Biomed 2.1 review

Erythrocytes (RBS)

Hemoglobin- rich, red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body, no nuclei

Hyperglycemia

High blood glucose level

Physical signs

Pieces of evidence that indicate an illness that can be observed externally, such as a rash, coughing, or elevated temperature.

PHI

Protected Health Information, rules that regulates hoe medical professionals and other people use and disclose certain individually identifiable health information

Matabolism

The chemical reaction processes of breaking down molecules for energy and of using simple building blocks to build up more complex molecules needed for growth and repair

LDL cholesterol

"bad" blood cholesterol, delivers plaque to the arterial walls. Type of lipoprotein responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells.

drawing blood steps

1) Greet patient and get ID and medical history 2)Hand Sanitizer and then Select site to draw blood 3)Apply tourniquet 4)Insert needle, Push vacutainer tube into hub and allow to fill 5)Remove the tube off needle, invert tube 6) Withdraw Needle and apply cotton 7)Don clean gloves, clean blood draw site 8)Release tourniquet

Order to describe the events during a doctor's appointment

1) Introductions and welcome the patient 2)Build a medical history by asking the patient questions. 3)Listen to the patient's heart and lungs 4)Take necessary scan of the heart based on patient interview and blood lipid panel test results 5)Send patient to lab for blood draw for lab tests 6)Perform angioplasty and stent to clear blockages

Temperature ranges

1) Normal body temperature is 97.8℉ - 99℉ 2)A fever over 103℉ is a concern 3)Below 95℉ (hypothermia)

Steps to measure blood pressure

1) Place blood pressure cuff above elbow and stethoscope over brachial artery 2)Inflate cuff to 160 (higher if needed for high BP) 3)Release the cuff pressure slowly. 4) The first number is recorded when you hear the first sound 5) Continue to release the pressure in the cuff as the heart sounds fade. The next number is recorded when the sound can no longer be heard 6)Release the remaining pressure and remove the cuff.

Protein

A bio-molecule made of amino acids. A proteins form and function are determined or a cells nucleic sequence. Last resort for energy

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Acute conditions

A disease that appears suddenly and last for a short amount of time

Medical history

A record of information about a patient's past and current health. Includes information about the patient's habits, lifestyle, and even the health of their family.

Hormone

A signaling molecule produced by glands. A hormone induces a specific effect on the activity of cells.

Rhonchi

A snore-like sound heard when airways are partially obstructed.

Pediatrician

A specialist physician who provides medical care to infants, children, and adolescents.

Medical student

A student enrolled at a medical school, who is training to become a physician.

Otoscope

A tool with a light and magnifying glass, to look inside the ear

Leukemia

A type of cancer caused by the production of abnormal white blood cells

Plaque

The chemical reaction processes of breaking down molecules for energy and of using simple building blocks to build up more complex molecules needed for growth and repair

Hypertension

An abnormally high blood pressure.

What factors can affect your heart rate?

Answer: Age. Fitness and activity levels. Being a smoker. Having cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol or diabetes. Air temperature. Body position, Emotions.

Chief of complaint (reason for visit)

The patients description of what they feel is their main health problem

Diagnosis

The process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs.

Pulse

The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from the outside of the body.

Triage

The sorting and prioritization of patients based on the urgency of their need for care

Glycogen

The stored from of glucose that made up of many connected glucose molecules

Median cubital vein

The vein of choice because is it large and does not tend to move the the needle is inserted.

Patient liasion

Works with patients and their families to address needs and concerns. Acts as an intermediary between patients, their families and the hospital administration.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

a blood test that is run as part of a routine exam or if there are signs or symptoms that may indicate a potential condition impacting blood cells

Carbohydrates

a compound, such as a sugar, starch and cellulose, found in foods and living tissues that can be broken down and used for energy

Cancer

a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissue

Lipid

a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids that is insoluble in where secondary source of energy for our cells

ABCED system

asymmetry, border, color, diameter and evolving. These are the characteristics of skin damage that doctors look for when diagnosing and classifying melanomas.

Risk factors

characteristics or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing a medical disorder or disease

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

compound used by cells to store and release energy

Mitral valve regurgitation

condition when the valve between the left heart chambers doesn't close fully. Blood leaks backward across the valve

Chronic conditions

conditions that last one year or more and require on going medical attention or limited activities of daily Living or both

Nurse

deliver direct patient care and act as an advocate and health educator for patients, families, and communities.

Palpating

examine by touch, especially for medical purposes

Medical assistant

helps physicians examine and treat patients and performs tasks to keep offices running smoothly

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Visual acuity

how well one can see details at a distance

phlebotomy

incision into a vein

sphygmomanometer

instrument to measure blood pressure

Plasma

liquid portion of blood

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

Homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal physiological conditions

Pulse oximetry

measure of the amount of oxygen found in blood

Diastolic pressure

measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart undergose diastole (heart is at rest, allowing the chambers to fill with blood)

Respiratory rate

number of breaths per minute

Examples of unsaturated fats

olive oil, vegetable oil

Demeanor

outward behavior or bearing

cellular respiration

oxegen + fue(glocuse)= Atp and Co2

Hematocrit

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Oxygen saturation

percentage of hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

Chronic

persisting for a long time or constantly recurring

Papillary response

response that varies the size of the pupil

Empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Systolic pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the heart undergose systole(heart contracts to push blood throughout the body)

Blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured with a sphygmomanometer and expressed in milometers of mercury

Chemical reaction

the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

Hematcrit

the proportion of blood cells in the blood

Lymph

watery fluid that contains a high concentration of white blood cells and plays an important role in our immune response

Insulin resistance

when the pancreas makes insulin but the cells in the body do not respond to it

Leukocytes

white blood cells, fight infection, lack hemoglobin but have a nucleus and are active in the immune response

cellular respiration is located

within the cell mitochondria

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood

Type 2 diabetes

A form of diabetes that develops especially in adults, most often obese individuals. Type 2 is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin use coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

Glucagon

A hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin

Biomolecule/Macromolecule

A large organic molecule found in living organisms; examples are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A minute colorless anucleate disklike body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged epithelium.

oxygen saturation ranges

A normal range for SpO2 is between 95-99%. Mild respiratory illnesses such as colds, flu, or bronchitis may cause the SpO2 rate to fall between 90-94%. Anything below 90% is a signal of a problem that needs urgent treatment.

Symptoms

Any subjective evidence of disease a patient perceives, such as aches, nausea, or fatigue. Symptoms allow the health care provider to narrow down the possible conditions that may be affecting the patient and then run tests to make a diagnosis.

Nucleic acid

Carry the instructions for producing proteins, Both DNA and RNA are examples. Not a source of energy for our cells

Positive Feedback

Causes a reinforcement of the original action. The input causes the reaction to increase

Negative Feedback

Causes the system to stop doing the original action and to either take no action or to increase

Type 1 diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Tact

Discretion and sensitivity in dealing with others.

Blood borne pathogens

Disease-causing organisms transferred through contact with blood or other body fluids

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, a set of U.S national standards that protect an individual's privacy rights related to their personal medical information

Non-physician practitioner

Health care provider who practices either in collaboration with or under the supervision of a physician. Some examples include nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and physician assistants.

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

Feeding, dressing or bathing patients. Monitoring patient vital signs, including blood pressure and temperature; HS Diploma, LPN Program

examples of saturated fats

Lard, Butter, Animal fats

Brachial artery

Major blood vessle located on the elbow

Vital signs

Measurements—specifically pulse rate, temperature, respiration rate, and blood pressure—that indicate the state of a patient's essential body functions.

Registered Nurse (RN)

Monitoring patient's condition and assessing their needs to provide the best possible care and advice. Observing and interpreting patient's symptoms and communicating them to physicians. Collaborating with physicians and nurses to devise individualized care plans for patients; Associate's degree but bachelor's degree is recommended.

Heart rate ranges

Normal: (60-100) beats per minute (bpm)

Nurse Practitioner (NP)

Ordering, performing and interpreting diagnostic tests such as lab work and x-rays. Diagnosing and treating acute and chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, infections and injuries. Prescribing medications and other treatments; Master's Degree

What are the TWO most common locations for measuring heart rate?

Radial artery in the wrist, and the carotid artery in the neck

Gait

Someones manner of walking

HDL

Type of lipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and transporting it to the liver.

Telehealth

Use of technology to deliver health-related services and information, including telemedicine

Medical technician

Uses sophisticated equipment and has different responsibilities. Some work directly with patients while others work in a lab.

How does your body respond when you have low glucose levels?

When your blood glucose levels drop, the liver plays a role in maintaining glucose balance. It releases stored glucose in the form of glycogen, which is broken down into glucose and released into the bloodstream. This helps raise blood glucose levels. Another key player in this response is the pancreas, specifically the alpha cells. When blood glucose levels are low, the alpha cells release a hormone called glucagon. Glucagon signals the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream.

How does your body respond when you have high glucose levels?

When your blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas release nsulin. Insulin acts as a signal to your body's cells, specifically the cells with insulin receptors. These receptors allow glucose to enter the cells through glucose transport proteins. Once inside the cells, glucose is used to produce ATP, which is the energy currency of the body. Insulin also plays a role in the liver. It signals the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen, which can be released when needed. Additionally, insulin helps regulate the production of glucose by the liver. Beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for producing and releasing insulin. They are sensitive to changes in blood glucose levels and secrete insulin accordingly.

BMI

a measure of body weight relative to height

Stethoscope

a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body

Tonsils

a pair of small masses at the back of the throat, part of the lymphatic system and help you fight infection

primary care physician

a regular doctor who provides checkups, screenings, treatments, and prescriptions

Reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

Murmur

a soft, indistinct sound/ abnormal heart sounds/ an extra heart sounds

Telemedicine

a way for individuals to remotely access health related services using technology, rather tan in peson contact

Referrals

a written order from a primary care doctor for a patient to see a specialist or to get a particular medical service, such as physical therapy after an injury

Peripheral vision

ability to see objects as they come into the outer edges of the visual field

Murmur

abnormal heart sound

What affects body temperature?

age, weather, exercise, emotions, stress, and illness

sickle cell

an abnormal red blood cell that has a crescent shape and an abnormal form of hemoglobin

Ophthalmoscope

an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

Antecubital

anterior surface of elbow