BIOS Chapter 6 and 7 Study Guide

Fill in the reactants and products of glycolysis. Include the number of molecules where necessary.

#Carbons: 6 #2 ATP #2 ADP #4 ADP #4 ATP #2 NAD+ #2 NADH #Carbons: 3

What is the benefit of photosynthesis creating some ATP by oxidative phosphorylation?

It offsets the cost of ATP required in the Calvin cycle instead of drawing from ATP stores produced by cellular respiration

Where do the Calvin cycle reactions occur?

in the stroma of chloroplasts

Fill in the components that are missing from the diagram

1. CO2 2. Rubisco 3. ADP + P 4. NADP+ 5. G3P 6. ADP 7. RuBP Stage 1: fixation Stage 2: Reduction Stage 3: Regeneration

Label the stages, inputs and outputs of cellular respiration in the figure

1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. CAC 4. Oxidative phosphorylation 5. ATP 6. CO2 7. ATP 8. O2 9. H2O 10. ATP 11. NADH 12. FADH

Carefully label the major components of photosynthesis where indicated in the figure

1. PS2 2. electron transport chain 3. PS1 4. ATP synthase 5. Calvin cycle

Fill in the reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

1. pyruvate 2. NAD+ 3. NADH 4. CO2 5. Coenzyme A 6. CoA 7. acetyl CoA 8. CoA 9. NADH 10. CO2 11. NAD+ 12. ATP 13. FADH2 15. NADH

Fill in the information missing from the diagram below and list the appropriate structures next to each letter below.

A.NADH B.NAD+ C.Hydrogen/proton D.Oxygen E.H2O F.ADP G.ATP H.ATP synthase I.Hydrogen/proton 1. inter membrane space 2. inner mitochondrial matrix 3. mitochondrial matrix 4. electron transport chain 5. ATP synthase

Carefully label the stages, inputs and outputs of photosynthesis represented in the figure

A.light B.H2O C.O2 D.NADP+ E.ADP F.ATP G.NADPH H.CO2 I.sugar J.light reactions K.Calvin cycle

What molecule is recycled in the Calvin cycle, and what is it recycled into?

Almost all of the G3P is recycled into RuBP

Fill in the missing reactant and products of cellular respiration. ________ + ___O2 ---> ______ + _______ + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

What are the input molecules/chemicals of the Calvin cycle? Where do they come from?

CO2, ATP, and electrons from NADPH are the inputs. CO2 comes from the atmosphere, ATP and NADPH come from the light reactions

which pigment is directly involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll

What role does the pigment play in the light reactions?

Chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light, becomes excited, and donate an activated electron to the reaction center

Where in the cell does reaction #1 occur?

Cytoplasm

What is the overall net ATP production from glycolysis?

Four molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose; net two ATP per glucose

What molecules are produced by the Calvin cycle?

G3P, ADP, and NADP+

In the equation for cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized (loses electrons)? What does it become?

Glucose is oxidized---it loses it's electron in the form of H to become CO2

Where in the cell is pyruvate oxidized? What is it converted into and how many carbons does the new molecule have?

Mitochondria; acetyl-CoA; two

What happens to the electrons that are lost from pyruvate when it is oxidized?

NAD+ is reduced to NADH and takes the electrons to the electron transport chain

What are the final electron acceptors in the light reactions, and where are the electrons utilized?

NADP+ accepts electrons to become NADPH; the electron are used in the Calvin cycle to form the bonds between fixed carbon molecules

In the equation for cellular respiration, which molecule is reduced (gains electrons)? What does it become?

O2 is reduced--it gains electrons and protons to become H2O

At the end of the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 are charged with electrons. Where do they take those electrons?

The electron are taken to the electron transport chain in the mitochondrial inner membrane

Where in the mitochondrion does reaction #4 occur?

The inner mitochondrial membrane

Where in the mitochondrion does reaction #3 occur?

The mitochondrion matrix

In the figure, what happens to the protons (H+) around the electron transport chain? Where do they go? How do they get there?

The protons are pumped out into he inter membrane space, because the ETC proteins are excited to do work when the electrons are passed to them

How is the proton gradient established by the ETC used to do work? What work is done (i.e., what is made and how)?

The protons can only flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, making it turn like a turbine and giving it the electromotive force to produce ATP from ADP and P

What happens to the G3P molecules produced by the Calvin cycle?

They can be converted into glucose molecules or other sugars

what is the purpose of the proton gradient that is created by chemiosmosis? In what other metabolic pathway does similar chemiosmosis occur?

To create a proton motive force that drives ATP production; cellular respiration in mitochondria

How many ATP molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle for every glucose molecule metabolized?

Two ATP

What occurs in the "energy investment" phase of glycolysis?

Two ATP are used to break apart the 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules

How many molecules of NADH are produced by pyruvate oxidation for every glucose molecule metabolized?

Two molecules of NADH

Which molecule "catches" the "spent" electrons? Why is this particular molecule the best for the job? What else does it interact with and what is formed?

oxygen because it's highly electronegative; it accepts the electron and interacts with two protons to become water

How many NADH and FADH2 molecules are produced by the citric acid cycle for every glucose molecule metabolized?

six NADH; two FADH2

What happens to the electrochemical gradient of protons? Where do the protons want to move?

the protons gradient builds up on the outside of the membrane against the electrochemical gradient; the protons are not attracted to each other, therefore they want to spread out across the membrane

What is the purpose of the Calvin cycle?

the purpose of the Calvin cycle is to turn unusable carbon dioxide into glucose molecules, which are a usable source of energy

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?

the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

what is the function of photosystem 2

to establish a proton gradient and drive chemiosmosis and ATP production

What is the function of photosystem 1

to harvest electrons and pass them to the electron carrie NADP+ to form NADPH