Biology Test 7-8

_____ has a longer wavelength than _____. Violet ... blue Blue ... green Red ... green Green ... yellow Yellow ... red

red ... green

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is stored in the NADH produced. retained in the two pyruvates. transferred to ADP, forming ATP. released as heat.

retained in the two pyruvates.

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? the citric acid cycle glycolysis chemiosmosis electron transport oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, if glucose is the sole energy source? 1/6 1/3 1/2 2/3 all of it

1/3

How many NADH are produced by glycolysis? 4 2 1 5 3

2

in glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP. 4 5 3 2 1

2

Glycolysis results in a net production of which of the following from each molecule of glucose? 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP 6 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? 5 1 4 3 2

3

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? 10 6 4 2 8

6

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5‎ . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8‎ . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions? A. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution. B. The change in the solution's pH results in a gradient across the chloroplast membranes such that there is a lower concentration of protons inside the vesicles and a higher concentration outside. C. ATP will be produced because the proton gradient favors proton movement through the ATP synthase channels. D. Protons will not diffuse toward the outside of the vesicles.

A. ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation? (Note that you should not consider the effect on ATP synthesis in glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.) A. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop. B. Electron transport would stop but ATP synthesis would be unaffected. C. Electron transport would be unaffected but ATP synthesis would stop. D. Neither electron transport nor ATP synthesis would be affected.

A. Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop.

Select the correct statement about cellular respiration. A. Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level. B. Plants carry out cellular respiration only in organs such as roots that cannot carry out photosynthesis. C. Animals carry out cellular respiration whereas plants carry out photosynthesis.

A. Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal live.

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true? A. NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain. B. Water is the last electron acceptor. C. The electron transport chain is the first step in cellular respiration. D. Electrons gain energy as they move down the chain.

A. NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the chain.

Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule? A. Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero. B. Oxygen acts as the electron acceptor and is oxidized. C. The electron in each hydrogen atom is completely transferred to the oxygen atom, and each hydrogen atom has a net charge of +1. D. There is equal sharing of the electrons between the oxygen atom and the two hydrogen atoms, and the net charge is zero.

A. Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero

Why are plants classified as producers? A. Plants are classified as producers because they fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules. B. Plants are classified as producers because they are at the bottom of the food chain. C. Plants are classified as producers because they produce oxygen.

A. Plants are classified as producers because they fix inorganic carbon into organic molecules

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration? A. The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP. B. The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA. C. The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2.

A. The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP.

How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast? A. The individual's ATP production will not change significantly. B. The individual's ATP production will increase significantly. C. The individual's ATP production will decrease significantly.

A. The individuals ATP production will not change significantly

What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere? A. The light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars. B. The light-independent reactions use CO2 to make ATP. C. The light-independent reactions turn glucose, a sugar, into CO2 gas. D. The light-independent reactions turn sugar into ATP for energy.

A. The light - independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? A. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions. B. The light-dependent reactions pass electrons through an electron transport chain to the light-independent reactions. C. The light-dependent reactions produce carbon dioxide, which is then used by the light-independent reactions. D. The light-independent reactions release energy, and the light-dependent reactions require energy.

A. The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the light-independent reactions

Plants are photoautotrophs. What does this mean? A. They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials. B. They synthesize their own food from inorganic materials. C. They are the primary consumers of the biosphere. D. They are attracted to light. E. They generate oxygen.

A. They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic materials

The complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic respiration occurs through which of the following sequence of metabolic reactions? A. glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain B. glucose → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → electron transport chain C. glucose → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain D. glucose → glycolysis → citric acid cycle → pyruvate oxidation → electron transport chain E. glucose → pyruvate oxidation → glycolysis → electron transport chain → citric acid cycle

A. glucose → glycolysis → pyruvate oxidation → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration? A. transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work B. breaking down ATP so that ADP and P can be reused C. producing complex molecules from chemical building blocks D. catabolism of sugars and related compounds the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water

A. transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in chemical form that cells can use for work

In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation? FADH2 ATP NADPH ADP hexokinase

ATP

Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I? Carbon dioxide Oxygen NADPH ATP

ATP

Which terms describe two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other? Polar and nonpolar. Proton and electron. Ionic and covalent. Anion and cation.

Anion and cation

Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions? A. The electron acceptor is reduced. B. A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron. C. The reactant that is oxidized loses electrons. D. Changes in potential energy can be released as heat.

B. A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron

Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis? A. It requires ATP and NADH. B. It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell. C. Glycolysis produces 30 ATP from each molecule of glucose. D. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria. E. It converts one glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate and carbon dioxide.

B. It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell.

Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation. Select all that apply. A. The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. B. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. C. The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.

B. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis .

In most cells, not all of the carbon compounds that participate in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are converted to carbon dioxide by cellular respiration. What happens to the carbon in these compounds that does not end up as CO2? A. They are used to make NADH. B. The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules. C. They are used to make ATP from NADH. D. These carbon compounds are used to convert ADP to ATP via chemiosmosis. E. They are converted to heat energy.

B. The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules.

A molecule that is phosphorylated A. has a decreased chemical energy and is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. B. has increased chemical potential energy that may be used to do cellular work. C. has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. D. has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate.

B. has increased chemical potential energy that may be used to do cellular work.

A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose? A. It was lost as heat. B. It is stored in NADH and FADH2 C. It is stored in the ATP that was formed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. D. It is stored in pyruvate. E. It is stored in the carbon dioxide and water molecules released by these processes.

B. it is stored in NADH and FADH2

In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis? A. up to 30 ATP B. two ATP C. none, because in the absence of oxygen, no ATP can be made D. four ATP E. none, because all of the available energy remains in either lactate or ethanol

B. two ATP

What is the basic role of CO2 in photosynthesis? A. CO2 is a source of electrons in the formation of organic molecules. B. CO2 is taken in by plants as a form of inverse respiration, in which carbon dioxide is "breathed in" and oxygen is "breathed out." C. CO2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules.

C. CO2 is fixed or incorporated into organic molecules

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct? A. The energy for production of ATP from ADP comes directly from a gradient of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. B. Oxygen participates directly in the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P. C. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane. D. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP occurs only in eukaryotic cells because it occurs in mitochondria. E. Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis requires oxygen.

C. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondria membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane.

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct? A. The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid cycle requires molecular oxygen. B. The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+, which is a product of glycolysis. C. The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. D. The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide. E. The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is subsequently used by the electron transport chain.

C. The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle

Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct? A. The oxidation of NADH is directly coupled to the reduction of oxygen to water. B. NADH gains electrons in the initial reaction of the electron transport chain. C. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane. D. The electron transport chain takes electrons from water and gives them to oxygen. E. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled with the synthesis of ATP.

C. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane

C4 plants occur more commonly in desert conditions because __________. A. they produce water as a product of their photosynthetic pathways B. they produce carbon dioxide internally via photorespiration C. they can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when the stomata are closed D. the stomata open at night and close in the day E. they store carbon by incorporating CO2 into organic acids that are later catabolized

C. They can fix carbon at the lower CO2 concentrations that develop when stomata are closed

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. A. use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle B. use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide C. transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs D. open their stomata only at night E. are better adapted to wet conditions

C. Transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs

Into which molecule are all the carbon atoms in glucose ultimately incorporated during cellular respiration? Water NADH Carbon dioxide ATP

Carbon Dioxide

The photosynthetic membranes are found in the _____ in plant cells. Golgi apparatus chloroplasts endoplasmic reticulum nucleus mitochondria

Chloroplast

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2? A. to oxidize NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle B. to provide the driving force for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi C. to provide the driving force for the production of a proton gradient D. to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

D. to function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons from an FADH2 molecule. Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH than per molecule of FADH2? A. FADH2 is made only in the citric acid cycle while NADH is made in glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the citric acid cycle. B. There is more NADH than FADH2 made for every glucose that enters cellular respiration. C. The H+ gradient made from electron transport using NADH is located in a different part of the mitochondrion than the H+ gradient made using FADH2. D. It takes more energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi using FADH2 than using NADH. E. Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

E. Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor than when NADH is the electron donor.

A young dog has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help, and she decides to conduct several diagnostic tests. She discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for cellular respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of the dog's condition? A. His cells lack an essential enzyme in glycolysis so they cannot produce pyruvate. B. His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. C. His cells cannot transport NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. D. His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. E. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

E. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Which stage of glucose metabolism produces the most ATP? Glycolysis Electron transport and chemiosmosis Krebs cycle Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate

Electron transport and chemiosmosis

Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons? Reduction. Oxidation. Polarity. Electronegativity.

Electronegativity

Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? pyruvate ATP FADH2 NADH

FADH2

True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain. True False

False

True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane. True False

False

Which process is not part of the cellular respiration pathway that produces large amounts of ATP in a cell? Glycolysis Electron transport chain Krebs cycle Fermentation

Fermentation

Select the correct molecule that is the main product of the Calvin cycle. Glucose NADPH G3P

G3P

Which molecule is metabolized in a cell to produce energy for performing work? Phosphate ADP Glucose ATP

Glucose

In the combined processes of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is consumed, and what is produced? Oxygen is consumed, and glucose is produced. Water is consumed, and ATP is produced. ATP is consumed, and oxygen is produced. Carbon dioxide is consumed, and water is produced. Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced.

Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced

Which step of the cellular respiration pathway can take place in the absence of oxygen? Krebs cycle Glycolysis Fermentation Electron transport chain

Glycolysis

Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O + energy Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed? Oxygen, polar. Hydrogen, nonpolar. Hydrogen, polar. Oxygen, nonpolar.

Hydrogen, Polar

What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride? Redox. Polar covalent. Nonpolar covalent. Ionic.

Ionic

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____. ATP NADPH ADP CO2 NADP+

NADPH

Which of the following products of the light reactions of photosynthesis is used during the Calvin cycle? water NADPH sugar ADP + Pi oxygen

NADPH

Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll? Photophosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Dephosphorylation

Photophosphorylation

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____. photosynthesis the light reactions the opening of stomata a shift to C4 photosynthesis photorespiration

Photorespiration

Which process produces oxygen? Cellular respiration Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis? Proton gradient Osmotic gradient Electrons Temperature gradient

Proton gradient

Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel? Inorganic phosphate ATP Protons ADP

Protons

In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. lactate ... ethanol NADH ... lactate pyruvate ... NADH NAD+ ... pyruvate lactate ... NADH

Pyruvate ... NADH

Which of the following reactions ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose? Carbon fixation Regneration of RuBP Production of G3P Production of 3-phosphoglycerate

Regeneration of RuBP

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. 3-PGA Rubisco G3P NADPH RuBP

RuBP

In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____. photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation cellular respiration photophosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____. photophosphorylation photosynthesis oxidative phosphorylation cellular respiration substrate-level phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation

The ultimate source of energy to support most life on Earth is _____. chemosynthetic microbes sunlight the carbon cycle photosynthetic plants geothermal heat

Sunlight

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. stroma cytoplasm grana thylakoids stomata

cytoplasm

What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? They convert carbon dioxide to sugar. They make oxygen. They convert ATP to sugar. They generate ATP and NADPH.

They convert carbon dioxide to sugar.

True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen. True False

True

True or false? The potential energy in an ATP molecule is derived mainly from its three phosphate groups. True False

True

True or false? The reactions that generate the largest amounts of ATP during cellular respiration take place in the mitochondria. True False

True

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound? oxygen ATP NADH water carbon dioxide

Water

Which of these enters the citric acid cycle? acetyl CoA glucose NADH + H+ G3P pyruvate

acetyl CoA

Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle? acetyl CoA CO2 NADH + H+ FADH2 ATP

acetyl CoA

Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are known as anabolic pathways. bioenergetic pathways. endergonic pathways. catabolic pathways.

catabolic pathways

When an electron is transferred to a more electronegative atom it loses potential energy. it gains kinetic energy. it oxidizes the more electronegative atom. it gains potential energy.

it loses potential energy

In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP lactate, NADH, and ATP lactate and NAD+ pyruvate carbon dioxide, ethanol, and NAD+

lactate and NAD+

The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________. splitting water capturing sunlight producing carbon dioxide making sugar oxidizing glucose

making sugar

The complete reactions of cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen (C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy) result in which of the following? reduction of CO2 and oxidation of O2 oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2 reduction of C6H12O6 and oxidation of CO2 oxidation of O2 and reduction of H2O

oxidation of C6H12O6 and reduction of O2

Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. This means that H2O is _____ during the light reactions and CO2 is _____ during the Calvin cycle. reduced...reduced oxidized...reduced consumed...reduced consumed...consumed reduced...oxidized

oxidized ... reduced

Which of the following is(are) a product(s) of the light reactions of photosynthesis? NADP+ and RuBP water and CO2 high-energy photons oxygen, ATP, and NADPH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules of PS II, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by _____. removing them from NADPH fixing carbon splitting water breaking down ATP oxidizing glucose

splitting water

The ATP produced in glycolysis is generated by photophosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation. chemiosmosis. substrate-level phosphorylation. electron transport.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2? The light-independent reactions The light-dependent reactions

the light dependent reactions

In the electromagnetic spectrum, the type of radiation that we call visible light occurs between _____. infrared radiation and microwaves X-rays and ultraviolet radiation ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation radio waves and microwaves infrared radiation and radio waves

ultraviolet radiation and inferred radiation

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. water ... NADPH carbon dioxide ... sugar carbon dioxide ... oxygen NADPH ... oxygen NADPH ... NADP+

water ... NADPH