Bodies Exams and Quizzes

Your mom comes back from the doctor and says she has pulled her tibialis anterior. She knows you are taking Human Body Systems and asks you to tell her about her injury. Based on the classroom discussion, what can you deduce about the location of this muscle?

I know it is a muscle in front of her tibia because she said anterior. Her tibia is in the area that the shin would be. So, the doctor told her that she pulled a muscle that is in front of her shin/tibia.

A forensic anthropologist takes measurements of bones to find possible identities of victims when the bodies have decayed. A nasal index is a nasal width divided by the nasal height of a skull. Which of the following would be most likely the nasal index of a European skull?

.43

Susan weighs 120 lbs. and is 5'5" tall. What is her BMI? Remember to use the correct units: 0.454 kg = 1 lb., 2.54 cm = 1 in.).

19.9

As a dietician, one of your responsibilities is developing weight loss plans for your clients. You have a client who is maintaining their current body weight by consuming 2700 calories per day. In order for them to begin losing one pound per week, how many calories should this client consume?

2200 Calories

A patient is 6 ft tall and weighs 240 lbs. Calculate the patients BMI. Make sure to use the correct units. Remember- there are 0.454 kilograms per pound and 2.54 centimeters in an inch. BMI = weight (kgs) _________________ [height (m)]2

32.6

Compare and Contrast calorie versus Calorie.

A lower case c is made up of 1000 uppercase Cs. The uppercase C is also known as a kilocalorie. They are a measure of energy found in molecules of food that we eat.

What is the difference between a macroscopic and microscopic analysis? Give one example of each

A macroscopic analysis is when you can see characteristics with the naked eye and you don't need to use a microscope. An example is seeing pee and doing tests on the color. Microscopic analysis is when you need to use a microscope so that so that you can see stuff. For example, seeing the particles in the urine so you use a microscope.

What is the difference between a positive and negative feedback loop? Give an example of one we have done in class.

A positive feedback loop would be erosion because factors like water push an environment to an extreme where it can't replace itself. A negative feedback loop fluctuates so that an environment is balanced. A negative feedback loop would be blood sugar regulation in the human body. When it is too little, the body releases glucagon. When it is too much, the body releases insulin.

Raising your arms above your head, as shown involves ___________ of shoulder muscles and joints.

Abduction

What structure in the respiratory system is specifically responsible for gas exchange?

Alveoli

You just drank a tall glass of tasty milk. All of the following enzymes were used except (think about the biomolecules in milk):

Amylase (Protease, Lipase, and Lactase are used)

What is the difference between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. Provide one bone example of each.

An axial skeleton includes the core and the head. An appendicular skeleton includes appendages or anything that is protruding from the core. One example of an appendicular bone would phalanges.

How are DNA fragments separated during gel electrophoresis?

An electric current separates different-sized molecules in a sponge-like matrix because the molecules go towards whichever pole is the opposite charge of their own. The smaller, lighter molecules move through the gel's pores more easily than the large heavy molecules, therefore going further.

What does BMR stand for, and why is it important to know for someone who is planning their meals each day?

BMR stands for Basal Metabolic Rate. It is important for someone who is planning their meals each day to know because it tells them how many calories they can consume without doing any physical activity.

Which type of joint is the most mobile? The shoulder and hips are examples.

Ball and Socket

Which of these joints is a gliding joint?

Between the carpals

Which of the following protects internal organs while allowing for movement?

Bones

Susan has been having trouble breathing. Which part of her brain has been affected?

Brainstem

Blood, Adipose, Tendons, and Ligaments are what type of tissue?

Connective

_______ is the shortening of muscles to pull on bone and moves the body.

Contraction

The actual job of breathing is done mainly by the _, the sheet of muscles between the chest and abdomen. These muscles _ when we breathe in, expanding the lungs and drawing in air.

Diaphragm and Contract

Your friend assures you that "anterior" and "posterior" can always be used interchangeably with "ventral" and "dorsal". Politely (no ANGRILY) explain why this statement is not always true.

Dorsal is used to point out the back part of animals that is facing up, like a dog whose back faces up. Anterior is used to describe the front of upright animals. Ventral is used to describe the bottom side which is facing down, like a dog whose belly is facing down. Posterior is used to describe the back of upright animals. The dog's back which is facing up can't be called anterior and it's belly that is facing down can't be called posterior. Humans stand upright so it can be harder to understand these terms in relation to humans.

BLANK glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream while BLANK glands secrete hormones into ducts(ex: sweat).

Endocrine, Exocrine

You diagnosed a patient with a pituitary tumor and acromegaly. One of his symptoms was reduced sperm count. Which hormone controls this production?

FSH

A detective is trying to identify a skeleton found in the park. He knows it belongs to a Caucasian female. In order to narrow down the results in his missing person database, he wants to include her height. Which bone would he use to identify her height?

Femur

A forensic anthropologist takes measurements of bones to find possible identities of victims when the bodies have decayed. Police have uncovered two female skeletons. One of the vistims was 5'2" and the other was 5'9". Which of the following will they measure to predict the identities of these victims?

Femur

The urinalysis for an overweight pregnant woman test positive for glucose. What diagnosis is best supported by the test results?

Gestational Diabetes

Which of the following is the most accurate location of filtration in the kidneys?

Glomerulus

You were studying for your next bodies exam and forgot to eat dinner. Oops! The following hormone will be secreted from a specific location to increase your blood sugar levels so you don't faint.

Glucagon from the pancreas

At high altitudes, there is less oxygen in the air. How can the human body adjust to such changes and maintain homeostasis?

Increased heart rate and respiration

A disease that ends in "-itis" is usually a swelling of that tissue. For example, "dermatitis" is the swelling of the dermis, or skin. Jeff suffers from chronic bronchitis, which has inhibited his ability to play the tuba. Explain what is happening in Jeff's lungs that make playing his tuba so difficult.

Inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus. This leads to continuous coughing and difficulty breathing.

BLANKcommunication happens between individuals BLANKcommunication happens within an individual

Inter-, Intra-

Which of these shows the flow of urine in the correct order?

Kidney, ureter, urethra, bladder

Steroids are considered to be which of the following macromolecules?

Lipids

What is the sensory membrane that lines the inside of the posterior chamber of the eye and contains rods and cones called?

Retina

What is the definition of metabolism?

Metabolism is when your body is continuing to use up energy and store it. It includes catabolism, which is when molecules are broken down and energy is created, and anabolism, which is when molecules are built up in a more complex build and energy is used.

The same patient has a forced expiratory volume of 77%. Characterize the level of impairment.

Mild obstruction, Caution and prescribe medication

Muscle rule number 1 includes the number and a fact about the location of the attachments of muscles to bones. State the rule in your own words.

Muscles have 2 places of attachment and can cross 1 joint

Muscle rule number 2 discuss the change in the shape of the muscle as it acts. State the rule in your own words.

Muscles pull so they can get shorter.

DNA fragments move during electrophoresis because of their charge. What is the charge of DNA fragments?

Negative

Which of the following are NOT part of the digestive system?

Nephrons

Maintaining homeostasis in hot conditions such as the desert is very challenges. Which of these statements correctly describes actions taken by the body to maintain body temperature in a hot environment?

Nervous system signals dermal blood vessels to dilate and sweat glands to release fluid

Which of the following bones is used to determine gender?

Pelvic Girdle

What ions are necessary for a nerve impulse to occur?

Potassium and sodium

What is range of motion (ROM)? Provide one example to show your understanding.

Range of Motion is how flexible a body part can is. For example, I can touch my toes with my fingers when I bend down but my sister can only touch her shins. My sister would have a smaller range of motion because she can't reach her fingers to her toes. Range of Motion is higher for more flexible people. They can move their body parts in larger angles.

Which of these is a function of the frontal lobe?

Reasoning

Marcy, our 11 year old asthma patient, has been diagnosed with asthma. She uses a bronchodilator when she experiences her symptoms. How does a bronchodilator work?

Relaxes the muscles in the lungs, which allows the bronchioles to widen and makes breathing easier.

The densely folded structure at the base of the brain, responsible for muscle coordination is called

cerebellum

Summarize the science behind rigor mortis. What is it and how does it happen?

Rigor mortis can be observed in the smallest unit of a skeletal muscle, a sarcomere. In the sarcomere, the two proteins myosin and actin connect to help the muscle stay still. ATP allows them to break the connection so that a muscle is not stiff. When you die, the ATP in your body is depleted in a few hours, so the myosin and actin cannot separate. This means that your body just stays stiff and it is called rigor mortis.

Which human body system has the function of producing blood cells?

Skeletal System

A respiratory therapist has a patient who needs to be tested for asthma. Which of the following tests will the respiratory therapist order for their patient?

Spirometry

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

Store waste and remove water

Muscle rule 6 discusses striations. State the rule in your own words.

Striations move in the direction a muscle pulls. They go up and down on a muscle.

According to Susan's BMI in the previous question, which of the following is correct?

Susan is a healthy weight for her height.

Aldosterone is a hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium, in order to retain more water to dilute this ion. Where is aldosterone released from?

The adrenal glands on top of the kidney

Describe the interaction between the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system. You must include the words hemoglobin and carbon dioxide as well as relevant anatomy you have learned in this lesson.

The cardiovascular system is in charge of putting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from your blood. The part of your blood that carries oxygen is called hemoglobin. The oxygen switches the place of the carbon dioxide when it is put into your hemoglobin.

How do the cardiovascular and urinary system interact? Include HOW, WHERE, WHY.

The cardiovascular system sends blood to the nephrons in the kidneys to have waste products removed. The blood goes to the nephrons and is filtered. The waste products become urine.

List two important functions of the cell membrane

The cell membrane protects the cell from getting unwanted material to enter it. The cell membrane keeps positively charged ions in the inside and negatively charged ions on the outside so that they can switch places quickly and create an electrical impulse.

What is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system? Identify the anatomic parts of each.

The central nervous system is the command center of the body. It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body. It is made up of all of the nerves that are connected to the central nervous system.

How do hormones interact with target cells?

The hormones are sent into the bloodstream all around the body. Certain hormones only affect certain target cells. The target cells have reseptors for their certain hormone so that only they react.

Your orbicularis oris muscle has lost the ability to communicate with your brain. Explain where the muscle is located, and describe how this damage would affect your body.

The muscle is located around the mouth. Yo would have trouble kissing.

Why is it important that a pharmacist knows each medication that a person is taking before they provide a new drug?

The other medications that the patient takes might interact with the new drug and cause harmful side effects. The pharmacist needs this information to make sure the patient is safe.

Which bone of the body do you feel would best help you determine the sex of an individual?

The pelvic girdle would be best at helping to identify the sex of an individual. This bone is larger and circular for females to allow for the passage of a child. In males, it is narrower and heart shaped.

Cells need energy to function. This energy currency is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . Why is respiration vital to the production of ATP?

The phosphates in ATP are made with oxygen molecules

Joints can be classified by structure or function. Structurally, fibrous joints apply to which of the following examples?

The pubic symphysis of the pelvic girdle

Choose one primary body system and one secondary body system. Provide one example of how they work together

The respiratory system works to bring oxygen to the lungs. The oxygen is then taken through the cardiovascular system to the heart. The heart takes oxygen to the blood. The blood circulates through the body and sends the oxygen to all parts of the body.

The length of migration of DNA within an agarose gel in the gel electrophoresis technique is primarily based on what factor?

The size of DNA fragments

According to the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, there are an average of 480 million alveoli in the human lungs. Why are alveoli so small?

The small size allows for more alveoli to create larger surface area and faster diffusion of molecules

You need to have a cavity filled so the dentist injects a local anesthetic into your gums. Local anesthetics reversibly bind to Na+ channels and block the movement of sodium. Using what you know about signals, explain why this action can keep you from feelings.

The sodium ions, which are negatively charged are outside of the cell membrane neurons. They momentarily switch places with the potassium ions in the neuron to create an electrical impulse. If the sodium channels are blocked, as they are in the scenario, the electrical impulses can't happen and there is no feeling of pain.

How would a DNA analyst's job differ from a forensic anthropologist?

They work to isolate small fragments of DNA from various items

A teenage female comes in for an emergency appointment. She complains of a strong, persistent desire to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, lower back pain, and a low-grade fever. Microscopic analysis of her urine reveals leukocytes and some crystals. Macroscopic analysis reveals a green tint in her urine. What is her most likely diagnosis?

Urinary Tract Infection

Identify two different examples of Biometrics. Choose one and explain 1 advantage and 1 limitation of using this technology.

Voice recognition is good because your voice is unique. One limitation is that you might have a hard time using it sometimes if you are not clear enough or if there is a lot of background noise. Fingerprinting is great because everyone has their own unique fingerprint.It isn't great because sometimes people can have your fingerprint on a bit of gelatin and they could use it to get past security to your information or posessions.

BLANK is not information that structures of bones can reveal.

Weight

Restriction enzymes are derived from

bacteria

Balanced and coordination are managed by the

cerebellum

Your friend tells you that he gets 1/3 of his calories from fats, 1/3 from protein and 1/3 from carbohydrates since he consumes equal amounts of each by mass. Which of these statements would you tell your friend?

c. Since carbs and proteins have 4 calories per gram, while fats have 9, the distribution of calories is too high in fats.

The most proximal bone of the leg is the

femur

If a person bent their foot at the ankle upward toward the shin, it would be an example of ____________.

dorsiflexion

Which of the following shows the path food takes through the digestive tract in the proper order?

esophagus, stomach, small intestine

Bile is stored in the _ and aids in digestion of _.

gall bladder, lipids

What is the device called that measures range of motion? (We used this in class). _

goniometer

The peaks in the cerebral texture are called

gyri

Anti-dierutic hormone, or ADH, is increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct in order reabsorb more water back into the blood. What controls the release of ADH

hypothalmus

In the anatomical position a person is

is standing facing the observer with palms forward

Diabetes insipidus is caused by a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone. Understanding the role of ADH, what symptom would a patient with diabetes insipidus have?

less concentrated urine than normal

Enzymes

lower the activation energy of a reaction

Name four types of tissue.

muscle epithelial connective nervous

Which structure of the neuron helps to control the speed of the electrical signal?

myelin sheath

Humans are able to wink because of the function of the

obicularis oculi

Which of these bones would be the most helpful in determining the gender of a skeleton?

pelvic

Which of these endocrine structures, that is connected to the nervous system via the hypothalamus, sends hormones to stimulate other endocrine structures

pituitary gland

Trypsin and Pepsin aid in the break down of

proteins

What kind of bio-molecules are hormones?

proteins

In the nephron, re-absorption of water takes place primarily in the

proximal convoluted tube

In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain but synapse in the spinal cord. This is known as a(n)

reflex arc

Biometrics is

science that uses physical/behavioral characteristics of people for identification purposes

Which of these of part of the axial skeleton?

skull

Which of these occurs first, after the signal is received, in an action potential on a neuron?

sodium channel opens

A term that best describes a structure toward the head would be

superior

Carbohydrates are first broken down in _ by _.

the oral cavity and amylase

The lungs and heart are located in the

thoracic cavity

The volume of air that is breathed in and out without effort is called

tidal volume