to be alike at all.

What is a DNA fingerprint and how is one produced by gel electrophoresis? What is the basis of separation of the "junk" (non-identical) fragments on the gel? How do identical twins or clones differ from brothers and sisters, mothers and fathers?

DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to establish a link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal investigation or to establish paternity. The gel electrophoresis separates the molecules by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores. The negatively charged fragments will start to move. The small DNA molecule will travel further through the gel than the larger DNA molecule which will then create a DNA fingerprint.

Comparison of human demographic population pyramids. Examples of density dependent & density-independent factors.

Density Dependent factors: Density independentcompetition, preDensity-independent factors: weather, disease, drought

What is the difference between directional selection, natural selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection?

Directional selection is when individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end. Natural selection is survival of the fittest. Disruptive selection takes place when individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle. Stabilizing selection is when individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end of the curve.

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures and how does each demonstrates a different pathway of evolution?

Homologous structures are structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues, pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes. Analogous structures are structures with similar/resembling in certain respects.

The role of immigration, emigration, natality(births), mortality (deaths) on population growth, stability, or decline.

Immigration and natality help increase population with emigration and mortality decrease in population. High death rate and low birth rate shows a decrease in population growth. Death rate and birth rate shows stable population growth. High birth and low death show increase in population growth.

List the basic tenets of Darwin's Theory of Evolution and give an example of each.

Individual show variation: same species of birds have different beaks on Galapagos islands due to different food sources. Variations can be inherited: Different variations of the bird's beaks were inherited on each of the islands. Organisms produce more offspring than can survive: they reach carrying capacity like the bird population and then fight for food causing decreases in the bird population. Variations that increase success will be more likely to be passed onto future generations: The birds with more success will live longer on the islands because natural selection is required so the most successful get to reproduce. An example is giraffes. Those with the longer and taller necks got to reproduce making the future generations have longer necks because those with longer necks were able to reach the food source (treetops) better than those with smaller necks.

What did Landmark and Darwin have in common about their theories of Evolution and in what important points did they differ?

Lamarck had thought that by the use or disuse of an organ, organisms acquired or lost during their lifetime. These traits could be passed onto their offspring. Over time, this process led to change in a species. while Darwin noticed that so many animals and plants were adapted to their environment, but he noticed that there were similar environments/habitats in different geographical regions.

What are the advantages and limits of using fossil records as evidence for evolutions. Are they all formed at the same time interval? Is the record complete? Are older or younger fossils found at the bottom or top of the undisturbed beds? Are fossils better preserved on rocky or sedimentary beds?

Limits include: fossil records are not all formed at the same time and the record is never complete because the animals always evolve. Advantages include the ability to record evolution right away. The record is never complete because animals are always evolving. At the bottom of undisturbed beds are the older risks/fossils. Once you get higher than the more recent fossils appear. Fossils are better preserved in sedimentary rock.

The role of habitat loss as a major threat to biodiversity and the difference between habitat fragmentation, degradation, and an introduction of exotic species. Renewable resources and examples for each of energy sources

Many species must go somewhere new to live, invading others homes. This causes those species to have less room and some may die because of harm that was brought by these exotic species. Habitat degradation is decline in habitat quality, affects many but not all species, may be temporary; Primary cause of species extinction globally and in most countries while fragmentation is the process or state of breaking or being broken into small or separate parts. This breaks up the habitat but degradation limits the quality there in the habitat.

List what type of information or characteristic provides the best type of evidence that two organisms are closely (genetically) related. Does habitat provide good evidence and why or why not?

Matching genes and chromosomes provide the best evidence that two organisms are related. Habitat does not provide good information that organisms are closely related.

What is an allele and what does one represent, what are the common designations for dominant, recessive,codominant and incomplete dominant allele? Where do the two different alleles for a single trait come from?

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. The two different alleles for a single trait come from their parents.

Two major climatic factors that define a biome and how a climatogram represents the major biome characteristics.

Precipitation and temperature. A climatogram represents the precipitation and temperatures in each of the months

What are the steps of genetic engineering by recombinant DNA techniques? How are restriction enzymes and ligase involved? What is a bacteria and how is it used in this process. What is a clone and how is one made?

Short DNA sequence can be assembled using lab machines as DNA synthesizers. Synthetic sequences can be joined to natural ones using enzymes that splice DNA together. The same enzymes make it possible to take a gene from one organism and attach it to the DNA of another organism. A bacteria plasmid is a circular DNA molecule. A close is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced by one single cell. A clone is made by taking DNA from the chosen organisms, while taking an egg cell from an adult female organism. Remove the nucleus from the egg cell, fuse the chose nucleus into the adult female surrogate, insert the cell back into the surrogate mother.

Biotic & Abiotic factors that describe the major biomes (rainforests, grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, and tundra)

Soil,Temperature, precipitation.

What is the difference between the 1-22 and 23rd pair of chromosomes, which are autosomes, what is a male set and female which is the actual genetic makeup?

The 23rd chromosomes are sex chromosomes while 1-22 are the basic genetic chromosomes. A female set of chromosomes is xx while males are xy.

Know how latitude and longitude may produce an array of biomes ranging from rainforests to tundra and the relationship between the angle of the sun's ray (direct and indirect) creates a gradient of global temperature zones by latitude.

The angle of the sun's ray changes the temperature of each biome.Tundra, Taiga, Temperate deciduous forest, grassland, desert, tropical rainforest, and woodlands.

What is the best definition of natural selection? (Biggest, best, smartest, occupies the largest areas, strongest, best adapted for a specific environment, most abundant)

The best definition of natural selection is best adapted for a specific environment.

Definition of biodiversity and comparison of major biomes in terms of least or most.

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

What is sex linked (X-linked) trait. What contribution does the father make to his male heirs? To his female heirs?

The x linked trait determines if you are a girl. The father's contribution to his male heirs are the y chromosome making them boys, for the females he provides an x chromosome.

How does variety from the results of sexual reproduction (and meiosis in the formation of gametes) contribute to evolution?

Variety contributes to evolution by handing down traits from offspring to offspring and giving them different looks.

When an allele mutates and has a slight advantage what happens to the allele over time? What if the mutation is lethal versus harmful?

when an allele mutates and has a slight advantage, that allele will become favored by natural selection, and it will evolve. if the mutation is lethal versus harmful, the lethal mutation will decrease, because it is lethal and any organism with that mutation will die. Dominant allele has the greatest selective advantage.

Which has the greatest selective advantage a dominant or recessive allele?

when an allele mutates and has a slight advantage, that allele will become favored by natural selection, and it will evolve. if the mutation is lethal versus harmful, the lethal mutation will decrease, because it is lethal and any organism with that mutation will die. Dominant allele has the greatest selective advantage.