Black holes / galaxies astronomy
rapidly rotating neutron star containing as much matter as our sun // stellar lighthouse
pulsar
extremely massive and remote celestial body emitting large amounts of energy, most exotic form of galaxy, powered by black hole
quasar
mapping the shadow created by the bizarrely reflected light from the black hole helps us determine what black hole properties
rotation and mass
what collapsed to form the MW
several gas cloud fragments
single point within black hole where laws of physics no longer apply
singularity
cooler and dimmer stars are generally (size)?
smaller
what does the leftover accretion disk form after star birth?
solar system
this theory says nothing can travel faster than the speed of light
special relativity
the escape velocity needed to escape the gravitational pull of a black hole exceeds the
speed of light
what is the max speed at which any matter / info can't ravel
speed of light
which galaxy has the steadiest star production
spiral
the apparent shift of position of any nearby star (or other object) against the background of distant objects.
stellar parallax
the engine of the brightest galaxies
supermassive black hole
what is the first mapped and direct proof of the black hole
the shadow
what class of surface temperature is our sun
G
what celestial body can be used to determine the age of the disk
number of white dwarves
this diagram organizes stars by temperature and brightness
HR diagram
what diagram organizes stars showing stellar evolution, luminosities vs temperatures
HR diagram
what fuel do white dwarves burn?
Nothing
age of cluster: handful of main sequence stars, red giants present, white dwarves present
old cluster
the more stars that peel of the main sequence, the ____ the cluster is
older
T or F: HR diagram shows relations between stars born at the same time
T
T or F: Star's gravitational potential energy gets converted to intense levels of heat & radiation (X rays)
T
T or F: big blue giants, no matter their mass, burn H very quickly
T
T or F: white dwarves are constantly cooling
T
what class of luminosity is our sun
V
radiation from black holes comes from matter falling onto the _____ _____ around them as opposed to the holes themselves
accretion disks
rapidly rotating equatorial region, where arms of spiral are located, contains young stars and star clusters
disk
most massive and compact astronomical object
black hole
the engine of a galaxy
black hole
what astronomical object has the strongest gravitational pull in the universe
black hole
remnants of dead stars (3)
black hole, white dwarf, neutron star
stars 15-20 times more massive than our sun die and become
black holes
- heat up the surrounding gas from heat released by conversion of gravitational PE - eats raw material that go into formation of
black holes preventing star formation
the energy / light received from star factoring in distance
brightness
Luminosity / (SA of sphere)^2 = ?? what is this law called
brightness, inverse square law
consists of old stars and, w/in the bulge, a nucleus (possibly a black hole)
central bulge
temperature and what are related
color
what can we measure directly from stars?
color, position, brightness, distance
what surrounds the parts of our galaxy (small bits of gas clouds coalesced)
dark corona
what must black holes do to radiate and power galaxy
eat
what keeps the white dwarf from collapse
electron forces, electrical repulsion
which galaxies have no structure
elliptical
the speed required to break free from the gravitational pull of another object
escape velocity
a boundary beyond which no light can escape in the black hole
event horizon
the gravitational pull of black holes distorts
flow of time
the orientation of matter jets, chemical composition of dust relating to appearance are what
galaxy properties
what theory says objects with mass generate gravitational fields related to the shape of space
general relativity
E from gaseous matter interacting with black hole comes from what conversion
gravitational PE of gas to heat
Light from distant stars traversed space-time that was distorted by gravity of sun (during eclipse) // stars appeared displaced is an example of
gravitational lensing
general relativity predicts _____ _____, the distortion of mass causing the bending of light (with regard to distance)
gravitational lensing
the more massive and compact an object is, the stronger its what becomes
gravitational pull
merging black holes yield
gravitational waves
tremors in space-time are:
gravitational waves
slowly rotating spherical region surrounding MW, houses older stars and star clusters
halo
name the parts of the milky way
halo, disk, central bulge
what happens to gaseous matter when it nears the black hole before descending event horizon
heats up and radiates profusely (x rays)
(reasons for the possibility of:) high density gas around the black hole can allow for these stars to form OR these stars formed out of the plot conditions surrounding the black hole and migrated inward
high mass star formation
detectability of gravitational waves depends on:
how long the black holes take to merge, if they are embedded in gas while doing so
why is it hard to observe the center of the galaxy
it isn't very bright
smaller stars live ____, and burn H ____ efficiently than giants
longer, more
actual amount of / intensity of light emitted from star
luminosity
stars that actively burn H fall on the ... on the HR diagram
main sequence
the orbits of massive stars in Sgr globular cluster help calculate what about the black hole
mass
quantifying black hole's gravitational influence on stars orbiting center of galaxy helps calculate what
mass of black hole
what planet helped proved theory of general relativity and why
mercury, anomalies in orbit because of gravitational field of sun
easier & more common for stars w/ what mass?
middling mass
hotter and brighter are generally (size)?
more massive
black holes affect the what of stars
motion
what keeps the neutron star from collapsing
neutron pressure
what four cosmic discoveries were important in the acceptance of black holes
neutron stars, pulsars, quasars, x rays
what keeps the black hole from collapse
nothing
when is a star's absorption signature most prevalent
when it isn't too hot or too cold
what form of radiation after emitted by super-heated gaseous matter exposes black holes
x rays
can black holes be formed without stars, what conditions allow for this (speedy aggregation of gas in centers of early galaxies)
yes, early universe conditions
is there a theoretical upper limit to black hole size
yes, starts to stunt its own growth
age of cluster: handful go very high mass stars, most stars in survey located on main sequence, no white dwarves or red giants
young cluster