Biology Unit 1 Quiz: Chemistry of Life

Substances are changed into other substances by the making or breaking of chemical bonds.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + O2 is an example of a chemical reaction. What is occurring during this reaction?

double helix

A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a structure called a(n)

is shared between two atoms

A covalent bond is one in which a pair of electrons:

more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds

A gram of fat stores _____ energy than a gram of starch due to ______ within fat molecules relative to starch molecules.

bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other.

A polar covalent bond is created when

hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon is called a(n)

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound to a positively charged amino group and a negatively charged carboxyl group and a side chain. 1 Polypeptides formed by dehydration reactions link amino acids together, forming a linear chain. 2 The primary structure of a protein is the sequence of amino acids that are attached together by peptide bonds. 3 In the secondary structure of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanism of amino acids rotating around bonds and folding into a alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet structure and stabilized by hydrogen bonds. 4 In the tertiary structure of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a complex three-dimensional shape. 5 The quaternary structure of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein.

A protein is a complex macromolecule with a three-dimensional shape that determines its functions. Complete the following sentences and place them in order representing the levels of protein structure, starting with its building blocks and leading to its complex function.

one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure

A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains:

H+

Acid dissociates into

its outermost shell is occupied by its full complement of electrons.

An atom or ion is most stable when

ion

An atom that has a net electric charge due to the gain or loss of electrons is called a(n)

They are called domains, and their structure dictates their function.

An insulin receptor is a protein structure with multiple functioning areas. What are these areas also known as and how do they affect the receptors function?

matter

Anything that contains mass and occupies space is called

DNA, RNA

BLANK 1 is used by the cell to store genetic information, while BLANK 2 is involved in decoding this genetic

OH-

Base dissociates into

study of life

Biology

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrate monomers are known as

-greater hydrogen bonds between individual water molecules -a more orderly arrangement of water molecules

Compared with liquid water, ice has

provides the instructions for the specific sequence of amino acids used to build a protein; functions to convert a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence

DNA _______. RNA, on the other hand, ________.

thymine, uracil

DNA and RNA are made of nitrogenous bases. Both DNA and RNA contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine. In addition, DNA contains the base BLANK 1, but RNA contains the base BLANK 2

glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of:

amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s).

DNA (2)

Genomics involves the analysis of the ______ sequences of genomes.

functional

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties are called BLANK groups

mutation accumulation

How do new species evolve from pre-existing species in the mechanism known as vertical evolution?

Data are collected and analyzed without a pre-conceived hypothesis.

How is discovery-based science conducted?

4

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?

break apart molecules via water

Hydrolysis reactions:

different sequence of the amino acids within the molecules

If two proteins have the same complement of amino acids, what would increase the likelihood that the two proteins would behave differently, e.g., have different functions?

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

If you were to create a planet capable of supporting life forms similar to those on earth, what elements would be necessary to include? Select all that apply.

polar region

In a micelle, which portion of the amphipathic molecules are oriented toward the surface of the sphere?

polar, nonpolar (other answers for 1: hydrophilic, phosphate, hydrophilic polar, polar head, head, or heads) (other answers for 2: hydrophobic, fatty acid, hydrophobic nonpolar, nonpolar tail, tail, non polar, tails, non-polar tail, or non-polar tails)

In a phospholipid bilayer, the BLANK 1 regions of the phospholipids face water and the BLANK 2 regions face the interior of the membrane away from water.

neutrons

Isotopes of an element differ from one another in the number of BLANK 1 they contain.

C, H

Lipids are molecules that are composed of primarily what two elements?

Correct: 1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells 3. All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations. 5. Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving. 6. Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities. 10. All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number.

Living organisms share a number of characteristics. These unifying characteristics separate them from nonliving things. For each of the following statements, check the statements that correctly distinguish living things from nonliving things. Check All That Apply 1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. Correct 2. Only living organisms are complex.2. Only living organisms are complex. Correct 3. All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations.3. All living organisms reproduce by passing on specific genetic information to future generations. Correct 4. Only living organisms are capable of movement.4. Only living organisms are capable of movement. Correct 5. Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving.5. Only living organisms (populations) are capable of evolving. Correct 6. Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities.6. Only living organisms require an input of energy to drive cellular activities. Correct 7. Only living organisms produce heat as a byproduct of chemical reactions.7. Only living organisms produce heat as a byproduct of chemical reactions. Correct 8. All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival.8. All living organisms are dependent on a constant supply of oxygen for survival. Incorrect 9. Only living organisms respond to external stimuli.9. Only living organisms respond to external stimuli. Incorrect 10. All living organisms grow by increasing cell size and/or cell number

-A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds. True Correct -A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell. False Correct The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond. False Correct -Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron). True Correct -Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules. False Correct -The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds. True Correct -The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched. True Correct -Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile. False

Mark the following statements about carbon as true or false.

A. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature. True Correct B. Saturated fats have a higher melting point than unsaturated fats. True Correct C. Saturated fats have one or more double bonds along the carbon backbone. False Correct D. Unsaturated fats are found primarily in animals and animal products. False Correct E. Unsaturated fats have kinks in the hydrogen-carbon chain and therefore the molecules do not lay flat. True Correct F. Trans fats are synthetic saturated fats. False Correct G. Trans fats have a higher melting point than natural unsaturated fats and a lower melting point than natural saturated fats. True

Mark the following statements about triglycerides as true or false.

Ten to twenty percent of the body weight in humans is from water. False CorrectWater is the universal solvent, transporting dissolved substance in bodily fluids. True CorrectWater bathes organs in fluid, which provides protection and support. True CorrectThe high specific heat of water means that we only lose a small amount of heat when the sweat on our skin evaporates. False CorrectWater plays a major role in our bodies' chemical reactions. True CorrectWater plays a much more important role in plants than in animals, due to the role of water in photosynthesis. False

Mark the following statements as true or false concerning water's relevance to living systems.

The bonds between water molecules are stable. False CorrectAs temperature drops the bonds between water molecules are less likely to break. True CorrectIce is denser than liquid water at all temperatures. False CorrectThe polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule create slight positively and negatively charged ends to the molecule. True CorrectThe fluid nature of water is due to hydrogen bonds continually breaking and reforming. True CorrectA hydrogen atom of one water molecule binds via a hydrogen bond to a hydrogen atom of another water molecule. False CorrectBonds between water molecules are stronger than the bonds between the atoms within a water molecule.

Mark the following statements as true or false.

Same number of electrons in outermost shell: Nitrogen & Phosphorus Correct2. They have two electron shells.Carbon & Nitrogen Correct3. Their outermost electron shell is full.Helium & Argon Correct4. They have one electron shell.Hydrogen & Helium Correct5. They have three electron shells.Sodium & Chlorine

Match the following pairs of atoms with the statement that correctly describes both atoms in the pair.

A. RNA polymerase plays a role in protein synthesis Correct B. myosin plays a role in muscle contraction / movement Correct C. antibodies protects again disease Correct D. hexokinase & lactase plays a role in digestion and metabolism Correct E. actin & collagen provides support and structure Correct F. transporters facilitates movement of molecules across plasma membranes

Match the following protein with its appropriate function.

Protein: amino acid Carbohydrate: monosaccharide Lipid: fatty acid Nucleic Acid: nucleotide

Match the monomer with the appropriate macromolecule.

1. Molecular shapes of proteins and DNA: structural models 2. A graph estimating population growth of rabbits on an island: mathematical 3. Description of how a muscle cell contracts: mechanistic model 4. A prediction of how long it will take a seed to germinate: temporal model 5. Creating a taxonomic tree of primates: hierarchical model

Molecular shapes of proteins and DNA Molecular shapes of proteins and DNA4CorrectCorrect Description of how a muscle cell contracts Description of how a muscle cell contracts2CorrectCorrect A graph estimating population growth of rabbits on an island A graph estimating population growth of rabbits on an island3CorrectCorrect A prediction of how long it will take a seed to germinate A prediction of how long it will take a seed to germinate1CorrectCorrect Creating a taxonomic tree of primates

are flexible within certain limits

Molecules with covalent bonds:

Make an observation form a hypothesis perform experiment analyze data form a conclusion

Perform experiment Make an observation Analyze data Form a hypothesis Form a conclusion

H+ and OH-

Pure water can ionize into

Gas, liquid, solid

Put the physical states of water in order based on the intermolecular distances between water molecules. The TOP position should be the state in which the molecules are the farthest apart. -liquid -gas -solid

from acidic to slightly alkaline.

Stable blood serum has a pH of around 7.4. The release of bicarbonates as a buffer to maintain this pH in a body with high hydrogen levels would cause the pH to move

solutes

Substances dissolved in liquid are known as

electronegativity

The BLANK 1 of an atom is a measure of its ability to attract electrons when in a bond with another atom.

pH

The ______ of a solution is the negative base 10 logarithm of the H+ concentration of the solution.

carbon, hydrogen

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between BLANK atoms and BLANK atoms.

concentration

The amount of solute (in grams) dissolved in a given volume of solution is the solution's:

that carboxyl and amino groups join by a covalent bond and that a functioning protein can consist of several polypeptides.

The best description of the bonds that form polypeptides and the difference between polypeptides and proteins is

6

The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of glucose? Include just the number in your answer.

genome

The collection of all the genetic material (the DNA) in a cell or organism is called the

proteome

The entire protein complement of a cell or organism is called the

primitive cells

The first living organisms on Earth were

taxonomy

The grouping of species for purposes of classification is called

genome(2)

The information necessary to produce an organism's proteome is contained in its BLANK 1 which is the complete genetic composition of an organism or species.

science

The observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomenon can be defined as

evolution

The phenomenon of populations of organisms changing from generation to generation is known as biologica

the high surface tension caused by the polar qualities of water.

The property of water that allows the basilisk lizard to run across its surface is

proteins

The role of most genes is to encode mRNAs that are used in the production of

C, H, O

The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are

vertical, horizontal

The two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are BLANK 1 descent with modification/mutation and BLANK 2 gene transfer

Results from the discovery-based approach frequently form the basis for hypotheses, which can be tested experimentally.

Two approaches scientists take are discovery-based and hypothesis testing. Which of the following statements correctly explain the relationship between the two approaches?

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together

What are macromolecules?

C, H, O, N

What are the four elements found in all proteins?

1, 2, 3

What are the functions of the genome? Multiple select question. Evolutionary change Storage of information Providing continuity from one generation to the next Catalysis of enzymatic reactions Makes up the cell membrane

Archaea, Bacteria, eukarya

What are the three domains of life? Viruses Archaea Bacteria Plantae Eukarya Animalia

cell bio

What branch of biology focuses on the study of cells?

structure

What determines the function of a biological molecule?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What four elements are the most common in living organisms?

Sulfhydryl

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges?

evolution (2)

What is a unifying concept in biology that explains the diversity of life?

to help develop skills to solve problems

What is the goal of BioTIPS?

dehydration reactions

What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides?

buffer

What type of compound minimizes pH fluctuations in the fluids of living organisms?

horizontal gene transfer

What type of gene transfer can occur between members of different species?

wax

What type of lipid consists of long structures resembling fatty acids attached to each other by their carboxyl groups?

Proton

What type of subatomic particle occurs in each different element in a unique number and is therefore used to identify specific elements?

polysaccharides

When many monosaccharides are linked together, they form long carbohydrate polymers called

polar covalent bond

When two atoms are bonded together via electrons, and one of those atoms has a greater pull upon the electrons shared, the bond formed would be

hydrogen, oxygen

When two water molecules are near each other, a hydrogen bond will form between the more positive BLANK 1 and the more negative BLANK 2 atoms of neighboring water molecules.

lungs

Which component of humans has the greatest per cent of water?

1, 2, 3, and 5

Which of the following are common features of chemical reactions? Select all that apply. - 1.Chemical reactions proceed toward equilibrium. 2.Chemical reactions require a source of energy. 3.Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts. 4.Chemical reactions cease when they reach equilibrium. 5.Many chemical reactions in living organisms take place in a watery environment.

Four fused rings of carbon with one or more attached hydroxyl groups

Which of the following describes the chemical structure of steroids?

cystic fibrosis

Which of the following diseases causes a build up of mucus in the lungs and pancreatic ducts to the small intestine?

Carbon

Which of the following is an element? Carbon Water Gasoline Coffee

DNA

Which of the following serves as the genetic material of all living things?

lithium and sodium

Which two elements show similarities in the pattern of chemical bonding?

in cloud-like orbitals

Within an atom's structure, electrons can be found:

protons, electrons

Within an atom, BLANK ONE and neutrons have nearly equal masses, while BLANK TWO have a much smaller mass.

cholesterol

embedded in plasma membrane

estrogen

female characteristics

less dense at 0oC than at room temperature, ideal solvent for biological molecules, absorbs considerable heat energy without raising temperature, and high percentage of hydrogen bonds.

good water definition

testosterone

male characteristics