Biology Test 4
4.Define: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, interspecific and intraspecific competition.
mutualism: ++ relationship where an interspecific interaction of two partners or organisms benefit. commensalism: +O relationship where one organism benefit and the other is neither helped nor harmed. parasitism: +- relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. Interspecific competition: competition between populations of two or more species that require similar or limited resources. Intraspecific competition: competition between individuals of the same species.
16. Be able to describe the general characteristics of the Plant Kingdom.
-Eukaryotic -Multicellular -Photosynthetic autotrophs: Organisms that generate their own organic matter from inorganic ingredients are called autotrophs. Plants and other organisms that do this by photosynthesis photosynthetic autotrophs—are the producers for most ecosystems. -Have cell walls composed of cellulose outside of cell membrane.
17. Identify the parts of a flower and their function.
-pistil: female part of the flower, centermost part of the flower. The pistil consists of the stigma, style and ovary. The stigma is the sticky or hairy tip of pistil which traps pollen. The style is the stalk which extends from the ovary to stigma. The style looks narrow and elongated. The ovary is the swollen area at the base of the pistil containing 1 or more ovules, which each contain an egg cell. After fertilization the ovary swells to become a fruit. -stamen: male part of the flower that surrounds pistil or pistils. The stamen is made up of anther and filament. The anther, is the sac that contains the pollen grains that contain the sperm. The filament is the slender stalk of stamen that supports anther. -petals: usually brightly colored to attract pollinators. The petals surround stamens. -sepals: usually green(maybe brightly colored), that surround petals and protect flower bud in development.
21. Be able to list 5 ways in which angiosperms are important to humans.
...
9.Name the 3 domains of life.
1. Bacteria: composed of single celled prokaryotic(no nucleus/membranous compartmentalization) organisms. 2. Archae: Also composed of single celled prokaryotic(no nucleus/membranous compartmentalization) organisms. Note that Bacteria and Archaea are two prokaryotic domains. 3. Eukarya: composed of single/multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Eukaryotic cell is one in which DNA is organized into linear threads(chromosomes) within a nuclear membrane and has other membranous compartments.
19. What does a fruit develop from? What does a seed develop from?
A fruit develops from an ovary. A seed develops from an ovule(containing embryonic plant).
24. How is carbon dioxide taken in to plants?
Carbon dioxide is allowed in for photosynthesis through the open stomata which is at the leaf suraface. Oxygen gas may exit the same way, through stomata.
27. Why do carnivorous plants trap animals?
Carnivorous plants trap animals NOT for energy (like other plants they do photosynthesis to make sugar energy from sunlight energy) but FOR capturing and digesting insect bodies as a source of nitrogen because they usually live in nitrogen poor soils.
7. Who was Carolus Linnaeus?
Carolus Linnaeus developed the beginning of our current system of classification, he saw the need to standardize the name of living things and introduced the binomial system of naming using scientific names.
6. List the basic criteria for natural selection to occur.
First recall that natural selection is the survival and failure to survive of individuals competing for similar resources. Criteria for natural selection to occur: 1. Individuals must vary and the variability must be heritable. 2. More individuals are produced each generation that can survive to reproduce which results in #3. below 3. Competition: there is a struggle to survive because there is a limit to resources. Some individuals have characteristics that give them an advantage over other individuals in the struggle to survive. 4. Natural selection acts on the individual phenotype, not groups, and therefore selects individuals. 5. Individuals selected for are those that produce viable, fertile offspring to pass on the successful genes.
3. Describe the relationship between predator and prey and adaptations of predators to prey.
In most cases predator prey cycles are mild oscillations that result in relatively predator and prey populations. Predator populations control prey populations. Without predators, a population may exceed its carrying capacity and suffer a crash.
13. What are the parts of a seed?
Inside a protective seed, a young embryonic plant is developed. The embryo is surrounded by nutritive tissue (1st major food source in early development stages). The outer layer is a protective seed coat to protect embryo from severe environmental conditions.
5. What is an invasive species and how might an invasive species eliminate native species?
Invasive species are those that humans intentionally or accidentally move from the species native location to a new geographic region. Invasive (often non-native) species may eliminate species and lead to ecosystem instability through predation or competition.
8. Be able to describe the current hierarchical system of classification for living organisms, from the broadest category, domain, to the narrowest, species.
Kingdoms: organisms within each kingdom are then subdivided into one of several; -phyla all organisms within a phylum are more closely related to each other than they are to members of other phyla; organisms within each phylum then subdivided into one of several -classes Then classes are subdivided into orders and so on. -orders -families -genera -species
12. Be able to discuss differences between these 4 groups of plants: mosses and liverworts, ferns, gynmosperms(conifers), angiosperms. Think of things like do they have a vascular system? Swimming sperm or pollen grains? Produced in or on what structure?
Look at page with Table.
18. Describe pollination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization in angiosperms.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen(contain sperm without being dependent on moisture for sperm transfer to egg). Done either by animals or wind. Pollen produces a tube when it lands on receptive stigma, pollen tube digests its way through style to ovary, and then penetrates ovule. Fertilization is when sperm moves down pollen tube, penetrates ovule, and fuses with egg.
1. Be able to describe how energy flows and molecules cycle in an ecosystem.
Recall an ecosystem is the community of interacting organisms and the living environment with which they interact. Energy flow in ecosystem: Transfer of energy is does not occur in cycles. Instead it is a one way flow. The incoming source of energy is the sun. Molecule cycle in ecosystem: Transfer of molecules within ecosystem occurs in cycles. No incoming source of molecules on earth. The molecules are used over and over and over again(recycled).
22. Describe the functions of plant roots, stems, and leaves.
Roots: anchor plants in 1 position, aborb water and minerals, transport water and minerals up through xylem and sugars up or down(depending on the plant's needs) through phloem, may be used to store sugar or carbohydrates(carrots, sugar beets). stems: transport water and minerals up to leaves through xylem and sugars up or down through phloem, store sugar or carbohydrates (sugar cane), support leaves in a good position for photosynthesis, flowers in a good position for pollination, and fruit in a good position for seed dispersal, may do photosynthesis (if stem is green). leaves: do photosynthesis, convert sunlight energy into the energy within a sugar molecule(plants are at the beginning of most food chains on land), besides sunlight, carbon dioxide and water are required for photosynthesis, sunlight is absorbed by green pigment molecule within membranous compartments called chloroplasts, glucose(a sugar molecule) and oxygen are produced in photosynthesis.
10. What is a scientific name?
Scientific names are names used by scientist, especially the taxonomic name of an organism that consists of the genus and species.
11. Why are scientific names necessary and why do we use Latin?
Scientific names are necessary because it is the only way universal scientist can know what organism they are refering to instead of having a same common name used to refer to diffrent organisms ( which happen when different languages are used.) Example: Oak tree in Australia is not hte same tree as what Americans call an Oak tree. Why use Latin? Because it was the language of scholars at time of Linnaeus. Because it is a dead language (not currently used by any country or people. As a result it is politically neutral (nor right or wrong) and the meanings of the words don't change.
20. What are the functions of fruit?
Since an ovary can contain 1 or more ovules, and a fruit can contain 1 or more many seed, the fruit provides protection for developing seeds. The fruit also may act as a seed dispersal agent. For example, because they are brightly colored, taste sweet, they attract animals for dispersal.
25. How is water taken into plants and transferred to leaves?
Since water vapor may exit through stomata=transpiration, loss of water through stomata(transpiration) is what pulls water up the plant through the xylem. Water uptaken from soil, then cohesion(attraction of water molecules for each other, the positive side of one water molecule to the negative side of another water molecule) takes place. Then adhesion(attraction of water for sides of xylem tubes (cell walls) takes place. And finally Tension(suction) build up and created by transpiration.
15. What is contained within the pollen grain?
Some plants have sperm within a pollen grain. Pollen grain contains sperm(do not depend on moisture for sperm transfer to egg).The sperm is protected within a tough rigid pollen coat and is transferred by air currents(wind) or a pollinator(often some time of insect or bird). There is no need for moisture. Plants with pollen grains can survive in drier habitats.
14. What is a vascular system?
Special cells arranged end to end which transport water and sugars rapidly through plants.
26. What are the 2 different types of vascular tissue found in plants and what do they transport?
The 2 types of vascular tissues found in plants are the xylem and phloem, they both transport fluid and nutrients internally. Xylem transports water and minerals up from soil through roots up stem to leaves. Phloem transports sugars up or down depending on needs of plant.
23. Describe the process of photosynthesis.
The leaves section above in the previous question above explains process of photosynthesis.
2. Name the levels in an energy pyramid and what happens to energy as it is transferred.
eagle - Quarternary Consumers - killer whale snake - Tertiary Consumers - fish rat - secondary consumers - small fish grasshopper - primary consumers - shrimps plants level - producers - phytoplankton level Plants are eaten by grasshopper(grasshopper are in the herbivore level because they eat plants only), then a rat eats the grasshopper, the rat then is eaten by a snake, and the snake is eaten by an eagle. So the eagle, snake, and rat are carnivores because they eat other animals. Similarly, killer whale, fish, and small fish are carnivores. producers:photosynthetic organisms that convert sunlight energy in to the energy within a sugar molecule. primary consumers: include herbivores which are animals that eat plants. secondary + level consumers: include carnivores which are animals that eat animals. omnivores: animals who eat plants/other animals. decomposers: organisms that feed on organic matter and break it down into small inorganic molecules. (ex: fungi, and bacteria) What happens to energy as it is transfered in each succeding trophic level (a feeding level of one or more populations in an ecosystem)? Of all food available, only a certain amount is captured and eaten by the next trophic level. Some released as waste other used as a source of energy for activities. Only about 10% of availiable energy at each trophic level is incorporated into the tissues of the next level.