Blood and heart

Blood type A

-38% of Australians have A blood type -As type A blood is common, it is in constant demand always needed -When giving blood you can donate to people with A and AB blood types

Blood type B

10% of Australians have B blood type As type B blood is one of the rarest blood types, donors are always needed particularly for plasma donations By giving plasma regularly, a person with B blood type can help others B and Ab blood types

A man who has type B+ blood (genotype:BB+) is married to a woman with type O- blood. What blood type will their children have?

100% B+

Blood type O

49% of Australians have type O blood As type O blood is the most common, it is constant demand and is always needed People with O blood can donate to Os, AB, A and B blood types

Your body contains about, how many litres of blood

5 litres

Genotype?Phenotype

A genotype is the set of genes in our dna, which is responsible for your blood type.The phenotype is the physical trait, or characteristic of your blood.

If the blood supply to the heart tissue is interrupted?

A heart attack may result

Wat describes an antigen?

A recognition molecule on the surface of the cell

A man with AB blood is married to a woman with AB blood. What blood types will their children be and in what proportion

AB+AA+BB 25%A, 25%B 50% AB

Veins

Alway carry blood to heart. Distant from heart therefore under low blood pressure. Thin muscle walls are adequate to carry blood under low pressure. Valves prevent the back flow of blood under low pressure. Usually carry co2 blood exception pulmonary vein

Arteries

Always carry blood away form the heart. Close to the heart, therefore blood under higher blood pressure. Thick muscles walls with elastic fibres which can withstand high blood pressure. No valves needed, blood under high pressure. Usually carry oxygen blood exception pulmonary artery.

Describe an antibody, where is it found in the blood?

Antibodies are protein molecules found int eh white blood cells

What is an antibody

Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the immune system to help stop harm from occurring. They are also called immunoglobulins. When an intruder, such as a virus, bacteria, or other chemical, enters the body, the immune system springs into action. These invaders, antigens, are met by the B cells (a type of white blood cell from the immune system). These B cells will begin to create Y-shaped proteins called antibodies that begin the process to destroy the antigen and to protect the body from harm and infection.

Capillaries

Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.

Artery

Any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood (mainly that which has been oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body. Pulmonary artery

Vein

Any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying mainly oxygen-depleted blood towards the heart. Pulmonary vein

What is the relationship between altitude and the red blood ceLl count?

As the altitude increases so does the red blood cell count

What is blood clumping?

Blood clumping is a immunological reaction which occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against the donor blood cells

Blood typing practical

Blood grouping in humans is determined by the presence and type of antigen (protein) on the surface of the red blood cells. The four blood groups are A, B, AB and O. The O blood group is most common. The red blood cells in these people do not have A or B antigens on their surface. On the other hand, people with the rare blood group AB have both A and B antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. 'Antiserum A' contains antibodies to the A antigen, and will cause clumping of the red blood cells when exposed to blood groups A and AB, but not B or O. 'Antiserum B' contains antibodies to the B antigen and will cause clumping o the red blood cells when exposed to blood group B and AB, but not A or O.

Platelets

Clot and stop foreign material from entering blood

Capillary

Connect veins and arteries at each organ. Walls are only 1 cell thick to allow exchange of materials by diffusion. Oxygenated blood becomes deoxygenated in the capillaries.

Protection from disease? Phagocytes

Detect and find foreign material and consumes them (dissolving)

White blood- phagocyte function

Eat and digest micro-organisms and foreign materials.

White blood-Lymphocyte function

Fight disease by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them.

Bubbling oxygen through blood: DEMONSTRATION Oxygen

Haemoglobin+Oxygen (dark red)- Oxyhaemoglobin (scarlet red) This happens in the alveoli

Platelet functions

Helps heal body- protects foreign materials from entering body

Of what type of protein are antibody molecules made?

Immunoglobulin is an antibody protein.

Where did blood typing come from?

In 1901 an Austrian scientist, Karl Landsteiner, found that reactions between these antigens and other substances in plasma (called antibodies) sometimes cause the RBCs to clump together resulting in adverse reactions in transfusion recipients. After further experiments, he found four blood groups based on the presence or absence of two specific antigens, which we now know as A and B. This discovery paved the way for a system of blood grouping called the ABO system. In 1939 and 1940, research involving rhesus monkeys identiied another grouping factor, which was called the Rhesus factor. The rhesus group is indicated by a '+'= (RH positive) or '-'= (RH negative) after a person's ABO type eg A+ or O-

Blood type AB

Just 3% of Australians have type AB blood Even though it is the rarest blood type, type AB plasma can help people with AB blood type

What happens if you have a low white blood cell count

Leukopenia

To which organ does the word 'hepatic' apply?

Liver

In which blood vessels can a pulse be detected?

Only in veins

Bubbling oxygen through blood: DEMONSTRATION Carbon Dioxide

Oxyhaemoglobin- haemoglobin + oxygen (dark red) (scarlet red) This happens in the body tissue and muscles.

Lymphocytes?

Produces antibodies to help protect body

What blood does? What is transported: Oxygen Co2 Hormones Antibodies Soluble nutrients

Red blood cells Red blood cell Plasma White bodies cells-Lymphocytes Plasma and red blood cells

One drop of blood (1mm3) contains what?

Red blood cells 45%, White blood cells 1%, Platelets less than 1% and plasma 45-54%

What happens when a red blood cell agglutinates?

Red blood cells can crack and cause toxic reactions when agglutinated. They can have fatal consequences or clumping.

How do blood cells carry oxygen?

Red blood cells contain a pigment containing iron called haemoglobin. This substance has an affinity for oxygen. When it is high concentrations of oxygen _in the alveoli ) it picks up oxygen. When the concentration of oxygen is low ( in the body tissue) it gives up its oxygen. Every cell needs oxygen to burn up food for energy in the process of respiration.

When blood is left standing for a time of is centrifuged the solid part of the blood (cells), does what?

Settles to the bottom of the liquid part.

How the heart pumps

The heart is a bag made of muscle. It is divided into left and right sides by the septum here are two upper chambers or atriums and two lower chambers or ventricles. Oxygenated blood from the lung enters the heart at the left atrium. The muscle of the left atrium contracts squeezing blood into the left ventricle, through the valve which opens when pushed on from above. When the left ventricle contracts, the valve closes because it is pushed on from below and blood is sent through the main artery aorta. The right side of the heart operates in a similar way pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Both atria and both ventricles contract together so that the heart is like two pumps working side by side . When the ventricles relax blood is prevented from falling back down into the heart by valves which close when pushed on from below. Heart muscle receives its own supply of blood from the coronary artery. The sound of the heart bet is a double sound described as "lubb, dup" this is caused by the valves opening and closing and the heart contracting and relaxing.

You catch chicken pox from your brother...your blood defence would be to

The lymphocytes would produce antibodies to help protect the body from chicken pox

You cut your foot at the beach and it begins to ooze with blood... your blood defence would be to...

The phagocytes would eat and digest foreign material as a platelet couldn't be made over when the blood was oozing out

You prick yourself on a dirty drawing pin, bacteria starts to get into your finger... your blood defence would be to

The platelets would create a scab to protect the body from bacteria and the phagocytes would be secondary eating bacteria that initially entered.

The reactions DEMONSTRATION

The reactions above are reversible. If carbon Monoxide meets haemoglobin it combines with it irreversibly making carboxyhemoglobin (coloured dark red). This blocks haemoglobin preventing the transport of oxygen, resulting in death from poisoning suffocation (Hypoxia)

Circulatory system

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back again. In the lungs it loses carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The left hand side of the heart pumps blood to the body and back again. At the organs of the body the blood loses oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide.

Why is important climbers spend time at lower altitude on the mountain before attempting to reach the summit?

This is so the body can acclimatise to the higher altitude and importantly increase red-blood cell count for more intake of oxygen for the muscles to continue to move up.

Plasma functions

Transport agent substances like red blood cells nutrients, waste, co2, hormones, amino acids, minerals and vitamins and nutrients

Red blood cells function

Transporting of oxygen around body from lungs to body tissue

What happens to you if you have a low red blood cell count?

You may have Headaches, Chest Pain, Pale skin. Anemia

Blood vessels that supply the heart tissue with blood are known as

coronary arteries