Block 1 (HSFS) Introduction to clinical anatomy Dr. Suji

6. Ball & Socket joint

o Surfaces are globular head & cup- shaped socket o Movement around infinite number of axes e.g., shoulder joint, hip joint.

Contralateral

opposite side

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

Adrenaline: a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion.

Retinacula

Fibrous band that holds a structure in place in the region of joints

Raphe

Fibrous or tendinous band Pterygomandibular, pharyngeal & scrotal raphes

Aponeuroses

Flat fibrous sheets or expanded broad tendons

CNS Astrocytes

blood-brain barrier

Arteries

carries oxygenated blood Under high pressure

Anastomoses

connection between two structures

Bone degeneration known as osteoporosis causes:

decrease in organic and inorganic components of bone

a) Sutures

found only in skull/Usually immovable Types: plane, squamous, serrate etc.

Arteriosclerosis

hardening of arteries, build of fat in the arterial walls Ischemia Infarction, consequences of a thrombus are myocardial infarction(heart attack), stroke, and gangren

Long Bones

humerus, phalanges

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone marrow and adjacent bone

Rheumatoid arthritis

inflammatory disease an autoimmune disease immune system attacks the synovial membranes and articular structures, leading to deformities and disability. most common symptoms are joint swelling, stiffness, and pain

Ependymal cells of CNS

lines ventricles of CNS

Langer's / tension/ cleavage lines

• Collagen in the skin creates tension lines • If Skin incisions are made at these Langer's lines during surgery the wounds tend to gape less leaving smaller scar

How many degrees of burns exist?

• Degree of severity based on depth and extent of the burns • First degree: limited to the superficial part of epidermis • Second degree: extends to dermis • Third degree: epidermis, dermis, fascia underlying muscle

Synovial joints

• Most evolved Hyaline cartilage Synovial membrane Synovial fluid Fibrous capsule ligaments

b) SYNDESMOSIS

•Bones are united by sheet of fibrous tissue •Movement is possible •Eg; Middle radio ulnar joint , middle & Inferior tibio fibular joint

collateral circulation

the re-routing of blood circulation around a blocked artery or vein via nearby minor vessels.

Osteomalacia

softening of bone due to lack of calcium because of vitamin D deficiency

what does flixator do?

steady the proximal a part of limb while movement occurs at the distal part

Lymphedema

Accumulation of interstitial fluid

Investing Fascia, which is part of deep fascia has:

muscles neurovascular bundles Fascial compartments Inter-muscular septum

Superficial fascia also called?

(subcutaneous tissue)

Antagonist

Acts in opposition to agonist

Synovial sheath

A tubular bursa surrounds a tendon

Dermatome

An area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root (sensory fibers)

parasympathetic system

Anabolic (energy conserving), promotes rest, feeding, and digestion increases gastro-intestinal motility and decreases heart rate, constricts pupils, parasympathetic ganglia are close to the target organs , there are no parasympathetic fibers in the skin or the limbs

secondary ossification center/Growth of the bone:

Annular Linear

Ligaments

Are fibrous bands that connect bones to bones or cartilage or are folds of peritoneum serving to support visceral structures.

Cartilaginous joints, united by what kind of cartilage?

Bones are united by hyaline or fibro cartilage

3. Pivot joint

Central bony pivot (peg) surrounded by an Osseo ligamentous ring Movements in one axis e.g., superior radio-ulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint.

Bursae:

Closed fibrous sacs Tendons rub against bone Eg., Prepatellar bursa

What does sternal puncture cause?

Collection of bone marrow Hematological diseases Bone marrow transplantation

CNS Nucleus

Collection of nerve cell bodies

Dislocation

Complete displacement of bones at a joint Elbow joint

Synergist

Compliment the action of an agonist Acts to aid agonist

4. Condyloid joints

Convex surface articulating against concave surface Movement across two axes e.g., metacarpophalangeal joint

3 parts of Deep fascia

Dense connective tissue Devoid of fat Investing fascia

Veins

Deoxygenated blood Right atrium of the heart have valves-unidirectional flow

Primary ossification center

Diaphysis

Insertion

Distal Attachment- end which moves

Nervous system divisions

Enables the body to react to continuous changes in the internal and external environments

osteocytes

Endochondral ossify in cartilage long bones of limbs and digits

Secondary ossification centers

Epiphysis Metaphysis Epiphysial plate

Terminal (end) arteries

Ex: occlusion of artery of retina -blindness, functional terminal arteries (arteries with ineffectual anastomoses) segments of brain, liver, kidney, spleen & intestines

Avulsion

Forced separation One part is torn away from its attachment Tibial tuberosity

Bilateral

Having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides.

Primary cartilaginous joints also known as synchondrosis, is replaced by what?

Hyaline cartilage usually temporary and is replaced completely by bone (synostosis) first "chondrosternal joint", joint b/w epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone

Subluxation

Incomplete or partial separation/Contact between articular surfaces retained

1. Smooth muscles

Long spindle shaped cells arranged in muscle bundles. Capable of slow & sustained contractions Nonstriated and Involuntary Innervated by visceral motor nerves Walls of blood vessels, GIT,respiratory, urogenital systems & skin

Superficial fascia/subcutaneous tissue, both consist of:

Loose areolar Adipose

Avascular necrosis

Loss of arterial supply to the epiphysis or other parts

Lymph

Lymph nodes Large lymph vessels Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels form network between arterioles to the venules Sinusoids

Osteoarthritis

Non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease degeneration of the articular cartilage and osseous outgrowth at the margins. commonly affects the hands, fingers, hips, knees, feet, and spine accompanied by pain and stiffness.

The glial cells of the CNS

Oligodendrogliocytes myelinate multiple axons Predominant type of glial cells in white matter Destroyed in multiple sclerosis

2.Hinge joint

One articular surface is convex and the other surface is curved Strong collateral ligaments Movements in one axis e.g., elbow joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joints.

Origin bone

Origin/Proximal Attachment - relatively fixed during contraction

Intramembranous

Ossify in membrane flat lat Bones of the skull

Gomphosis

Peg-like fibrous process fits into a socket

1. Plane synovial joints

Permit gliding / sliding Surfaces are flat e.g., intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, sternoclavicular joint, acromiocavicular Joints

CNS Microglia

Phagocytes In response to tissue damage, transform into large amoeboid phagocytic cells HIV -Infected microglia fuse to form multi-nucleated giant cells

Agonist

Prime mover Performs a desired action

Unilateral

Relating to, occurring on, or affecting only one side of an organ or structure, or of the body.

Lymphatic vessels

Removal of tissue fluid, absent in CNS, teeth, bone & bone marrow

Ipsilateral

Same side

Lymphadenitis

Secondary inflammation of lymph nodes

Lymphangitis

Secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels

3. cardiac muscle

Striated and Involuntary Innervated by visceral motor nerves Form the conducting system of the heart

5. Saddle joint

Surfaces are concavo-convex Movement around two axes e.g., first carpometacarpal joint

Synovial joints

Synovial joints

Sympathetic system

The cell bodies of the Preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the T1-L2 segments of the spinal cord/the cell bodies of the Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in either: 1.Paravertebral ganglia 2.Prevertebral ganglia

Myotome

The unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from the single spinal nerve (somatic motor fiber)

Many Schwann cells myelinate a single axon in PNS

This promote axonal regeneration. Ganglion? It is a collection of nerve cell bodies. A bundle of nerve fibers (axons) is referred as a peripheral nerve

Sympathetic system

Thoracolumbar outflow T1-L2, catabolic (energy expending) system that enables the body to deal with stress, fight or flight response, dilates the pupils, increases cardiac output, innervates smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, innervates sweat glands Innervates erector pili, muscles (goose bumps) ganglia are close to the CNS

Lymphatic tissues

What it contains? Lymphocytes Thymus, spleen, lymph node What it does? Immunologic defense of the body

Cartilaginous joints

a) Primary cartilaginous b) Secondary cartilaginous

Name 3 types of Fibrous joints

a) Sutures, b) Syndesmosis c) Gomphosis

what does muscle testing diagnose?

diagnose nerve injuries

Name some irregular bones?

facial bones

Secondary cartilaginous joint also known as symphysis

fibrocartilage *Surfaces are lined by hyaline cartilage *median plane *Permanent joints E.g., symphysis pubis, manubriosternal joint and intervertebral joints

Belly

fleshy and contractile part of the muscle

Tendon

rounded fibrous, non- contractile/cord like part of a muscle connecting it to bone

Electromyography (EMG)

testing muscle action by electrical stimulation of a muscle

2. Skeletal muscle

voluntary and striated

What does muscle atrophy cause?

wasting of muscle tissue