BLY 122 Launchpad Chapter 25-30

A cell with chloroplasts that have four membranes (not counting the thylakoid membranes) likely arose by _____________ events A. Two B. Four C. One D. Eight

A

A fruit is a mature: A. ovary. B. pollen grain. C. stem. D. stigma. E. ovule.

A

A major constituent of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen gas (N2), which makes up 79% of the air we breathe. Primary producers such as plants and algae cannot assimilate this form of nitrogen into biomolecules. Instead, they rely on Bacteria and Archaea to convert N2 to ammonia (NH3). This important biological reaction is called: A. Nitrogen fixation B. Anammox C. Denitrification D. Nitrification

A

An organism that acquires energy from the sun and uses C6H12O6 as a carbon source would be classified as a: A. Photoheterotroph B. Chemoheterotroph C. Chemoautotroph D. Photoautotroph

A

Bacteria or archaeons can be which of the following types of organisms? A. All of these choices are correct B. Chemoautotrophs C. Chemoheterotrophs D. Photoautotrophs E. Photoheterotrophs

A

CAM photosynthesis improves the CO2/H2O exchange ratio because: A. CO2 capture occurs at night when the gradient for diffusion of H2O out of the leaf is smaller. B. organic acids are decarboxylated in daylight. C. CO2 capture occurs at night when the gradient for diffusion of CO2 into the leaf is larger. D. organic acids are decarboxylated at night.

A

During oxygenic photosynthesis, water is ___________ and loses electrons (i.e., it serves as an electron donor) A. Oxidized B. Reduced C. Transformed D. Converted

A

In humans and many other animals, what organ system is involve in bulk transport of nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules? A. Circulatory system B. Respiratory system C. Digestive system D. Immune system

A

Limits to the capacity of the _____ to store _____ can limit the rate of carbohydrate production in CAM leaves. A. vacuole; organic acids B. vacuole; phosphoenol pyruvate C. leaf; CO2 D. leaf; HCO3-

A

Many euryarchaeote and crenarchaeote archaeons are ____________, or organisms that thrive in high temperature environments (some as high as 122 Celsius) A. Hyperthemophiles B. Basophiles C. Nonhalophiles D. Hypothermophiles E. Halophiles F. Acidophilus

A

Photosynthesis ________ the atmosphere, whereas respiration __________ the atmosphere A. Removes CO2 from; introduces CO2 to B. Introduces CO2 to; removes CO2 from

A

Photosynthesis and respiration affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a _________ timescale, whereas volcanic eruptions affect atmospheric CO2 levels on a timescale A. Yearly; century B. Century

A

Recall that C4 plants tend to have higher rates of photosynthesis when compared with C3 plants (under normal 21% O2 atmospheric conditions). If photosynthetic rates are higher, why aren't all plants C4 plants? A. Because of the need to regenerate PEP, C4 photosynthesis consumes more energy than C3 photosynthesis. B. Because of rubisco, C4 photosynthesis consumes more O2 than C3 photosynthesis. C. Because of mesophyll cells, C4 photosynthesis requires more chlorophyll than C3 photosynthesis. D. Because of leaf veins, C4 photosynthesis requires more H2O than C3 photosynthesis.

A

Recall that sedimentary rocks, living organisms, oceans, and soil are all carbon reservoirs. If the carbon in each of these reservoirs was instantly transformed into atmospheric CO2, which reservoir would contribute the MOST CO2 to the atmosphere? A. Sedimentary rocks B. Soil C. Oceans D. Living organisms

A

Simple multicellular organisms show which of the following characteristics? A. All of these choices are correct B. Little differentiation of specialized cell types C. Little transfer of resources between cells D. Little signaling between cells E. Adhesion of cells

A

The rate of respiration ____________ throughout the year A. Remains more or less constant B. Varies significantly

A

The timing of _____ is a feature that distinguishes CAM and C4 photosynthesis. A. stomatal opening B. rubisco activity and the Calvin cycle C. mitochondrial respiration D. carbohydrate production

A

What would the flower of an angiosperm that relied on water to disperse pollen look like? The flower would be: A. small. B. large. C. odiferous. D. colorful.

A

Which of the following is NOT true of protists? A. They are a monophyletic group of organisms B. They are usually aerobic, though some are not C. They may have cell walls D. They may be photosynthetic

A

Which of the following is a component of the spore or zygote wall (in mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms) and helps prevent the desiccation of these structures? A. sporopollenin B. peptidoglycan C. sporangium D. sporangia E. chitin

A

Which of the following plants would likely be the FIRST to colonize a newly formed volcanic island (an environment of bare rock with no developed soil)? A. bryophytes B. gymnosperms C. vascular plants D. lycophytes

A

Which of the following processes is responsible for the changes scientists observed in atmospheric concentrations of 12C, 13C, and 14C over the last 200 years? A. The burning of fossil fuels B. Chemical weathering C. The clearing of forests D. Subduction E. Volcanism

A

Which of the following represents an accurate description of the movement of carbon through a food web? A. Carbon is removed by the producers, and added by the consumers B. Carbon is being added to the atmosphere at each level C. Carbon is being removed from the atmosphere at each level

A

Which of the following statements about oxygen is FALSE? A. Oxygen is the only potential electron acceptor available on Earth's surface B. Only the oxidation of organic molecules by O2 provides sufficient energy to support large, active organisms C. Oxygen became abundant in the atmosphere 580-560 million years ago D. Oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere favor diffusion into the interior cells of organisms E. Oxygen is necessary for complex multicellular life

A

Horizontal gene transfer can happen through: (select all that apply) A. Conjugation B. Transformation C. Meiosis D. Mitosis

A B

What can Antarctic ice core samples tell us about atmospheric CO2 levels? (Select all that apply) A. Ice cores can help scientists estimate atmospheric CO2 levels from centuries ago B. CO2 ice core data confirm CO2 measurements taken directly from the atmosphere C. Nothing, because ice is made of H2O and not CO2 D. Ice cores can tell scientists exactly what plants lived on Earth centuries ago

A B

Archaea and Bacteria are involved in which of the following cycles? (Select all that apply) A. Sulfur cycle B. Nitrogen cycle C. Carbon cycle

A B C

Organisms belonging to the Bacteria branch of the tree of life can demonstrate which of the following processes? (Select all that apply) A. Anoxygenic photosynthesis B. Aerobic respiration C. Anaerobic respiration D. Oxygenic photosynthesis E. Fermentation

A B C D E

Why is air a much more challenging medium for dispersal than water? (Select all that apply.) A. It is less dense, so objects have less buoyancy. B. It provides less protection from UV radiation. C. It tends to dry out living tissues. D. It is less dense, so it offers less mechanical support. E. It is more turbulent. F. It has a lower heat capacity and thus is a poor temperature buffer.

A B C F

Bacteria and Archaea play an important role int eh (Select all that apply) A. Nitrogen cycle B. Sulfur cycle C. None of the answer options is correct D. Carbon cycle

A B D

Sexual reproduction in plants results in: (Select all that apply.) A. offspring that are genetically different from the parent(s). B. offspring that are genetically different from each other. C. offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. D. increased genetic diversity.

A B D

Which of the following is/are true about double fertilization: (Select all that apply.) A. it links formation of the endosperm to formation of the embryo B. it occurs in both monocots and dicots C. it produces twin embryos, only one of which usually survives D. it refers to the fact that two sperm enter each ovule

A B D

Which of the following characteristics are unique to eukaryotes (i.e., do NOT occur in either archaea or bacteria)? (Select all that apply) A. The presence of nuclei B. The presence of chlorophyll C. The presence of exodus in most genes (coding stretches of DNA) D. The presence of introns in most genes (noncoding stretches of DNA)

A D

Why have many plants (i.e., C4 plants) developed ways to limit or avoid photorespiration? (Select all that apply.) A. Photorespiration results in a net loss of carbohydrate. B. Photorespiration requires enormous amounts of oxygen. C. Photorespiration requires an enormous amount of water. D. Photorespiration results in a net loss of metabolic energy.

A D

All of the membranes of the eukaryotic cell are in dynamic continuity except for membranes in the: A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts C. Nuclear membrane D. Golgi apparatus

B

Antibiotics can kill _____________ in the human body, which may sometimes lead to health problems such as inflammatory bowel disease A. Beneficial bacteria B. Both harmful and beneficial bacteria C. Archaeons D. Harmful bacteria E. Fungi

B

C4 plants are usually _____ in shady habitats because C4 photosynthesis has _____ ATP requirements than the C3 pathway. A. common; higher B. rare; higher C. common; lower D. rare; lower

B

Green algae are most closely related to: A. Red algae B. Land plants C. Diatoms D. Brown algae

B

In bryophytes, the: A. haploid gametophyte produces diploid spores by fertilization. B. male gametes require water to reach the female gametes. C. sporophyte produces spores by mitosis. D. diploid gametophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis. E. male gametes are dispersed by wind.

B

In which order were the key features of complex multicellularity likely to have appeared? A. Regulated growth and development, cell communication, cell adhesion B. Cell adhesion, cell communication, regulated growth and development C. Regulated growth and development, cell adhesion, and cell communication D. Cell communication, cell adhesion, regulated growth and development

B

Land plants are descended from: A. mosses. B. green algae. C. cyanobacteria. D. brown algae.

B

Nitrogen gas (N2) in the atmosphere can be DIRECTLY utilized by which of the following organisms? A. Eukaryotes B. Both bacteria and archaeons C. Archaeons D. Algae E. Bacteria

B

Oceans constitute the most significant reservoir of sulfur in the biosphere, and sulfate reduction is the prominent form of anaerobic respiration in marking environments. In such cases, oxidized sulfur compounds are the electron acceptors instead of what? A. Water B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Hydrogen

B

Over the last several decades, what have researchers discovered about atmospheric CO2 levels? A. They have decreased B. They have increased C. They have remaind the same D. The increased for a period, but have now stabilized

B

Photosynthesis and respiration both play a major role in the ___________ carbon cycle, and can affect the atmospheric CO2 levels on a seasonal or annual basis A. Long-term B. Short-term C. None of the answer options is correct

B

Recall that in the northern hemisphere, atmospheric CO2 levels are highest in early spring and lowest in early fall. What accounts for this seasonal fluctuation in atmospheric CO2 levels? A. Respiration B. Photosynthesis C. Biomineralization D. Human activities E. Plate tectonics

B

The _______ cycle deals with geological process and carbon reservoirs, some of which have been built up (or take place) over a period of millennia. In contrast, the _______ cycle involves biological processes that are carried out on a daily/seasonal basis. A. Short-term carbon; rapid carbon B. Long-term carbon; short-term carbon C. Long-term carbon; intermediate carbon D. Short-term carbon; long-term carbon

B

Unlike how animals circulate their blood, trees transport water: A. by direct expense of metabolic energy. B. in an open system driven by evaporation. C. without specialized tissues for long-distance transport. D. in a closed, recirculating system.

B

Which of the following best describes a symbiotic relationship between two organisms? A. Two organisms live in close, physical association with each other where both organisms benefit from the relationship B. Two organisms live in close, long-term, physical association with each other C. Two organisms live in close, physical association with each other where one organism benefits to the detriment of the other D. Two organisms live in close, physical association with each other where both organisms thrive, but one is the primary provider and the other is the primary beneficiary

B

Which of the following factors may have favored the evolution of simple multicellularity? A. Increased ability to remain in a location that is favorable for growth B. All of these choices are correct C. Increased ability to maintain a position in the water column D. Increased ability to avoid predation E. Increased ability to generate water currents for feeding

B

_________ is a type of horizontal gene transfer during which genetic information is transformed from one bacterium to another by a virus A. Conduction B. Transduction C. Transferation D. Transformation E. Conjugation

B

_____________ effectively limits how large a bacterium can grow. The bigger the bacterial cell, the less likely it is that nutrients can reach the cell's interior A. Conjugation B. Diffusion C. Transduction D. Differentiation

B

In which of the following structures are spores formed? (Select all that apply.) A. None of the answer options is correct. B. ovule cones C. carpels D. stamens E. pollen cones

B C D E

Which of the following structures is/are part of the carpel of a flower? (Select all that apply.) A. anther B. style C. ovary D. stamen E. stigma

B C E

In which of the following plants does the sporophyte eventually become self-sustaining (i.e., is not dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients)? (Select all that apply.) A. hornworts B. ferns C. mosses D. gymnosperms E. angiosperms

B D E

Chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from: A. Algae B. Proteobacteria C. Cyanobacteria D. Autotrophic protests E. Mitochondria

C

Double fertilization in angiosperms results in a: A. haploid embryo and a haploid endosperm. B. triploid embryo and a diploid endosperm. C. diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm. D. diploid embryo and a haploid endosperm. E. diploid embryo and a diploid endosperm.

C

Evidence that supports chloroplast origins from photosynthetic bacteria includes: A. Similar organization of photosynthetic membranes B. The use of two linked photo systems to capture electrons from water C. All three of these features provide evidence for the bacterial origin of chloroplasts D. Similarities in the DNA sequence of the chloroplast chromosome and bacterial chromosome

C

How do eukaryotic cells generate and maintain genetic diversity? A. Through horizontal gene transfer B. By allowing more mutations C. Through sexual reproduction D. Through asexual reproduction

C

If a forester treats his soil with a broad-spectrum fungicide, how would this affect the rate of CO2 released from the system? A. CO2 released from the system will increase because the fungi will be decomposed by something else B. CO2 released from the system will remain the same because fungi only decompose dead organisms and the forest is alive C. CO2 released from the system will decrease because this would decrease the number of decomposes in this system

C

In plants, _____ are defined as haploid (1n) cells that develop into gametophytes. Gametophytes, in turn, produce either haploid (1n) male or female _____ that can fuse to form diploid (2n) _____. A. gametes; zygotes; spores B. spores; zygotes; gametes C. spores; gametes; zygotes D. zygotes; spores; gametes E. gametes; spores; zygotes

C

In vascular plants, water transport works only if: A. xylem and phloem are in close proximity. B. roots are able to generate turgor pressure. C. the water column is continuous between leaves and soil. D. the xylem has access to a constant source of ATP.

C

Many single-called eukaryotic organisms have evolved complex life cycles that include sexual reproduction. This means that: A. Diploid cells must undergo mitosis cell division in order to reproduce B. Haploid cells must undergo meiosis divisions to form gametes C. At some point, two cells must fuse to become diploid D. Complex mating behaviors likely evolved at the same time as sexual reproduction

C

One of the earliest evolutionary adaptations that helps plants to retain water in a terrestrial environment is the: A. leaf. B. xylem. C. cuticle. D. phloem. E. root.

C

Plant cell division is confined to A. Flowers B. Within the cell walls C. Meristems D. Photosynthetically active tissues

C

Plants have developed BOTH cuticles and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in an attempt to limit which of the following? A. photorespiration B. excess photosynthesis C. water loss D. PEP carboxylase loss

C

Unlike xylem, phloem is made up of cells: A. whose contents move due to pressure-driven flow. B. that run the length of the plant. C. that are still metabolically active. D. that transport solutes.

C

What is one advantage of fermentation over cellular respiration in certain environments? A. Fermentation breaks down organic molecules B. Fermentation yields more energy C. Fermentation does not require O2 D. None of the answer options is correct

C

Which of the following equations is the chemical reaction for cellular respiration? A. 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 B. CaSiO3 +CO2 -> CaCO3 + SiO2 C. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O D. C6H12O6 + 6CO2 -> CO2 +6H2O

C

Which of the following is the term for a ball of undifferentiated cells that results from repeated mitosis of a fertilized egg? A. Gastrula B. Cleavage C. Blastula D. Endoderm

C

Which of the following organisms is currently on of the MOST important photosynthetic organisms in the ocean? A. Green algae B. None of the answer options is correct C. Diatoms D. Red algae E. Glaucocystophytes

C

Which of the following statements about the movement of oxygen in complex multicellular organisms is TRUE? A. Bulk flow systems are required in macroscopic organisms to facilitate the transport of oxygen B. It is moved into and out of cells by specific transport proteins C. Its movement by diffusion into and out of cells is limited to just a few layers of cells

C

Which of the following statements is TRUE about photosynthesis and chemical weathering? A. Both processes are typically associated with the long-term carbon cycle B. Both processes are typically associated with the short-term carbon cycle C. Both processes use CO2 as a reactant (i.e., decrease atmospheric CO2 levels) D. Both processes release CO2 as a product (i.e., increase atmospheric CO2 levels)

C

Which one of the following are characteristics of eukaryotic cells but not of prokaryotic cells? A. Two or more circular chromosomes, dynamic membrane system, compartmentalized metabolic processes B. Linear chromosomes, endomembrane system, nucleus, diverse means of harvesting and utilizing energy under anaerobic conditions C. Relatively large genome, dynamic cytoskeleton, compartmentalized metabolic processes D. Two or more linear chromosomes, dynamic membrane system, diverse means of harvesting and utilizing energy under anaerobic conditions

C

Which one of the following enabled vascular plants to spread across the land? A. The evolution of new photosynthetic pathways B. The increase in atmospheric oxygen C. The presence of bulk flow systems D. The coevolution of coenocytic cells

C

Which one of the following is NOT part of the endomembrane system? A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Nuclear envelope C. Mitochondria D. Golgi apparatus

C

_____ effectively limits how large a bacterium can grow. The bigger the bacterial cell, the less likely it is that nutrients can reach the cell's interior. A. Transduction B. Differentiation C. Diffusion D. Conjugation

C

There is evidence that increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere may increase the Earth's surface temperature. How might this affect the spread of mosquitoes and malaria? (Select all that apply) A. Warmer temps will kill of mosquitoes, thereby decreasing malaria cases B. Warmer temps will have no affect on mosquitoes or the incidence of malaria C. Warmer temps may increase the habitat range of mosquitoes D. Warmer temps may result in malaria cases in new regions

C D

Which of the following processes INCREASES the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? (Select all that apply) A. Subduction B. Chemical weathering C. Respiration D. Volcanic eruptions E. Photosynthesis

C D

Which of the following structures constitute the stamen of a flower? (Select all that apply.) A. stigma B. style C. filament D. anther E. ovary

C D

Why might asexual reproduction typically result in local colonization, while the products of sexual reproduction are typically dispersed? (Select all that apply.) A. Sexual reproduction is only a "last ditch" alternative by which plants can "escape" the condition of being poorly adapted to the local environment. B. Asexual reproduction is only a "last ditch" alternative for plants when sexual reproduction fails. C. The variation resulting from meiosis and the union of gametes means some individuals will have a chance of colonizing diverse distant environments successfully. D. Vegetative propagation is more efficient than sexual reproduction when the current generation is well adapted to the local environment.

C D

An inhibitor of mitosis would most likely have the greatest effect on the ___________ of a plant A. Presence of cell walls B. Gastrula C. Cells of the vascular tissue D. Meristems

D

An undifferentiated cell in animals that can develop into any of several differentiated cell types is called a: A. Reproducing cell B. Feeding cell C. Single-called organism D. Stem cell

D

Chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to have originated by __________ A. Phagocytosis B. Partial symbiosis C. Parasitism D. Endosymbiosis E. Antagonism

D

Choanoflagellates are: A. Simple multicellular organisms B. Complex multicellular organisms C. Prokaryotes D. Unicellular organisms

D

During both CAM and C4 photosynthesis, what is the role of the PEP carboxylase enzyme? A. to capture CO2 in the form of HCO3 B. to create ATP C. to capture CO2 in the form of 3-carbon organic acids D. to capture CO2 in the form of 4-carbon organic acids

D

Flowers provide rewards to their pollinators such as: A. pleasant scents. B. shelter. C. colorful petals. D. nectar.

D

How do cattle digest complex plant polysaccharides like cellulose? A. Acids produced in the stomach degrade cellulose B. They have specialized mammalian enzymes to degrade the bonds of cellulose C. Mechanical forces of cud-chewing break the cell walls of plant fibers, enabling to extract the digestible contents of the cells D. Bacterial populations in one of the four compartments of their stomachs are able to break the bonds between adjacent glucose units of cellulose

D

In what types of multicellular organisms do plasmodesmata serve as a mechanism of cell-cell signaling? A. Animals B. Fungi C. Those types of organisms that spend only a portion of their life cycle in a multicellular state D. Plants

D

Land plants evolved from which of the following groups? A. Red algae B. None of the answer options is correct C. Brown algae D. Green algae E. Complex fungi

D

Oxygen is used during a reaction if the process is: A. Oxygenic B. Anoxygenic C. Anaerobic D. Aerobic

D

Photorespiration _____ O2 and _____ CO2.co A. releases; consumes B. releases; releases C. consumes; consumes D. consumes; releases

D

Seeds are composed of: A. diploid tissues of the ovule-bearing sporophyte. B. haploid tissues of the gametophyte. C. diploid tissues of the embryo. D. All of these choices are correct.

D

The diversity of shapes found in eukaryotic cells is made possible by the: A. Nucleus B. Plasma membrane C. Mitochondria D. Cytoskeleton

D

The first eukaryotic cell is thought to have evolved at least ______ million years ago A. 3800 B. 4500 C. 1200 D. 1800

D

The passive movement of ions or molecules from a. Point of high concentration to a point of low concentration is known as A. Solubility B. Endocytosis C. Active transport D. Diffusion

D

The term "protist" lacks phylogenetic accuracy because it represents a paraphyletic group. Which of the following statements reflects the paraphyly of protist taxa? A. Protist lineages are defined by the fact they are not other eukaryotic lineages B. Each protist lineage is derived from a different common ancestor C. Protist lineages are too old to determine descent from a single ancestor D. Some eukaryotic lineages evolved from protests, and they are not called protists

D

The transport of the pollen to the ovule is called: A. ovulation. B. reproduction. C. germination. D. pollination. E. fertilization.

D

The waxy substance on leaf surfaces is the: A. leaf hair. B. stomata. C. epidermis. D. cuticle. E. mesophyll.

D

Vascular plants hydrate photosynthetic cells using _____, whereas bryophytes do so using _____. A. surface water; soil water B. xylem; phloem C. xylem; surface water D. soil water; surface water

D

What components of eukaryotic cells leave a fossil record? A. Organelles B. None of the answer options is correct C. Nuclear membranes D. Cell walls

D

Which of the following cell adhesion molecules are found in animal tissues? A. Integrity B. Cadherins, integrins, and pectins C. Cadherins D. Cadherins and integrins E. Pectins

D

Which of the following is TRUE of plasmodesmata? A. They are channels in the plasma membrane of animal cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells B. They provide points of structural support between adjacent animal cells C. They are channels in the plasma membrane of plant cells made of transmembrane proteins that allow ions and small molecules to pass between adjacent cells D. They are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected E. They provide points of structural support between adjacent plant cells

D

Which of the following is an important consequence of the evolution of diatoms and coccolithophorids? A. They dominated photosynthesis in the oceans B. They produced respective "blooms" in the ocean C. They led to the extinction of Cyanobacteria D. The silica and calcium carbonate contained in these organisms became a primary source of sediments on the deep sea floor E. None of the answer options is correct

D

Which of the following statements about diffusion is FALSE? A. It is effective only over small distances B. It limits the shape of prokaryotic cells C. It limits the size of prokaryotic cells D. It transports materials actively, powered by ATP E. It supplies key molecules for metabolism

D

Which one of the following is a major difference between plants and animals? A. Plant cells have evolved modifications of the plasma membrane that permit the transfer of information and molecules from one cell to another. Animal cells have not. B. Plants have a mesh work of extra cellular molecules that provide structural support and that determine the shape of the cells. Animals do not. C. Animals use sophisticated genetic programs to govern their development and day-to-day functions. Plants do not. D. Plant cells have walls; animal cells do not

D

Xylem sap and soil water differ in _____ because of _____. A. solute composition; selective uptake by mycorrhizae B. pH; H+ exclusion by the endodermis C. solute composition; selective uptake by the epidermis D. solute composition; selective uptake by the endodermis

D

Assuming the stomata are open to the same degree, the rate of transpiration should _____ on a rainy day compared with a sunny day because the H2O concentration gradient from the inside to the outside of the leaf would _____. A. remain the same; not change B. increase; increase C. increase; decrease D. decline; increase E. decline; decrease

E

If Cyanobacteria never evolved during Earth's history, how would their absence affect the composition of Earth's atmosphere? A. There would be less nitrogen in the atmosphere B. There would be less hydrogen in the atmosphere C. There wold be less carbon in the atmosphere D. There would be less methane in the atmosphere E. There would be less oxygen in the atmosphere

E

The appearance of complex multicellular animals in the fossil record: A. Coincides with time period when oxygen first began to accumulate in the atmosphere B. Occurred at about the same time as the appearance of land plants C. Occurred after the appearance of complex multicellular fungi D. Occurred soon after the appearance of simple multicellular organisms E. Coincides with abundant levels of oxygen in the atmosphere and ocean

E

Which of the following is responsible for the evolutionary success of eukaryotes? A. Possessing a dynamic endomembrane system B. Localizing where energy metabolisms takes place C. Having complex patterns of gene regulation D. Possessing a dynamic cytoskeleton E. All of these choices are correct

E