Booster Questions #1 (DONE)

"Nerves" are found in the ______ while "tracts" are found in the ________. a. PNS/CNS b. CNS/PNS c. brain/legs and arms d. spinal cord/brain

a (PNS/CNS)

Complete the following analogy: Electrical wire is to electrical insulating tape as peripheral neurons are to ________. a. Schwann cells b. oligodendrocytes c. astrocytes d. ependymal cells

a (Schwann cells)

Depolarization of the neuron refers to __________. a. a reduction in membrane potential b. an increase in membrane potential c. an increased negativity of the neuron interior d. both b and c

a (a reduction in membrane potential)

A person with polio has lost the use of his leg muscles. In which area of his spinal cord would you expect the virus-infected motor neurons to be? a. anterior gray horns b. lateral gray horns c. posterior gray commissure d. anterior white commissure

a (anterior gray horns)

One axon propagates action potentials at 50 meters per second; another carries them at 1 meter per second. Which axon is myelinated? a. axon that propagates at 50 meters per second b. axon that propagates at 1 meter per second

a (axon that propagates at 50 meters per second)

What effect would blocking voltage-regulated calcium channels at a cholinergic synapse have on synaptic communication? a. communication would cease b. communication would be enhanced c. communication would be misdirected d. communication would continue as before

a (communication would cease)

As a general rule, the greater the potential difference in charge between two points, the __________ the voltage. a. higher b. lower c. less difference in d. more even

a (higher)

Sodium ion concentration in the cytoplasm of a neuron ________ when its voltage-gated sodium channels open. a. increases b. decreases c. remains unchanged d. decreases tenfold

a (increases)

Why can damage to the medulla oblongata cause death? a. it contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers b. it controls the ANS c. it contains tracts that process information to and from the cerebellum d. it contains the headquarters for the reticular activating system

a (it contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers)

In an organism, action potentials are propagated unidirectionally toward the axon ending because __________. a. membranes become nonresponsive due to inactive sodium channels after action potential generation b. action potentials are always propagated in an anterograde fashion regardless of conditions c. action potentials cannot start anywhere except at the axon hillock d. of both a and b

a (membranes become nonresponsive due to inactive sodium channels after action potential generation)

During the events involved in information transfer across a chemical synapse, which of the following steps would be directly interrupted by exposing a neuron to a calcium channel blocker? a. neurotransmitter exocytosis from the presynaptic neuron b. depolarization of the presynaptic neuron c. binding of neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic membrane d. depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane

a (neurotransmitter exocytosis from the presynaptic neuron)

One pathway in the central nervous system consists of three neurons, another of five neurons. If the neurons in the two pathways are identical, which pathway will transmit impulses more rapidly? a. pathway with three neurons b. pathway with five neurons c. they would transmit at the same rate

a (pathway with three neurons)

What name is given to axons carrying information between the brain and spinal cord, and through which brain regions do they pass? a. projection fibers/diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum b. commissural/both cerebral hemispheres c. association fibers/diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum d. arcuate fibers/within a single cerebral hemisphere

a (projection fibers/diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum)

How would the stimulation of the muscle spindles involved in the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex by gamma motor neurons affect the speed of the reflex? a. quicker reflex response b. slower reflex response c. graded reflex response d. inhibited reflex response

a (quicker reflex response)

You would expect a neuron that depolarizes to -75 mV would __________. a. return to resting membrane potential without generating an action potential b. fire a much more intense action potential with a peak of +100 mV c. fire a much less intense action potential with a peak of +15 mV d. hyperpolarize

a (return to resting membrane potential without generating an action potential)

The location at which a neuron interacts with its target cell (another neuron or a muscle cell or other effector cell) is called the __________. a. synapse b. junction c. connection d. axoaxonic target

a (synapse)

In a living neuron, which component provides resistance to current flow? a. the membrane b. the axon c. the cytoplasm d. the ions

a (the membrane)

Why are spinal nerves classified as "mixed" nerves? a. they contain both afferent and efferent fibers b. they contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons c. they carry mixed or conflicting information d. axons of the ventral root carry sensory information to the spinal cord and axons of the dorsal root control somatic and visceral effectors

a (they contain both afferent and efferent fibers)

If a patient has persistent numbness in the medial two fingers, which nerve of the brachial plexus has been damaged? a. ulnar nerve b. median nerve c. radial nerve d. musculocutaneous nerve

a (ulnar nerve)

How would decreased diffusion across the arachnoid granulations affect the volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles? a. volume would increase b. volume would decrease c. volume would remain the same d. volume would fluctuate erratically

a (volume would increase)

The chief contributor to the negative charge of a resting neuron's intracellular fluid is __________. a. a high extracellular concentration of sodium ions b. a high intracellular concentration of anionic proteins c. a high intracellular concentration of potassium ions d. a high extracellular concentration of chloride ions

b (a high intracellular concentration of anionic proteins)

Which type of potential does not decay with distance? a. graded potential b. action potential c. generator potential d. both a and b

b (action potential)

The door slams shut loudly and you flinch. After a few seconds, you realize that your heart is beating very rapidly and forcefully. This response is the result of your ______ nervous system. a. afferent b. autonomic c. central d. somatic

b (autonomic)

Which structure of a neuron is capable of propagating an electrical impulse? a. dendrites b. axon c. cell body d. perikaryon

b (axon)

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are all members of which category of neurotransmitter? a. hormones b. biogenic amines c. amino acids d. neuropeptides

b (biogenic amines)

Many water-soluble molecules that are relatively abundant in the blood occur in small amounts or not at all in the extracellular fluid in the brain. Why? a. blood pressure increases in brain capillaries b. blood-brain barrier restricts ion movement c. neurons take up most ions d. neuroglia remove ions from CSF

b (blood-brain b barrier restricts ion movement)

In what way(s) is/are temporal and spatial summation the same? a. both require a rapid succession of stimuli at a single synapse b. both are methods by which individual EPSPs combine to result in an action potential c. both occur when simultaneous stimuli are applied at different locations, causing a cumulative effect on transmembrane potential d. all of these are correct

b (both are methods by which individual EPSPs combine to result in an action potential)

Injury to which nerve plexus would interfere with the ability to breathe? Which nerve is the major nerve of this plexus? a. brachial plexus/long thoracic nerve b. cervical plexus/phrenic nerve c. cervical plexus/long thoracic nerve d. brachial plexus/pectoral nerve

b (cervical plexus/phrenic nerve)

Which portion of the spinal cord would be affected by a disease that damages myelin sheaths? a. sulci b. columns c. grey horns d. fissures

b (columns)

Which of the following synapse types is the most rapid? a. chemical synapse b. electrical synapse c. presynaptic synapse d. none of these is more rapid than the others

b (electrical synapse)

What is the primary distinction between chemical and electrical synapses? Which type is more rare? a. electrical synapses involve a neurotransmitter/chemical synapses b. electrical synapses involve direct connection between cells/electrical synapses c. chemical synapses involve direct connection between cells/chemical synapses d. electrical synapses always use ACh/both are equally abundant

b (electrical synapses involve direct connection between cells/electrical synapses)

The relationship between a neurotransmitter, such as NE and cAMP is ______, which is enhanced by a "link" called a ______ a. they are both amino acids/carboxyl group b. first messenger and second messenger/G protein c. neurotransmitters/second messenger d. EPSP and IPSP/first messenger

b (first messenger and second messenger/G protein)

Which type of fiber is lightly myelinated and transmits impulses at an average rate of 15 m/s? a. group A fibers b. group B fibers c. group C fibers d. group D fibers

b (group B fibers)

How would a chemical that blocks sodium channels in a neuron cell membrane affect its ability to depolarize? a. it would enhance depolarization b. it would completely inhibit depolarization c. it would slow depolarization d. it would have no effect on depolarization

b (it would completely inhibit depolarization)

Which type of gated channel responds to physical distortion of the membrane surface? Where is this ability important? a. chemically regulated channels/in dendrites b. mechanically regulated channels/sensory receptors c. voltage-gated channels/axons of multipolar and unipolar neurons d. passive channels/where the channels must remain open

b (mechnically regulated channels/sensory receptors)

Which type of neuroglia would occur in abnormally high numbers in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection? a. astrocytes b. microglial cells c. ependymal cells d. oligodendrocytes

b (microglial cells)

Which of the cerebellar peduncles allows communication between the cerebellum and pons? a. transverse cerebellar peduncles b. middle cerebellar peduncles c. inferior cerebellar peduncles d. superior cerebellar peduncles

b (middle cerebellar peduncles)

Stronger stimuli are interpreted when the CNS receives ________ action potentials. a. higher magnitude b. more frequent c. lower magnitude d. more infrequent

b (more frequent)

The basis for differentiation between gray matter and white matter in the CNS is the presence of _______ in white matter. a. unmyelinated fibers b. myelinated fibers c. Schwann cells d. ependymal cells

b (myelinated fibers)

Reflex responses usually remove or oppose the stimulus. Therefore this type of reflexive response would be considered an example of ______ a. a visceral reflex b. negative feedback c. a reverberating circuit d. avoidance feedback

b (negative feedback)

A patient has damage to several spinal nerves. Which of the major divisions of the nervous system has been damaged? a. central nervous system b. peripheral nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. all of these are correct

b (peripheral nervous system)

Which primary brain vesicle is destined to form the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata? a. prosencephalon b. rhombencephalon c. myelencephalon d. metencephalon

b (rhombencephalon)

Compression of which nerve produces the sensation that your leg has "fallen asleep"? a. sural nerve b. sciatic nerve c. femoral nerve d. tibial nerve

b (sciatic nerve)

Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to be sensory or motor neurons? a. they could be either sensory or motor neurons b. sensory neurons c. motor neurons d. neither sensory nor motor neurons

b (sensory neurons)

Damage to the lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus would interfere with the functions of which of the senses? a. taste b. sight c. touch d. smell

b (sight)

Where is the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the spinal cord located? a. epidural space b. subarachnoid space c. above the dura mater d. between the pia mater and the nervous tissue of the brain

b (subarachnoid space)

What is the minimum number of neurons in a reflex arc? a. one b. two c. five d. seven

b (two)

Neurons generally repolarize once the membrane potential reaches approximately +30 mV because __________. a. voltage-gated sodium channel gates close b. voltage-gated potassium channel gates open c. chemically gated sodium channels open d. voltage-gated calcium channel gates open

b (voltage-gated potassium channel gates open)

Neuroglia of the PNS include ______ and ______ and their respective functions are _____ and _____ a. astrocytes and satellite cells/forming scare tissue and engulfing cellular debris b. ependymal cells and Schwann cells/forming cerebrospinal fluid and forming myelin sheath c. Schwann cells and satellite cells/forming myelin sheath and regulating environment around neurons d. microglia and ependymal cells/regulating environment around neurons and forming cerebrospinal fluid

c (Schwann cells and satellite cells/forming myelin sheath and regulating environment around neurons)

Which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pons? a. VII, IX, and X b. III, IV, and VI c. V, VI, VII, and VIII d. IX, X, XI, and XII

c (V, VI, VII, and VIII)

What would damage to the afferent division of the PNS affect? a. ability to learn new facts b. ability to experience motor stimuli c. ability to experience sensory stimuli d. ability to remember past events

c (ability to experience sensory stimuli)

What is reinforcement as it pertains to spinal reflexes? a. it allows brief periods of rest between sets of stimuli b. a chronic depression in spinal reflexes due to IPSPs c. an enhancement of spinal reflexes due to postsynaptic neurons entering a state of facilitation d. strengthening of both the crossed extensor reflex and reciprocal inhibition

c (an enhancement of spinal reflexes due to postsynaptic neurons entering a state of facilitation)

The portion of an axon that communicates with its target cell is the _______. a. dendrite b. axon c. axon terminal d. cell body

c (axon terminal)

An anesthetic blocks the function of the dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Which areas of the body will be affected? a. skin and muscles of the back of the neck b. skin and muscles of the shoulders c. both a and b d. none of the above

c (both a and b)

Which of the choices below correctly lists the steps of an action potential? a. resting potential --> absolute refractory period --> relative refractory period b. all-or-none principle --> stimulus triggers action potential --> stimulus does not trigger action potential c. depolarization to threshold --> activation of sodium channels and depolarization --> inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels --> return to normal permeability d. none of these

c (depolarization to threshold --> activation of sodium channels and depolarization --> inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels --> return to normal permeability)

What is the term used when one presynaptic neuron synapses with multiple postsynaptic neurons? When is this useful? a. parallel processing/when information must be relayed in a stepwise fashion b. convergence/when a signal must be concentrated c. divergence/when broad distribution of a specific input is important d. all of these are correct

c (divergence/when broad distribution of a specific input is important)

Certain psychoactive drugs exert their effects by keeping the concentration of neurotransmitters elevated within the synapse. These drugs could act by _______. a. inhibiting enzymes associated with the postsynaptic membrane that degrade the neurotransmitter b. inhibiting reuptake of the neurotransmitter by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminal c. doing either a or b d. doing neither a nor b

c (doing either a or b)

When considering the relationship between a structural classification and a functional classification of neurons, it can be said that ____________________. a. all multipolar neurons are interneurons b. all motor neurons are unipolar neurons c. essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons d. unipolar neurons only function as motor neurons

c (essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons)

During a withdrawal reflex, what happens to the limb on the side opposite the stimulus? What is this response called? a. flexed/stretch reflex b. adducted/tendon reflex c. extended/crossed extensor reflex d. abducted/tendon reflex

c (extended/crossed extensor reflex)

Which component of the diencephalon is responsible for integration of the nervous and endocrine systems? a. thalamus b. pituitary gland c. hypothalamus d. mammillary bodies

c (hypothalamus)

Generally speaking, opening chloride channels in the postsynaptic membrane will result in an _______. a. excitatory postsynaptic potential b. excitatory presynaptic potential c. inhibitory postsynaptic potential d. inhibitory presynaptic potential

c (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

One of the first somatic reflexes to develop is the suckling reflex. Which type of reflex is this? a. inherent reflex b. acquired reflex c. innate reflex d. visceral reflex

c (innate reflex)

One functional classification of neurons is responsible for integrating sensory information with motor output. What is the name of that type of neuron and where are they located? a. motor neurons/anterior horn of the spinal cord b. proprioceptors/skeletal muscles and joints c. interneurons/almost exclusively in the CNS d. interoceptors/digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular systems

c (interneurons/almost exclusively in the CNS)

Which of these is not a site at which acetylcholine is released at a synapse? a. neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscles b. neuron-to-neuron synapses in the PNS c. postganglionic synapses in the sympathetic division of the ANS d. all of these are true

c (postganglionic synapses in the sympathetic division of the ANS)

Which area of the diencephalon would be stimulated by changes in body temperature? a. tuberal area of the hypothalamus b. anterior nuclei of the thalamus c. preoptic area of the hypothalamus d. intermediate mass of the thalamus

c (preoptic area of the hypothalamus)

The two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the afferent and efferent divisions. What are their respective functions? a. control of the central nervous system/control of the peripheral nervous system b. control of neurons/control of neuroglia c. sensory input to the CNS/carries motor commands to muscles or glands d. carries motor commands to muscles or glands/sensory input to the CNS

c (sensory input to the CNS/carries motor commands to muscles or glands)

The nervous system has three overlapping functions. Which of the following represents a logical sequence of these three functions? a. sensory input, motor output, integration b. motor output, integration, sensory input c. sensory input, integration, motor output d. integration, sensory input, motor output

c (sensory input, integration, motor output)

What brain regions make up the brain stem? a. the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and the pons b. the diencephalon and the mesencephalon c. the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata d. the pons, the cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata

c (the mesencephalon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata)

Which nuclei in the medulla oblongata are responsible for relaying somatic sensory information to the thalamus? a. nuclei of superior and inferior colliculi b. nuclei of cranial nerves VIII--XII c. the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus d. the solitary nucleus and olivary nucleus

c (the nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus)

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends upon: a. the time involved in calcium influx b. ACh being broken down into AChE c. the properties of the receptor, not the nature of the neurotransmitter d. none of these is correct

c (the properties of the receptor, not the nature of the neurotransmitter)

Which of the following is true concerning the spinal cord? a. the filum terminale is the end of the spinal cord b. the conus medullaris is a strand of fibrous tissue that helps support the spinal cord c. the spinal cord of an adult ends between L1 and L2 d. the amount of grey matter in the spinal cord is the least at the cervical and lumbar enlargements

c (the spinal cord of an adult ends between L1 and L2)

The point at which the all-or-none principle of action potential generation is reached is termed the ________. a. peak b. depolarization point c. threshold d. point of no return

c (threshold)

Someone with paralysis of the anterior thigh muscles would have damage at which spinal segments? a. L4--S4 b. T12--L1 c. L2--L4 d. L4--S2

d (L4--S2)

Why is it impossible for continuous propagation to occur along myelinated axons? a. myelin increases resistance to the flow of ions across the membrane b. only nodes along a myelinated axon can respond to a depolarizing stimulus c. continuous propagation uses less energy and fewer sodium ions must be pumped out d. a and b are correct

d (a and b are correct)

What are potential consequences of blockage of an interventricular foramen? a. hugely expanded skull in infants b. brainstem stroke c. damage to and distortion of brain in adults d. a and c are correct

d (a and c are correct)

In what way(s) is the cranial dura mater structurally distinct from the spinal dura mater? a. it is formed of two layers b. some portions extend into the cranial cavity as dural folds c. it contains dural sinuses d. all of these are differences from the spinal dura mater

d (all fo these are difference from the spinal dura mater)

Which of the following is/are correct concerning structural classifications of neurons? a. multipolar neurons control skeletal muscles b. bipolar neurons function in the sense of hearing, smell, and vision c. anaxonic neurons have indistinguishable axons and dendrites d. all of the above

d (all of the above)

Each neuron in our bodies has a life span of _________. a. 120 days b. 10 years c. 10 months d. an average human life span

d (an average human life span)

Which of the CNS neuroglia cells plays a role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier and repairing damaged neural tissue? a. satellite cells b. microglia c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes

d (astrocytes)

Which is the clinical significance of dermatomes? a. damage to descending tracts will be reflected in the dermatomes b. location of affected dermatomes provides clues to location of injury along the spinal cord c. damage to a corresponding spinal nerve will produce loss of sensation in the region of skin supplied by a dermatome d. b and c are correct

d (b and c are correct)

Maintenance of the resting membrane potential is possible due to __________. a. ATP expenditure of the neuron b. the actions of the sodium-potassium pump c. potassium ions spontaneously crossing to the interior of the neuron d. both a and b

d (both a and b)

During the relative refractory period __________. a. no action potentials can be generated b. the threshold is substantially elevated c. exceptionally strong stimuli could trigger action potentials d. both b and c apply

d (both b and c apply)

What is the primary function of the cerebellum? a. controls reflexive movements of the eyes in response to visual stimuli b. provides awareness of emotional states c. coordination between voluntary and autonomic functions d. coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium

d (coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments that maintain balance and equilibrium)

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause ______ and inhibitory neurotransmitters cause ______ a. repolarization/return to resting potential b. suppression of generation of action potentials/promote generation of action potentials c. synaptic fatigue/synaptic delay d. depolarization/hyperpolarization

d (depolarization/hyperpolarization)

Which of the following is not a function of the limbic system? a. establishing emotional states b. linking the conscious, intellectual function of the cerebral cortex with unconscious, autonomic functions of the brain stem c. facilitating memory storage and retrieval d. directing somatic motor patterns associated with rage, pleasure, and pain

d (directing somatic motor patterns associated with rage, pleasure, and pain)

What effect would decreasing the concentration of extracellular potassium ions have on the transmembrane potential of a neuron? a. repolarization b. hypopolarization c. decreased transmembrane potential d. hyperpolarization

d (hyperpolarization)

________ are the most common structural type of neuron in humans. a. pseudounipolar b. unipolar c. bipolar d. multipolar

d (multipolar)

Which of the following is true concerning neuromodulators? a. have short-term effects b. act immediately without intermediate steps c. affect neither postsynaptic nor presynaptic membrane d. none of these is correct

d (none of these is correct)

Damage to the amygdaloid body would interfere with regulation of what division of the autonomic nervous system? a. peripheral b. somatic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

d (parasympathetic)

After injuring her back, Tina exhibits a positive Babinski reflex. What does this imply about Tina's injury? a. possible paraplegia b. possible damage of sensory tracts to foot c. possible damage of ascending tracts in spinal cord d. possible damage of descending tracts in the spinal cord

d (possible damage of descending tracts in the spinal cord)

A person you know has experienced sleep problems and prolonged depression. Which neurotransmitter may be in short supply? a. dopamine b. any of the opioids c. acetylcholine d. serotonin

d (serotonin)

Damage to the long thoracic nerve would cause paralysis to which muscle(s)? a. deltoid and teres minor muscles b. rhomboids and levator scapulae muscles c. latissimus dorsi muscle d. serratus anterior muscle

d (serratus anterior muscle)

While studying for an exam, you reach for a beverage. To extend your arm, your _______ nervous system is activated. a. afferent b. autonomic c. sympathetic d. somatic

d (somatic)

Identify the false statement. a. temporal summation occurs with graded potentials b. EPSPs and IPSPs can summate spatially c. EPSPs and IPSPs can summate temporally d. spatial summation occurs with action potentials

d (spatial summation occurs with action potentials)

You've just touched a hot stove. What type of reflex did you experience and in what way was your brain involved in the reflex? a. cranial/the somatosensory cortex b. visceral/only tracts that respond to pain c. complex/all the sensory tracts d. spinal/it was not involved at all

d (spinal/it was not involved at all)

Reflex movements of the eyes, head, and neck are controlled by which area of the mesencephalon? a. substantia nigra b. red nucleus c. inferior colliculi d. superior colliculi

d (superior colliculi)

A weight lifter is straining to lift a 200-kg barbell. Shortly after he lifts it to chest height, his muscles appear to relax and he drops the barbell. Which reflex has occurred? a. withdrawal reflex b. stretch reflex c. crossed extensor reflex d. tendon reflex

d (tendon reflex)

Which of these is not an important factor concerning reflexes? a. they are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli b. they preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the functions of organs c. they oppose potentially harmful changes in the internal or external environment d. they involve interaction with the cerebrum

d (they involve interaction with the cerebrum)

Damage to which root of a spinal nerve would interfere with motor function? a. posterior root b. anterior root c. dorsal root d. ventral root

d (ventral root)