BISC 227 Test 3
What is the function of teeth? A)begin mechanical digestion B)to protect the body against infections C)move the food towards the throat for swallowing D)begin chemical digestion
A) Begin mechanical digestion
In the small intestine, normal mixing movements are called ______ and normal propelling movements are ______. A)mass movements; segmentation B)segmentation; peristalsis C)segmentation; mass movement D)peristalsis; segmentation
B) Segmentation; Peristalsis
Permanent teeth replace milk or __________ teeth.
Baby Teeth
Which organ absorbs the greatest amount of nutrients? A)large intestine B)mouth C)small intestine D)stomach
C) Small Intestine
The large intestine's only significant secretion is ___________.
Mucus
The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is ________________.
Secretin
Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system? A)parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system B)somatic nervous system C)central nervous system D)sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
(A&D) Parasympathetic and Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system.
List three examples of proteins in the body. A)collagen B)keratin C)glycogen D)enzymes E)ATP F)DNA
(A,B,D) Collagen, Keratin, and Enzymes
Indicate three functions of phosphorus. A)part of nucleic acid structure B)part of cell membranes C)needed for nerve impulse conduction D)part of ATP
(A,B,D) Part of nucleic acid structure, Part of cell membranes, Part of ATP
What is normally found in feces? A)bile pigments B)unabsorbed nutrients C)red blood cells D)mucus E)bacteria
(A,B,D,E) Bile pigments, Unabsorbed Nutrients, Mucus, Bacteria
List the three groups of nutrients that are classified as macronutrients. A)lipids B)minerals C)proteins D)carbohydrates E)vitamins
(A,C,D) Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
Indicate the three major types of lipoproteins. A)VLDLs B)VHDLs C)HDLs D)LDLs
(A,C,D) VLDLs, HDLs, and LDLs
Following hydrolysis of triglycerides, the resulting glycerol molecules can be used in which two ways? A)undergo beta oxidation B)enter citric acid cycle to produce ATP C)be converted to glucose D)be converted to cholesterol
(B&C) Enter citric acid cycle to produce ATP & Be converted to glucose
Which two of the following are essential fatty acids, those that must be obtained from the diet? A)palmitic acid B)linoleic acid C)linolenic acid D)stearic acid E)myristic acid
(B&C) Linoleic and Linolenic acid
Why are teeth not considered to be part of the skeletal system? A)Teeth are not as hard as bones. B)Teeth contain proteins not found in bones. C)Teeth are located far from any bony structures. D)Teeth have a different structure than bones.
(B&D) Teeth contain proteins not found in bones and they have different structure than bone
Which two of the following conditions are likely to develop in people with alcoholism? A)scurvy B)beriberi C)pellagra D)night blindness
(B,C) Beriberi, Pellagra
Which are functions of the oral cavity? A)emulsification B)chemical digestion C)mastication D)ingestion
(B,C,D) Chemical Digestion, Mastication, and Ingestion
Which three statements describe the hormone leptin? A)stimulates eating behavior B)released by adipocytes C)stimulates metabolic rate D)stimulates release of neuropeptide Y E)suppresses appetite
(B,C,E) Released by adipocytes, Stimulates metabolic rate, and Suppresses appetite
What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal? A)chemical digestion of the food B)secrete enzymes to aid in digestion C)move the contents along the tract. D)mix the contents with fluids
(C&D) Move the contents along the tract and Mix the contents with fluids.
Following hydrolysis of triglycerides, the resulting glycerol molecules can be used in which two ways? A)be converted to cholesterol B)undergo beta oxidation C)enter citric acid cycle to produce ATP D)be converted to glucose
(C,D) Enter citric acid cycle to produce ATP and Be converted to glucose
Which are plant carbohydrates that provide fiber? A)glycogen B)starch C)lignin D)hemicellulose E)pectin
(C,D,E) Lignin, Hemicellulose, Pectin
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______. A)digestion B)absorption C)lysis D)metabolism
A) Digestion
The condition called megaloblastic anemia is associated with ______ deficiency. Erythrocytes are large and nucleated. A)folacin B)vitamin C C)vitamin B12B12 D)biotin
A) Folacin
Teeth are the ______ structures in the body and ______ part of the skeletal system. A)hardest; are not B)hardest; are C)softest; are D)softest; are not
A) Hardest; are not
Where is bile produced? A)liver B)stomach C)small intestines D)gallbladder
A) Liver
When responding to hormones such as insulin and glucagon, liver cells ______ blood glucose levels by polymerizing glucose to glycogen, and ______ blood glucose levels by breaking down glycogen to glucose or by converting noncarbohydrates into glucose. A)lower; raise B)raise; lower
A) Lower; Raise
The oral cavity functions in ______. A)mastication, speech, and sensory perception B)chemical digestion and absorption C)both mechanical and chemical digestion D)building protein and lipid molecules
A) Mastication, speech, and sensory perception
Which substance is secreted by the hypothalamus and is a potent appetite stimulant? A)neuropeptide Y B)insulin C)intrinsic factor D)leptin E)ghrelin
A) Neuropeptide Y
Which vitamin functions as part of coenzyme A that is required for oxidation of carbohydrates and fats? A)pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) B)ascorbic acid (vitamin C) C)vitamin B6 D)folacin (vitamin B9, folic acid)
A) Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth. A)permanent, deciduous B)deciduous, permanent C)cemented, deciduous D)permanent, peridontal
A) Permanent, Deciduous
Where is the pharynx located? A)posterior to the oral cavity B)superior to the oral cavity C)in the respiratory tract, inferior to the larynx
A) Posterior to the oral cavity
Which vitamin acts as an antioxidant and helps maintain the stability of cell membranes? A)vitamin E B)vitamin B12 C)vitamin D D)vitamin K
A) Vitamin E
The closed ended, narrow tube containing lymphatic tissue that projects downward from the cecum is called the __________.
Appendix
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth. A)proteins B)carbohydrates C)lipids
B) Carbohydrates
Gastric secretion is controlled by the brain during the ______ phase, by the stomach in the ______ phase, and by the small intestine during the ______ phase. A)gastric; cephalic; intestinal B)cephalic; gastric; intestinal C)cephalic; intestinal; gastric D)intestinal; gastric; cephalic;
B) Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal
A condition in which bacteria secrete acids that erode tooth enamel and cause cavities is called ______. A)impaction B)dental caries C)an abscess D)gingivitis
B) Dental Caries
Which structure has no digestive function, but conveys food to the stomach? A)small intestine B)esophagus C)larynx D)gallbladder
B) Esophagus
The action of which mitochondrial enzyme removes successive two-carbon segments from fatty acid chains during the process of beta oxidation? A)carboxypeptidase B)fatty acid oxidase C)carbonic anhydrase D)amylase
B) Fatty acid oxidase
In the lining of the stomach are small openings called ______ that lead into tubular structures called ______. A)pyloric canal; gastric glands B)gastric pits; gastric glands C)gastric glands; gastric pits D)gastric pits; pyloric canals
B) Gastric Pits; Gastric glands
Which hormone is secreted by the stomach and enhances appetite by stimulating the release of neuropeptide Y? A)insulin B)ghrelin C)leptin
B) Ghrelin
______ is the carbohydrate that is most commonly oxidized in glycolysis for cellular fuel. A)Galactose B)Glucose C)Lactose D)Fructose
B) Glucose
The roof of the mouth consists of a bony anterior portion called the ______ and a muscular posterior portion called the ______. A)soft palate; hard palate B)hard palate; soft palate C)hard palate; uvula D)teeth; soft palate
B) Hard Palate; Soft Palate
Beta oxidation, the breakdown of fatty acids producing acetyl coenzyme A, occurs in which cellular organelle? A)lysosome B)mitochondrion C)nucleus D)golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondrion
What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal? A)contraction and relaxation B)mixing and propelling C)forward and backward
B) Mixing and Propelling
What is the correct order the layers of the wall of the digestive tract starting with the innermost layer? A)mucosa, serosa, submucosa, muscularis externa B)mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa C)serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa
B) Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa
The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______. A)soft palate B)pharynx C)epiglottis D)larynx
B) Pharynx
A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing. A)mucous; serous B)serous; mucous
B) Serous; Mucous
Which is a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine? A)colon B)small intestine
B) Small Intestine
Neuropeptide Y is a neurotransmitter secreted by the hypothalamus, and is a potent appetite ______. A)suppressant B)stimulant
B) Stimulant
The ______ is a thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed. A)lingual tonsil B)tongue C)lingual frenulum D)papilla
B) Tongue
Most of swallowing is an autonomic reflex. What part of swallowing is voluntary? A)opening of the superior constrictor muscle in the pharynx B)tongue pushing food into the oropharynx C)peristaltic waves in the esophagus D)epiglottis covering over the larynx
B) Tongue pushing food into the oropharynx
The individual nutrients in which class of nutrients can be classified as fat-soluble and water-soluble? A)lipids B)vitamins C)amino acids D)minerals
B) Vitamins
What is glycogen? A)a complex lipid stored in adipose tissue that can be broken down for energy B)a complex carbohydrate stored in the liver that can be broken down into glucose C)a simple sugar commonly found in the blood and used for energy by most cells D)an essential amino acid needed for building muscle cells
B) a complex carbohydrate stored in the liver that can be broken down into glucose
Pancreatic amylase breaks ______ down into ______. A)lipids; fatty acids B)carbohydrates; disaccharides C)nucleic acids; nucleotides
B) carbohydrates; disaccharides
Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine are forms of vitamin ______. A)B7 B)B1 C)B6 D)B12
C) B6
The hormone secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete a solution high in ______. A)mucus B)hydrochloric acid C)bicarbonate ions D)digestive enzymes
C) Bicarbonate Ions
The most abundant major minerals are ______. A)sodium and potassium B)sulfur and iodine C)calcium and phosphorus D)chlorine and magnesium
C) Calcium and Phosphorus
The ______ is formed by the merging of the right and left hepatic ducts. A)hepatic artery B)hepatic portal vein C)common hepatic duct D)common bile ductule
C) Common Hepatic Duct
The action of which mitochondrial enzyme removes successive two-carbon segments from fatty acid chains during the process of beta oxidation? A)carbonic anhydrase B)amylase C)fatty acid oxidase D)carboxypeptidase
C) Fatty Acid Oxidase
Which vitamin is necessary for the production of normal red blood cells and preventing neural tube defects during formation of the nervous system? A)vitamin A B)vitamin B12B12 C)folacin D)vitamin C
C) Folacin
The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______. A)spleen B)duodenum C)gallbladder D)pancreas
C) Gallbladder
Which carbohydrate is most commonly used for cellular fuel? A)fructose B)glycogen C)glucose D)lactose
C) Glucose
The ______ converts fructose and galactose to glucose. A)skeletal muscle B)hypothalamus C)liver D)spleen
C) Liver
Insufficient dietary intake of protein leads to deficiency in the production of ______. A)cholesterol B)tissue fluid C)plasma proteins D)cytoplasm
C) Plasma Proteins
Which mineral functions to help maintain intracellular osmotic pressure and pH, acts a cofactor for metabolic enzymes, and is involved in generating and maintaining membrane potentials (both resting membrane potentials and action potentials)? A)manganese B)phosphorus C)potassium D)chloride
C) Potassium
The category of macromolecule that includes antibodies, most enzymes, and some hormones is called ______. A)nucleic acid B)lipid C)protein D)carbohydrate
C) Protein
The mitochondrial enzyme called fatty acid oxidase removes ______ from fatty acids during the process of beta oxidation. A)glycerol B)only saturated fatty acids C)successive two-carbon segments D)successive three-carbon segments
C) Successive two carbon segments
What part of the tooth is the root? A)the part of the tooth extending above the gumline B)where the crown, neck, and gum meet C)the part of the tooth below the gumline
C) The part of the tooth below the gumline
Describe the primary function of bile salts. They serve ______. A)to increase absorption of vitamin D B)as an excretory product of protein digestion C)to emulsify fats D)to promote the production of vitamin K
C) To emulsify fats
Secretions essential to stomach function are regulated in three phases: the ___________ phase, the ___________ phase, and the ____________ phase.
Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal
The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as __________.
Chyme
The part of a tooth that projects upward beyond the gum is called the ______________.
Crown
When the liver doesn't have enough amino acids to produce plasma proteins, a condition called ______ results. A)excess bile production B)atherosclerosis C)dehydration D)edema
D) Edema
Where is the stomach located? A)in the middle portion of the abdominal cavity deep to the belly button B)in the lower middle portion of the abdominal cavity near the pelvis C)in the left lumbar abdominal region D)in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
D) In the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity
Vitamin B12 requires ______ to be absorbed from the small intestine. A)parathyroid hormone B)beta carotene C)vitamin C D)intrinsic factor
D) Intrinsic factor
Low blood levels of the appetite-controlling substance called ______ indicate depleted fat stores, a condition in which appetite increases and metabolism slows to conserve energy. A)Insulin B)Ghrelin C)Glucagon D)Leptin
D) Leptin
The strong and infrequent peristaltic movements in the large intestine that occur only two to three times each day are called ______. A)segmentation B)haustral churning C)defecation D)mass movements
D) Mass Movements
Which vitamin functions as a part of the coenzymes NAD and NADP that are required for oxidation of glucose and synthesis of proteins, fats, and nucleic acids? A)biotin (vitamin B7) B)pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) C)vitamin B6 D)niacin (vitamin B3)
D) Niacin (Vitamin B3)
After the intestinal contents leave the ascending colon, they pass into which part of the intestinal tract? A)ileum B)descending colon C)sigmoid colon D)transverse colon
D) Transverse Colon
Which vitamin is necessary for erythrocyte production in the bone marrow and myelin formation in the nervous system? A)vitamin C B)vitamin D C)vitamin A D)vitamin B12
D) Vitamin B12
Which vitamin is necessary for the formation of several liver proteins, including prothrombin, that are needed for blood clotting? A)vitamin A B)vitamin D C)vitamin E D)vitamin K
D) Vitamin K
Removal of an amino group from an organic molecule such as an amino acid is called ____________.
Deamination
When bacteria digest sugars and produce acids, they can create cavities within tooth enamel called dental __________.
Dental Caries
Anemia and neural tube defects can be caused by deficiency in the B vitamin called _______________.
Folate
The nutrients that are needed in larger quantities, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, are called ________________
Macronutrients
During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into units that are small enough to be absorbed into the bloodstream that are called _______________.
Monosaccharides
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the ___________.
Palate
The insulin-secreting accessory organ of the digestive system that is both an endocrine and exocrine gland is the ___________.
Pancreas
The pancreatic enzyme that digests starch is called pancreatic __________ .
Pancreatic Amylase
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary ___________ which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called ______________ , which lubricates the food during swallowing.
Salivary Amylase; Mucus
Functions of vitamin C ______________ & ________________.
Synthesis of steroid hormones & Promote collagen synthesis
The visual pigment called rhodopsin A is synthesized from a form of vitamin ____________.
Vitamin A
Which vitamin promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization? A)vitamin E B)vitamin D C)vitamin A D)vitamin B
Vitamin D
Tubular glands that open into gastric pits of the fundus and body of the stomach are called _________ glands.
gastric glands
The structures surrounding the mouth opening that contain skeletal muscles and sensory receptors useful in judging the temperature and texture of foods are the _____________.
lips
A spongy retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the stomach and partially attached to the small intestines is the ___________.
pancreas
When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the ___________ before reaching the esophagus.
pharynx
The portion of the tooth within the alveolus is known as the _____________.
root