Biology, Unit 1
evolutionary theory still relies on speculation
Regarding the origin of life:
they are identical species according to the concept of morphology they are separate species according to the concept of reproduction
Regarding the relationship of horses to donkeys:
the International Code of Nomenclature
Rules for naming plants and animals are found in _____ .
speculated genetic possibilities
Speciation is founded on the principle of genetic mutations and:
horsetails
Sphenopsida is a division that includes which plant?
mollusca
Squids are part of which phylum of the animal kingdom?
similarities organization classification
Taxonomy is the science that deals with _____.
Linnaeus
The "Father of Modern Taxonomy" is a designation given to
Linnaeus
The Swedish botanist who made the greatest contributions to taxonomy was
the Renaissance
The accelerated growth and advances in taxonomy as a science occurred during:
1700's
The beginning of modern taxonomy occurred during the:
origin
The beginning. A coming into existence or being. The beginning of the earth or the universe.
conform to established scientific laws
The biblical concepts concerning creation:
taxon
The categories used in classifying organisms, e.g., class, order.
sometimes prevents conclusive classification
The complexity of life, combined with our limited knowledge:
Genus species (italicized)
The correct form for writing binomial nomenclature is:
relates to higher taxonomic orders
The current understanding of created "kinds" is:
Linaeus
The currently used binomial nomenclature was developed by who?
speciation
The development of new species and new kinds from an ancestral species. A concept of evolution.
was introduced during the Renaissance
The first use of using two words as a scientific name:
morphology
The form or appearance of an organism. The collection of physical characteristics and the structure which make up an organism. A basis for species definition.
kingdom
The largest taxonomic category, containing all divisions making up the plant kingdom, or all phyla making up the other kingdoms.
kingdom
The largest taxonomic category.
species
The lowest rank of taxa is the
true with no documented exceptions
The principle "Each Kind Shall Produce After Its Own Kind" is a biblical biological statement:
taxa
The rankings of Class, Order, and Family are referred to as:
plant breeding
The science of controlling or improving certain features of crops and vegetables through genetic breeding programs.
reproductive isolation
The separation of populations of organisms by some type of barrier to produce variations of species. No reproduction or exchange of genes occurs between the separated groups. A basis for species definition.
species
The smallest taxonomic category, containing only similar varieties of an organism. The second word of the scientific name. A species is designated by its scientific name, giving the genus and species.
morphology reproductive isolation
The taxon "species" may be defined by which concepts?
binomial nomenclature
The two-name system of naming living things used in classification.
more
There are _____ animal species than plant species.
verify
To test for truth or accuracy. To prove accuracy or truth by evidence.
False
True or False The Bible gives us no information about science.
True
True or False: A person's views on origins may be greatly influenced by embracing a particular taxonomic system.
True
True or False: According to reproductive isolation, all the varieties of dogs would be considered as one species.
True
True or False: All phyla of the animal kingdom are present from the Cambrian period onward.
True
True or False: John Ray introduced a new method of grouping by similarities in appearance.
False
True or False: The science of taxonomy is a recent development.
true
True or False: A precise scientific description of life is not easy to find.
False
True or False: All taxonomic systems of classification use five kingdoms.
True
True or False: If the theory of evolution were true it would not be possible to classify organisms into distinct categories.
True
True or False: In ancient times people classified plants and animals by use.
True
True or False: Most divisions of plant life are represented in the fossil record from the Triassic period onward.
True
True or False: Objective evidence is available to "weigh" the pro's and con's of origin models.
True
True or False: Plants are living organisms.
False
True or False: Taxonomy is a rigorous, objective science.
True
True or False: The created "kinds" like "species" is not easy to define.
False
True or False: The fossil record proves the creation model beyond doubt.
True
True or False: Ultimately a measure of faith will be required when choosing the evolution or creation taxonomic system.
False
True or false: A kingdom may be subdivided into only one Phylum.
True
True or false: The evolutionary model is structured on the premise of "no plan, purpose or design" regarding the development of organisms.
False
True or false: A person seeking the truth will never be able to examine enough evidence to support the creation model.
False
True or false: The creation and evolutionary models both use the same time frame.
False
True or false: Variation of life forms has been shown to develop over several different time periods, according to the fossil record.
genetics
Two practices which have helped in the development of understanding the variations within "kinds" of living things are animal husbandry and
missing links a distinct and obvious lack of transition between all higher levels of taxa
What is meant by "gaps" within living things or fossils?
Australopithecus
What is the genus of the popular fossils which are similar to "Lucy"?
Kingdom
What is the largest taxonomic category?
morphology
What method for determining the species taxon would involve greater subjectivity?
basic kinds of life forms were created by the direct act of God basic life forms continued to reproduce their own kind within limits of variation
What statements are correct concerning the creation model:
only a few simple life forms give rise to new kinds of life which will increase in complexity all life on earth developed from nonliving matter of natural unknown processes
What statements are correct concerning the evolution model:
Genesis
When Moses recorded the Book of _____ , workable principles of taxonomy and genetics had not been developed.
an artificial system
When a system of classification is based on observation of a predetermined set of factors, it is called:
similarities and differences
When grouping and identifying living things, the classification is based on _____.
Lycophyta
Which division of the plant kingdom includes club mosses?
Pteridopsida
Which division of the plant kingdom includes the ferns?
chordata
Which phylum of the animal kingdom includes all organisms which possess a spine (backbone)?
echinodermata
Which phylum of the animal kingdom includes sea urchins?
it was a language of study for all educated people
Why does binomial nomenclature use Latin?
because distinct populations of living things exist due to barriers to reproductive change because fossils may be classified into distinct taxa due to the persistence of gaps
Why have the gaps among existing organisms as well as the fossil records remained after hundreds of years of research?
subjective
With bias. Thoughts or interpretations based on the feelings and personal evaluations of the scientist.
objectivity
Without bias. Thoughts or interpretations based on the features and characteristics of the organism, instead of on the feelings of the scientist.
Aristotle
_____ was the first taxonomist to group animals by blood color and plants by size and shape.
300 B.C.
heophrastos was considered the "Father of Botany" in the approximate year:
False
true or false: The exact boundaries, limitations, and meaning of species is now known and agreed upon universally.
taxonomic system
A plan or arrangement of grouping categories for the purpose of classifying.
classification
A system of distinguishing groups for purposes of identification. A means or device for sorting into groups with similar characteristics.
class
A taxonomic category containing a group of similar orders. Between order and division in plant classification, between order and phylum in animal classification.
International Code of Nomenclature
An elaborate set of rules for naming organisms, one set for plants, another for animals, decided upon by botanists or zoologists from different countries.
there exists a multitude of possible schemes
An ideal taxonomic system is not easy to develop because:
Global
Common names given to organisms may be useful locally, but may become meaningless on a ______ basis.
helped to add objectivity to the classification of fossil taxa
Computerized analysis of the "Lucy" type fossil has:
generic name, species name
In binomial nomenclature, the genus functions as the _______, and the species functions as the ________.
division
In plant classification, a grouping of similar classes. Between kingdom and class in taxa, as a taxonomic category.
natural system
In taxonomy, a classification plan based on assumed relationships of common ancestry or evolution.
artificial system
In taxonomy, a classification plan based on grouping by certain outstanding features of a plant or animal.
subjective
Interpretations based upon emotions or opinion are considered:
Flower
Linnaeus classified plants according to their
variation does not exist within a kind
Linnaeus' concept of kinds differed from ours today in holding that:
structure shape colors physical traits
The classification of species by morphology involves what four things?
the biblical principle "after its kind"
The concept of "fixity of species" was a common belief based on a very limited understanding of:
differences
The concept of reproductive isolation relates more toward genetic _______ to distinguish between species.
Latin
The language of taxonomy is usually:
animal husbandry
The science of controlling or improving certain features of livestock through genetic breeding programs.
that variation among species is not the result of evolution
The science of genetics has demonstrated repeatedly:
genetics
The science of heredity; how different characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring.
archaeology
The science of research and study of artifacts and ancient cultures.
taxonomy
The science of the classification of organisms.
1,000,000
The total number of animal species is about
True
True or False: Scientists resumed observing and studying real plants and animals during the Renaissance.
philosophy
A body of ideas based on personal opinion.
kind
A group of living things with certain similar characteristics. Dogs and horses are kinds of living things.
phylum
A grouping of similar classes. A taxonomic category between kingdom and class.
creation
A model of origins based on scientific evidence which supports the biblical account of an omniscient creator.
evolution
A model of origins based on the theory that random natural processes produced the first "living" cell from nonliving chemicals. From this starting point organisms have increased in complexity and variety.
ancestry of organisms family trees genetic relationships evolutionary descent
A natural taxonomic system currently in use attempts to show:
taxonomist
A scientist who classifies organisms.
key
A sorting device made up of a system of choices, as used in taxonomy.
a scientists feelings, actual observations
A subjective piece of information depends more on ______; an objective piece of information depends more on _____.
order
A taxonomic category containing a group of similar families. Between the taxa of class and family.
family
A taxonomic category containing a group of similar genera. Between the taxa of order and genus.
genus
A taxonomic category containing a group of similar species, occurring between the taxa of family and species. The genus is the first name of the scientific name.
dichotomous key
A two-choice sorting device used in taxonomy to identify taxa, genus species, or common names of plant or animal specimens.
nonliving, random, few, complexity.
All life on Earth developed from ______ matter by natural ______ processes. One initial life form gave rise to ______ kinds of organisms which have continued to increase in ______ over time.
biosphere
All life on earth.
population
All the individual organisms of a kind or taxon, or a group of organisms living in an area.
Families
An "Order" may be subdivided into (consist of) several:
morphology, common ancestors
An artificial system looks at _______, while a natural system looks at _______.
fixity of species
An interpretation of scientists and Bible scholars from medieval times to the 1800's that there is no change of any kind, no variation within populations. Each kind of living thing has some ideal model to which all other living things of the same kind more or less correspond.
no, according to reproductive isolation yes, according to morphology
Are horses and donkeys of the same species?
kinds, reproduced, boundaries
Basic _____ of life forms were created by God. These organisms have consistently ________ from their own kind within _______ of variations.
Genesis records that each living thing reproduces "after its kind." Some organisms present at Creation have become extinct; the rest continue to reproduce organisms of the same ancestral kind. Some have produced many sizes, shapes, and varieties of those original kinds of living things. These are present today, and were present at the beginning according to the Scriptures.
Creation science is often criticized for not recognizing observations of variations amongst organisms. Explain how variations in living organisms do not contradict the biblical account of creation found in Genesis 1:21-25.
variation
Differences that occur among the offspring of a particular species.
characteristics
Features which identify and distinguish one living thing from another.
Genetics
Genesis speaks of parents producing offspring "after its own kind." This refers to the science of:
Offspring of a horse and donkey are unable to reproduce.
Horses and donkeys are not of the same species when defined by reproductive isolation because:
soul and spirit
Humans differ from all other life forms by possessing a:
kinds
If the theory of evolution were true, there would be records of observable changes between the basic _____ of organisms.
the numerous varieties might be classified as distinct species
If you were to classify the many breeds of dogs by morphology, what would be inferred regarding species?
arthropoda
Lobsters belong to which phylum of the animal kingdom?
variations are limited to the confines of lower taxa observable changes from one basic kind into another have never been documented
Observations from plant breeding and animal husbandry over thousands of years has shown:
Cordus
One of the first scientists of the Renaissance to advance taxonomy through first hand observations was
economic uses
Plants or animals selected or sorted from others on the basis of certain features which are salable. Food and clothing, plants and animals are bought, sold, and traded.
Names mean different things to different people. Foreign names may not be understood. Many names may exist for the same organism. There may be no common name for an organism.
Problems in using common names to universally identify living things include:
