Bios 1063 exam 1

Which of the following describes the physical characteristics of the influenza virus?

An RNA virus enclosed in a spherical capsid surrounded by an envelope with spikes

adaptive defenses depend primarily on the activities of

B and T cells

focuses on embryo comparisons because some features may be present in the embryo that are not apparent in the adult form.

embryonic evidence

cells directly involved in identifying pathogens

phagocytes and natural cells

When the influenza virus enters into an epithelial cell within the respiratory tract, the infected cell responds by

posting antigens on its cell surface, acting as a flag for the cytotoxic T cells to destroy it.

The first time the immune system comes into contact with the antigen, it is slow to produce antibodies

primary response

proteins that complement certain immune responses

protective proteins

Antiviral medicines target the enzyme that allows the virus to remove the genetic material from the capsid.

targeting uncoating

The influenza name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, indicated that is the the ______ form of the virus.

A

Which of the following statements explains the relationship between mutations and natural selection?

A mutation in the genetic material may or may not have an effect on the protein. A mutation may result in the death of an organism or cell. A mutation may result in a variation of a trait that may be more advantageous.

Which of the following best describes a virus?

A nonliving complex of RNA or DNA protected by a protein coat

Historically, viruses have not been classified as living organisms. Which of the following characteristics of life excludes viruses from being classified as living organisms?

Ability to process energy and materials

- specific - produce antibodies to target specific antigens in the fluids of the body

B lymphocytes

Proposed that the Earth's surface is dynamic and constantly changing

Charles Lyell

Proposed that evidence from animal development and animal breeding shows that species may evolve over time

Erasmus Darwin

he Proposed the idea of catastrophism; he believed that all species were created at the same time, yet catastrophic events have caused some species to go extinct and studied the fossil record and noticed that fossils showed a succession of different forms of life over time

Georges Cuvier

Which of the following is true concerning the evolution of COVID-19?

It evolves quickly because it is an virus It has a high mutation rate because it is an RNA virus New strains can jump from an intermediate species to humans

Proposed the idea referred to as inheritance of acquired characteristics

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

_______ in a gene can produce a new or altered allele that may encode for a unique trait

Mutation

When natural selection increases the frequency of the advantageous trait in the population and decreases the frequency of detrimental traits, this is an example of

Populations become adapted to their environment

Wallace shared his ideas with Darwin, which led to the book, On the Origin of Species. Wallace contributed his biogeographical studies of the __________.

South Pacific Islands

- specific - target cells that have been infected by a specific pathogen

T lymphocytes

Which of the following is a challenge in developing an annual influenza vaccine?

The flu virus evolves rapidly. It takes at least 6 months to develop a vaccine. There are many strains of influenza.

he Stated that populations sometimes increase at rates faster than their food supply can increase, thus creating competition

Thomas Malthus

- contains diff strains of 3 viruses - contains 2 A viruses - contains 1 B virus - virus particles are inactivated and incapable of reproducing

Trivalent vaccine

Which of the following statements accurately describes how viruses reproduce?

Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell.

All viruses are made up of two components. These components are

a protein capsid and genetic material.

The immune system's role is to

actively seek and destroy pathogens

Structures that have the same function but evolved independently, such as the wings of bats and birds, are called ______ structures.

analagous

the comparison of physical structures between species

anatomical evidence

a form of adaptive immunity that involves the B lymphocytes which are involved in the production of antibodies

antibody mediated immunity

- Because the influenza virus is an RNA virus, it must undergo reverse transcription in order for the host cell to use its genetic material to make the new viruses. Since this process is not heavily regulated, it has the potential to introduce new mutations within the genetic materials of the virus. - Small changes in the genes of influenza viruses can lead to changes in the surface proteins. These small changes produce viruses that are closely related to one another.

antigenic drift

when a mutation causes a change in the H and N spikes on the influenza virus.

antigenic drift

- A new form of the influenza virus originates in an animal host. Due to humans' close proximity to these animals, it is possible for viruses to undergo reassembly and produce a new form of the virus, which can infect humans. - Abrupt, major changes in the influenza virus leads to new H and N spikes on the influenza virus.

antigenic shift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called __________.

antigenic shift

The specific immune system recognizes _______________ found on the surface of the pathogen.

antigens

The activities of macrophages

are part of the general immune system.

skin, the mucus membranes of different organ systems, and stomach acids are ways to inhibit or slow the growth of microbes

barriers to entry

Component 2, the ,_________ is a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material.

capsid

a form of adaptive immunity that uses 2 types of cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells to target and kill the cells that have become infected with the pathogen and are presenting the antigen

cell mediated immunity

Some viruses may also possess an _______ that surrounds the capsid. The structure is actually a remnant of the _______ cell and not made by the virus.

envelope, host

The primary target of the influenza virus is the

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system.

a line of evidence that provides information on transitional species

fossil record

Component 1, the ________ , contains a relatively small number of genes.

genetic material

the comparison of genetic and biochemical similarities to indicate evolutionary relationships

genetic material

The differences between heritable traits of organisms of a population are known as

genetic variation

Structures that are passed on from a common ancestor, such as the bone structure of a limb, are called ______ structures.

homologous

The change in the heritable traits of a population continues because natural selection ________ the frequency of the advantageous trait in the population and _______ the frequency of detrimental traits.

increases, decreases

When individuals with favorable traits will survive at a greater rate than those without them, this is an example of

individuals differ in their fitness

When heritable traits such as physical characteristics, physiology, and behavior vary within a population, this is an example of

individuals vary in their traits

- release of chemical signals triggers a series of events to fight off an infection - first immediate action taken by the immune system against an injury

inflammatory response

damaged tissue undergoes a series of events to prevent the spread of a pathogen; symptoms associated with the response are redness, pain, swelling, and heat

inflammatory response

- increase blood flow to the infected area. - isolate the infection to a limited area. - allow fluid, containing cells from the immune system, to reach the infected area.

innate immune system

In some instances, an _______ host, like a pig, allows for the exchange of _________ between two different strains of the influenza virus: an avian influenza strain and a human virus strain.

intermediate, genetic material

- system that transports lymph throughout the body - network of tissues and organs that filter bodily fluids - organ system that connects the circulatory and immune system

lymphatic system

after a vaccine is given, the immune system generates _________________ for the antigen

memory B and T cells

two basic methods by which the flu changes its genetic information

mutations and reassortment

- nonspecific - destroy cells of the body that have been infected by pathogens

natural killer cells

What mechanism did Charles Darwin propose after studying South America and the Galapagos?

natural selection drives evolutionary change; extinct animals resembled the living ones of the same regiond

In the influenza strain name A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 A(H3N2)-like virus, this was the ______ strain isolated in 2016 in this region.

nineteenth

- directly involved in identifying pathogens - some cells phagocytize pathogens - macrophages and dendritic cells

phagocyte cells

- structures and chemicals produced by the body to slow or prevent pathogens from entering the body - skin, stomach, respiratory tract

physical barriers

type of B lymphocytes that are associated with the lymphatic system that secrete antibodies into lymphatic system and identify free pathogens that are circulating throughout the body

plasma B cells

- act as molecular targets that identify pathogens for destruction by the immune system - create holes in the bacterial membrane, destroying the bacterial cell - complement proteins

protective proteins

during the ______, when the immune system is exposed to the same antigen again, the production of antibodies is immediate and is expected to prevent disease symptoms

secondary response

What mechanism did Alfred Russel Wallace propose after studying the South Pacific Islands?

specification; there were similar but distinct species found all over and on similar islands

Antiviral medicines target either the molecules on the surface of the host cell that the virus identifies with, or proteins that the virus uses to attach to the cell

targeting attachment

In the early 1800s, prior to Darwin and Wallace, the common beliefs of the time were..

that species did not change

The set of instructions or genetic material used by living organisms is

DNA

B and T cells are capable of binding to and recognizing specific targets because on their plasma membrane, they have ________

antigen receptors

An example of an antiviral drug, called Tamiflu, inhibits a viral enzyme called ________ to prevent the influenza virus from releasing new viruses from the host cell.

neuraminidase

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

Which protein structures on the SARS-CoV2 virus identify host cells?

S (spike proteins)

vaccines contain an antigen and activate the _______ immune system

adaptive

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

- develop and mature in the bone marrow. - carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. - change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies.

B cells

Evolution is described as the change in heritable traits of a(n) __________ over a period of time.

population

In living organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA -> RNA -> protein

__________ immunity has the ability to target cells of the body that are infected with pathogens, while also responding to any pathogens that are free in the blood or interstitial fluid of the body.

adaptive

Over many generations, natural selection leads to __________ , an explanation for the process of how organisms change over time.

evolution

- nonspecific - destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils

Antiviral medicines target the enzyme that interacts with specific molecules in the host cell's membrane to allow the newly formed viruses to escape the host cell.

targeting release

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season instead of developing a universal flu vaccine?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

when two different influenza viruses infect the same host cell, and a new form of the virus is manufactured.

antigenic shift

The SARS-CoV 2 virus enters host cells by

attaching to ACE2 receptors.

__________ leads to an evolutionary change due to differential survival and reproduction rates of individuals, because of differences in traits

natural selection

- microscopic protection unit defending cells from foreign objects and pathogens - patrols every organ and tissue in the body - composed of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils - composed of natural killer cells - composed of B and T lymphocytes

immune system

The influenza vaccine elicits an immune response by presenting the body with

antigens specific to the virus

When a population produces more offspring than can survive, and competition exists among individuals for available resources, this is an example of

individuals struggle to exist

The most common flu vaccine is called a trivalent vaccine because

it contains three different strains of inactivated viruses.

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ______ cycle.

lytic