BJA Biology: Immune System
What are the two ways people can develop immunity?
*ACTIVE IMMUNITY* & *PASSIVE IMMUNITY* *Active Immunity* or aka *"Natural immunity"* occurs when a person's own immune system produces antibodies after being exposed to a pathogen, microbe, microorganism, antigen, or foreign invader (bacteria, virus, etc) *Passive immunity* or aka *"Artificial Immunity"* The antibodies that fight the pathogen come from another source rather than from the person's own body. It lasts no more than a few months.
*Active immunity* or *(Natural Immunity)*
*Active Immunity* or aka *"Natural immunity"* occurs when a person's own immune system produces antibodies after being exposed to a pathogen, microbe, microorganism, antigen, or foreign invader (bacteria, virus, etc)
What are *Antigens, Pathogens, Microorganisms, Microbes, Foreign Invaders, Foreign Proteins*?
*Antigens, Pathogens, Microorganisms, Microbes, Foreign Invaders, Foreign Proteins* all refers to *bacteria, virus, and fungus* which are extremely tiny and sometimes deadly invaders of the body capable of attacking the body and causing *diseases, sickness, illness or death*.
*Passive immunity* or *(Artificial Immunity)*
*Passive immunity* or aka *"Artificial Immunity"* The antibodies that fight the pathogen come from another source rather than from the person's own body. It lasts no more than a few months.
*Phagocyte* & *Phagocytosis*
*Phagocyte* - white blood cell that *engulfs* or *swallows* pathogens and destroys them by breaking them down. This is called *phagocytosis* *Phagocytosis* - occurs when a cell engulfs or swallows another cell or pathogen and destroys them by breaking them down. for example: *macrophage* is a swallowing type of white blood cell. Macrophages get rid of bacteria, fungus, and different types of parasites (like worms), and they also help fight off tumors. Macrophages eat any foreign particles that live in the fibrous environment (extra cellular matrix) between cells, as well as eat the debris of damaged or dead cells. Macrophages can also activate Helper T cells and start an acquired immune response
What is *Phagocytosis*?
*Phagocytosis* - occurs when a cell engulfs or swallows another cell or pathogen and destroys them by breaking them down. for example: *macrophage* is a swallowing type of white blood cell
What is *Phagocyte* or *Phagocytes*?
*Phagocytosis* or * Phagocytosis* is the *process* of a *cell eating*. Phagocytosis It is one type of endocytosis. Endocytosis happens when a cell goes out and takes in something. Phagocytosis is the situation when it gets a solid. Pinocytosis is the act of grabbing some liquid. *Phagocyte* - white blood cell that *engulfs* or *swallows* pathogens and destroys them by breaking them down. This is called *phagocytosis*
What is *Inborn Immunities*?
*immunities* you *received from your mother* when you were born. * (You lose these by age 6 months)
What is *IMMUNITY*?
*immunity* is when your *body becomes resistant* and is *able to fight off* *attacks, infections, sickness, illness or diseases* caused by *foreign invaders* such as *bacteria, virus, parasites*, and *fungi*.
What is *Acquired Immunity*?
*immunity* that you *develop after receiving* a *vaccination shot* or *after* actually *having a disease*. Resistance to a disease as a result of 1) receiving an inoculation (shot) for a specific disease or 2) actually having the disease.
What is *Species Immunity*?
*immunity* to a disease because that *disease can only affect 1 kind of living creature*.
What is *Natural Immunity*?
*immunity* you *receive naturally without ever receiving* a *vaccination shot* or *ever actually having a disease*.
What are the white blood cells *T-CELLS*?
. T cells are the most important white blood cell; they coordinate the activities of the other white blood cells and are essential for fighting disease.
microorganisms, microbes, pathogens, germs, antigens
A disease causing agent *Antigens, Pathogens, Microorganisms Microbes, Foreign Invaders, Foreign Proteins* all refers to *bacteria, virus, and fungus* which are extremely tiny and sometimes deadly invaders of the body capable of attacking the body and causing *diseases, sickness, illness or death*.
Antibiotic
A drug that destroys bacteria and fungi
lysozyme
A special enzyme contained in perspiration and tears that has the ability to kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls.
mucous membrane
A special kind of skin cell that lines your mouth, nose, and throat.
mucous
A thick fluid produced by the mucous membrane which traps many microorganisms and prevents them from entering further into your body.
Vaccination
A tiny amount of weakened pathogen is injected into your blood, causing your immune system to produce enough antibodies to protect you against that pathogen.
Helper T-Cells , Killer T-cells, & Memory T Cell
A type of lymphocyte that identifies pathogens and distinguishes them from each other There are two types of T-cells in your body: Helper T-cells and Killer T-cells. Killer T-cells do the work of destroying the infected cells while The Helper T-cells coordinate the attack. Killer T-cells - destroys infected cells or germs. Helper T-cells - coordinate the attack. T-cells T-Cell characters are a type of white blood cell that works with macrophages. Unlike macrophages that can attack any invading cell or virus, each T-cell can fight only one type of virus. You might think this means macrophages are stronger than T-cells, but they aren't. Instead, T-cells are like a special forces unit that fights only one kind of virus that might be attacking your body. There are two types of T-cells in your body: Helper T-cells and Killer T-cells. Killer T-cells do the work of destroying the infected cells. The Helper T-cells coordinate the attack.
VACCINE exposes your immune system to a DEAD OR NEUTRALIZED (less harmful) VIRUS or BACTERIA
A vaccine exposes your immune system to a DEAD OR NEUTRALIZED virus or bacteria so that your B cells will create the specific antibodies. So if you ever come in contact with them, your B cells will attack it quickly and you won't get sick!
What is *VIRUL INFECTION*?
A viral infection is an infection, illness or disease caused by a virus. Virus are tiny organisms that are both living and non-living and CAN NOT replicate on their own. Viruses replicates only by hijacking a host cell and injecting its DNA into the cells of other organisms. Once it infects the cell with its DNA, that organism continues to replicate the virus's DNA until the cell dies. Viruses are like parasites.
*bacteria*
Another of the most common type of microorganisms. Tiny living organisms that are all around us. They are single-celled organisms with a DNA, cell membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm but no nucleus. In the right environment they are able to replicate on their own. There are good bacteria that helps us and there are also bad bacteria that cause diseases. Good bacteria are found in cheese, yogurt and even our stomach where they help us digest food. Example: food poisoning
How does antibodies works?
Antibodies help our immune system find germs or antigens and kill them. When our B cells come across the different markers on germs, viruses or bacterias (antigen) our B cells produce antibodies that will stick to the marker. This help other white blood cell identify each antigen or germ cell and destroy them. when B cells come across antigen or a germ, virus or bacteria (also called an antigen), they produce what is called an antibody. The antibody then binds or attaches to the germ (antigen). Each antigen has its own shape and the immune system works to make antibodies for each antigen. The relationship between the antibody and antigen is similar to that of a key and a lock they fit together. The antibodies cover the antigen crippling it and calling other immune cells to destroy it.
What are the white blood cell *B-CELLS*?
B cells play an important role in protecting our bodies; they produce and release special proteins called antibodies. Antibodies stick to the surface of germs in our bodies, thus disabling them and also making them a target for another type of cell called macrophage (mack'-row-fage). Each B cell only makes one type of antibody, but "Memory" B cells can remember all the germs they've found for your whole life! Because your body remembers what germs look like, any time that germ comes back your body can get rid of it very quickly - before you even know you're infected! This is why you can only get sick from a disease one time (like Chicken Pox).
What are the white blood cell *Memory B-CELLS* and Why are they IMPORTANT?
Each B cell only makes one type of antibody, but "Memory" B cells can remember all the germs they've found for your whole life! Because your body remembers what germs look like, any time that germ comes back your body can get rid of it very quickly - before you even know you're infected! This is why you can only get sick from a disease one time (like Chicken Pox).
cilia
Hairs that line the mucous membrane. If irritated by a pathogen they cause you to sneeze and discharge the pathogen.
Why is Histamine IMPORTANT to the immune system?
Histamines is a chemical that heat the blood and cause it to flow faster. Warmer body temperatures can kill some bacteria, and the rush of blood will bring white blood cells to the site of infection quicker!
Helper B cells
Lymphocytes that produces antibodies to destroy pathogens. The B cell is a swallowing cell like the macrophage, but it can only swallow one kind of germ! The kind of germ it is able to swallow depends on the antibodies that the B cell produces. B cell swallow germs through antibody-mediated phagocytosis. The B cell's main job is to produce antibodies that can bind the invading germ
What are the white blood cells *Macrophage*?
Macrophage (from the Latin macro = big, phage = eat) are white blood cells that literally eat germs covered by antibodies. *macrophage* is a swallowing type of white blood cell. Macrophages get rid of bacteria, fungus, and different types of parasites (like worms), and they also help fight off tumors. Macrophages eat any foreign particles that live in the fibrous environment (extra cellular matrix) between cells, as well as eat the debris of damaged or dead cells. Macrophages can also activate Helper T cells andstart an acquired immune response
What are the white blood cells *Neutrophils*?
Neutrophils (new'-tro-fills) are the white blood cells that are the "first responders" to infections. We have more neutrophils than any other type of white blood cell. Their job is to patrol the body looking for germs. When they find an infection, they send a signal to our T cells, and our T cells send the other white blood cells to the infection.
antigens
Otherwise known as marker molecules, these proteins are found on pathogens and recognized by antibodies.
Why do some *T cells* remain in the body, even after successfully getting rid of an intruder?
Some T cells remain in the body after getting rid of an intruder to REMEMBER what the germ looks like. That way when the same germ comes back the T cells recognizes it and kills it faster so that you don't get sick.
What is the *Immune System*?"
The *IMMUNE SYSTEM* is a *NETWORK* of *CELLS, TISSUES, and ORGANS* that *work together* to *defend the body* against *ATTACKS, INFECTIONS, SICKNESS, ILLNESS* or *DISEASES* caused by *foreign invaders* such as *bacteria, virus, parasites*, and *fungi*. by *"foreign invaders"*, This *refers* to *microbes or tiny organisms* such as *bacteria, virus, parasites, and fungi* which can *attack* the body and cause *infections, sickness, illness, or diseases* In all, the IMMUNE SYSTEM is the body's special defense mechanism that allows it to protect itself against *ATTACKS, INFECTIONS, SICKNESS, ILLNESS* or *DISEASES* caused by *foreign invaders* such as *bacteria, virus, parasites*, and *fungi*.
Why is the *IMMUNE SYSTEM* important?
The *immune system* is important because it *protects the body* from *infections, sickness, illness, or diseases* caused by *foreign invaders* such as *bacteria, virus, parasites*, and *fungi*. *Antigens, Pathogens, Microbes, Foreign Invaders*: refers to *bacteria, virus, parasites* and *fungi* which can cause *infections, sickness, illness, or diseases*
What are the 4 types of the immunity?
The 4 types of Immunities are: *[ I A N S ]* 1) *Inborn Immunity*: 2) *Acquired Immunity*: 3) *Natural Immunity*: 4) *Species Immunity*: 1) *Inborn Immunity*: immunities you *received from your mother* when you were born. * (You lose these by age 6 months) 2) *Acquired Immunity*: immunity that you *develop after receiving* a *vaccination shot* or *after* actually *having a disease*. 3) *Natural Immunity*: immunity you *receive naturally without ever receiving* a *vaccination shot* or *ever actually having a disease*. 4) *Species Immunity*: immunity to a disease because that *disease can only affect 1 kind of living creature*.
integumentary system
The body's line of defense against harmful substances. Made up of: skin, nail, oil glands, and sweat glands.
epidermis
The skin's outer layer made up of tough, flattened cells which provide a strong defense against infection and disease.
What is a *VACCINE* and how does it works
Vaccine is used to artificially boost your immune system by injecting you with a tiny amount of weak or less harmful germ into your blood, so that your body's immune system can *produce antibodies* needed *to fight off* more *harmful germ* in the future. A vaccine exposes your immune system to a DEAD OR NEUTRALIZED virus or bacteria so that your B cells will create the specific antibodies. So if you ever come in contact with them, your B cells will attack it quickly and you won't get sick! A vaccine is like a "Most Wanted" sign for your immune system, it lets your body know what a particular germ looks like. A vaccine is a neutralized form or just a part of a specific germ. When you are innoculated, you are exposed to the vaccine. Your immune system responds to the vaccine by creating specific antibodies and memory B cells. This way, if you ever get exposed to the germ you were vaccinated against, your B cells will recognize it very fast and fight it off and you will not get sick. A vaccine gives immunity to a certain germ
*viruses*
Virus are tiny organisms that are both living and non-living and CAN NOT replicate on their own. Viruses replicates only by hijacking a host cell and injecting its DNA into the cells of other organisms. Once it infects the cell with its DNA, that organism continues to replicate the virus's DNA until the cell dies. Viruses are like parasites. One of the most common type of microorganisms. Examples: smallpox & rabies
Histamine
a chemical in the body that is part of the immune system Histamines heat the blood and cause it to flow faster. Warmer temperatures can kill some bacteria, and the rush of blood will bring white blood cells to the site of infection quicker!
White Blood Cells
cells of the immune system that fights of foreign invaders, are found in the part of the blood that fights invaders cells that part of the immune system that are responsible for *getting rid of damaged cells *, *fighting off attacks from , infections, sickness, illness or diseases* caused by *foreign invaders* such as *bacteria, virus, parasites*, and *fungi*. The cells of the immune system are known as white blood cells. Each type of cell performs certain functions, such as killing damaged or infected cells, carrying messages, making antibodies, or carrying away debris. There are four major types of white blood cells: T cells, B cells, Neutrophils and Macrophage.
What are the white blood cells *lymphocytes*?
name for white blood cells in your lymph nodes
antibodies
proteins produced in the white blood cells that fight against SPECIFIC pathogens. How do antibodies work? when B cells come across antigen or a germ, virus or bacteria (also called an antigen), they produce what is called an antibody. The antibody then binds or attaches to the germ (antigen). Each antigen has its own shape and the immune system works to make antibodies for each antigen. The relationship between the antibody and antigen is similar to that of a key and a lock they fit together. The antibodies cover the antigen crippling it and calling other immune cells to destroy it.
*pathogens*
referring to Bacteria, viruses or fungi which cause diseases (also known as germs).