Borges Exam 2

1853 Argentine Constitution

Highly influenced by the United States that included establishing for instance a Republican division of powers, a high level of independence for the provinces, and a federal power controlled by a strong executive government yet limited by a bicameral national congress to equilibrate the population's representation with equity among the provinces.

Abolitionist movement

Historical movement to end the African and Indian slave trade and set slaves free.

"Military Occupation of the Rio Negro under the Orders of General Julio A. Roca" (painting)

Image of Roca in the desert with his three branches of the military behind him. Native's are off to the side with a priest among them.

"To Govern is to Populate"

"Gobernar es poblar " This is a belief was coined by Juan Bautista Alberdi eventually even becoming the liberal slogan. Alberdi promoted the encouragement of european immigration to Argentina because the Argentine population was very small, less than 2 million. Albert also emphasized the need to populate Argentina with europeans as the superior, moral and marketable people.

Oligarchies

(From Greek, "rule by the few") a cluster of powerful families able to dominate a local, state, or national government because of their social and economic influence. In Latin America, oligarchies of large land owners held sway in many countries between 1880 and 1930 when the most common alternative was dictatorship.-- The wealthy buisness men are in charge of the government.

Paulistas

1 : a Brazilian descended from the first Portuguese colonists and from the indigenous people of Brazil. 2 : a native or inhabitant of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Ideology of "vadiagem"

A firm and unshakeable belief in the innate laziness and irresponsibility of the black and racially mixed Brazilian masses. "Vadios" = bums/ Vagrants who would not work except under the threat of extreme force. This was used as an excuse to continue slavery for the reason that Brazil had no choice but to continue slavery since only under slavery could the plantations meet the labor needs.

Rubber export economy

A large part of Argentinas economy. Peruvian workers were treated extremely poorly almost like slaves. (not sure what else to put)

Export-led economic model

A trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage. Export-oriented industrialization - Wikipedia

Julio A. Roca

An army general who served as President of Argentina from 12 October 1880 to 12 October 1886 and again from 12 October 1898 to 12 October 1904. Started the campaign to conquer the desert.

Whitening ideology

An ideology that was widely accepted in Brazil between 1889 and 1914, as the solution to the "Negro problem." However, this also encompasses the perception of individuals as being white in relation to their position in the class system.

"Export boom"

Between 1850 and 1913, Latin American exports grew 1000%. European and North American demand for Latin American raw materials (nitrates, henequen, oil, rubber) and consumer good (such as coffee, wheat, sugar, and beef) during the second phase of the Industrial Revolution was the engine that propelled the late-nineteenth century export boom. Spurred by the technological changes and the growth of markets in Europe and North America and attracted by the availablity of resources and land in the region, developed nations purchased goods from Latin America and the terms of trade initially favored the producers:it appeared that Latin America could buy more manufactured goods for the same quality as exports.

José Bonifacio

Brazilian statesman who played a key role in Brazil's attainment of independence from Portugal. He is known to Brazilians as the "Patriarch of Independence." He became the chief adviser to the young prince regent, Dom Pedro (later the emperor Pedro I). He headed the ministry formed in January 1822 by Dom Pedro and supported Pedro in his determination that Brazil should be independent. After Pedro proclaimed Brazil's independence from Portugal (Sept. 7, 1822), Andrada became prime minister of the new empire of Brazil. oppose Pedro's Portuguese advisers, and consequently Andrada was exiled until 1829. He was then allowed to aid Pedro I once again, but was eventually arrested in 1833

Chief Manuel Namuncurá

Chief Manuel Namuncurá was an American Indian Chief living in the boundaries of Argentina. As chief of his tribe it is his duty to stand up for the exploitation of his people. In 1877 he wrote a peaceful letter of negotiation to the President Avellaneda of Argentina. In this letter he speaks of the importance of keeping one's word/ side of the deal in order to ensure peace and tranquility. He also points out the mistreatment they've received and what they would like as compensation. Beyond this they ask for national representation by a representative of their choosing.

Emiliano Zapata

Emiliano Zapata became an icon in the Mexican revolution as a revolutionary leader of a group of peasant guerrilla fighters from the southern. Zapata's main goal was to recover the lands lost to enriching sugar plantations during the years of neocolonial progress. In order to accomplish this, Zapata called his forces with Madero's national radical movement to return lands unfairly taken away from indigenous communities.

Libertos

Freed slave

Saraiva-Cotegipe Law

Freedom of slaves over 50.

1857 Mexican Constitution

In 1857 the congress, in which the moderate liberals held sway, drafted a liberal, federalist constitution; it ended special jurisdiction for the clergy, limited the power of the church, placed the army under ultimate civilian control, abolished hereditary titles and imprisonment for debt, and gave Mexican citizens their first genuine bill of rights.

Palmerston Act

Interception of slave ships flying Portuguese flag

Argentine Confederation

It was the name of the country from 1831 to 1852, when the provinces were organized as a confederation without a head of state. The governor of Buenos Aires Province (Juan Manuel de Rosas during most of the period) managed foreign relations during this time. Under his rule, the Argentine Confederation resisted attacks by Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, France and the UK, as well other Argentine factions during the Argentine Civil Wars.

Maximiliam of Austria

Maximilian was an imposed emperor from Austria, during a power struggle with the liberals and conservatives of Mexico, Mexico decided to reach out to France to find an absolute ruler in order to overturn the liberal government.. Assuring him the people wanted him to rule, Maximilian agreed. He tried to embrace Mexican culture and he tried to be a good ruler but the people rejected him and he was eventually killed by military shot fire

Francisco Madero

Mexican revolutionary and president of Mexico (1911-13), who successfully ousted the dictator Porfirio Díaz by temporarily unifying various democratic and anti-Díaz forces.

Three Year's War (Mexico)

Mexicos War of Reform, also known as the Three Year War, occurred from December 17, 1857 to January 1, 1861. This armed conflict consisted of the confrontation between liberals and conservatives

"Coffee with Milk" politics

Minas Gerais and São Paulo were the two main provinces of the country in economic terms. Both provinces represented the biggest electoral votes of the time, the vote was not a privilege, only the literate could vote (elite). During the administration of President Campos Sales (1898-1902) called the Politics of Coffee with Milk. According to the policy, São Paulo, indicated as largest coffee producer in the country, Minas Gerais, the largest producer of milk in the country, unite their political and economic forces to control the Brazilian political scene through a relay in the power of presidents. Thus, there would be a Paulista and now would be a miner. To ensure the result of the manner desired by the articulators Coffee with Milk Policy elections were used as tools coronelismo, voting Halter and politics of the governors. At that time the vote was not secret and colonels each region controlled on who people would vote. The colonels gave their support to the governors, who supported the president and both allowed the continuing power of the colonels. Thus formed an oligarchic government, which had access to power those who were part of the dominant group only.

Francisco (Pancho) Villa

Pancho Villa was a Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the regimes of both Porfirio Díaz and Victoriano Huerta and after 1914 engaged in civil war and banditry. He was from the Northern state of Chihuahua who built an army of former cowboys, miners, railroad workers, and oil field roustabouts. His movement was much better connected, more urban and middle class. This allowed him to gain the upper hand, drafting the new constitution of 1917.

Golden Law

Passed by the Brazilian Senate and sanctioned by Princess Isabel on 13 May 1888, freed all remaining slaves

Queiroz Law (1850)

Queiroz Law was a measure enacted by the Brazilian parliament to make the slave trade illegal. The Brazilian parliament ended the slave trade in 1850, after British warships had seized some slave ships in Brazilian harbours. Slavery within Brazil, however, was not abolished until 1888.

Article 123 (1917 Mexican Constitution)

Series of Laws concerning labor, which focuses on labor rights for children, women, and men. There are 4 laws that are societal ratifiers in the sense that they allow for women to gain more independence within the machista society of Mexico. First, equal pay for equal work for both men and women. Second, paid maternity allows for women to not be discriminated when looking for a job, and provides security/stability for the family. Third, child labor laws allows for children to get an education and move up in the socio-economic structure. Fourth, unions and the right to strike if any of these laws are not being met by the company, which gives them power to speak out.

"Fernandes Thesis"

Slavery was the root cause of black inability to compete against whites.

Colonato system

System of exploitation of land by settlers (farmers). (not sure if this is correct)

Zanja de Alsina (Alsina's ditch)

System of trenches and watchtowers built in center and southern Buenos Aires in the 1870s.

Policy of "pan o palo"

Term coined by Porfirio Diaz translating to "Bread or a beating" (literally "Bread or stick"), meaning that one could either accept what was given willingly (often a position of political power) or else face harsh consequences (often death).

Baldíos (vacant lands)

The Laws that enabled the disposition of land from indigenous communities and its monopolization by national and foreign landowners were the 1883 Colonialization Laws,the Privatization of vacant lots of baldíos and the Federal Water Laws of 1894 stated that the colonization of baldíos could be carried out by the state or by the private companies that were allowed to survey Mexican lands in order to privatize and sell them. Most members of that elite then tranferred their concessions to foreigners mostly from the U.S

Rio Branco Law

The Rio Branco Law also known as the Law of Free Birth was enacted by parliament in 1871. The law freed children born of slave parents. The law was passed under the leadership of José Maria da Silva Paranhos, Viscount do Rio Branco. Although the children were set free, the measure allowed the parents' owners to require such children to work until they reached age 21.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Hidalgo was written and arranged by Nicholas Trist as he basically ignored James K Polk's claim to retreat as he believed this opportunity would not come anytime soon. The Treaty was signed on February 2, 1848 agreeing to give/sell California and Texas to the U.S

Mexican-American War

The U.S believed in expanding west through manifest destiny. In doing so as they could no longer expand north of Oregon they decided to expand south of it including the states of Texas and California. Mexico did not want to agree on the Santa Fe proposal making the U.S surface their borders where they were attacked by Mexico eventually leading in the U.S Declaring war. The war lasted from 1846-1848. In 1847 as the Mexican president fled, a peace treaty was signed in 1848 giving the US the California and Texas region and eventually buying New Mexico and part of Arizona later.

United Fruit Company

The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe.

"Comparative advantage"

The ability of an individual or group to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity.

Conquest of the Desert

The campaign that Julio Roca directed. Expanded the Argentinian territory, but eliminated many Native Americans.

Economic Liberalism

The ideological belief in organizing the economy on individual lines, which means that the greatest possible number of economic decisions are made by individuals or households and not by collective institutions or organizations.

Porfiriato

The rule of Porfirio Diaz is knock as the Porfirioato, the epitome of the neocolonial dictatorship in Latin American. Throughout this time period, Diaz dedicated himself to the modernization of the country. He has a circle of technological advisors "los cientificos" for the science of government as well as expanding Mexico's import/export trade to strengthen the Mexican state. He curbed regional caudillos, created public jobs for middle class towns by enlarging the bureaucracy, subsidized the press to keep them friendly and jailed those that spoke out against him, nationalized the railroad system, founded the rurales (mounted national police) as well as welcomed foreign investment in Mexican land. Consequently foreigners owned about a quarter of it as well as silver and oil underneath.

Pedro II

The second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil. Reigned for 58 years. He was overthrown while highly regarded by the people and at the pinnacle of his popularity

"Second Conquest of Latin America"

The second conquest of Latin America was much more a series of negotiating encounters with international investors and Latin American elites than an outright economic victory by foreign entrepreneurs

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

Informal imperialism

The use of indirect means to control an area. Indirect means can be a military presence but is usually centered around economic control. Trading and loans are two essential parts.

Victoriano Huerta

dictatorial president of Mexico (Feb. 18, 1913-July 15, 1914), whose regime united disparate revolutionary forces in common opposition to him.

Ranqueles Indians

They were hunters, nomads and during a good part of the 19th century they had an alliance with the Tehuelche people, with whom they traveled east into the western part of today's Buenos Aires Province and southern end of Córdoba Province, and also to Mendoza, San Luis and Santa Fe. In 1833 Julio Argentino Roca led the Desert Campaign (1833-34), in which he attempted to eliminate the Ranquel.

Aberdeen Act

Unilateral action by Great Britain to arrest and try Brazilian slave ships

Álvaro Obregón

Was a general in the Mexican Revolution, who became President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924.

Bernardino Rivadavia

Was the first president of Argentina, then called the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, from February 8, 1826 to June 27, 1827.

Soldaderas

Women in the military who participated in the Mexican Revolution.

Juárez Law

abolishing the fueros (special privileges of the clergy and the military)

"Yankees of the South"

erm American's used to decribe the people of mexico during the Porfiriato Era because yankees are americans from the north (north of the US was big in indusrty) symbolizing mexico's modernization, industrilization, and ingenuity

Article 27 (1917 Mexican Constitution)

focuses on land reform and the role of the church in terms of land ownership. First, the elimination of church control over land. Second, the expropriation of land when the government considers it necessary for the public betterment. Third, foreigners have no border holdings. Fourth, the redistribution of land for the poor and indigenous tribes that were stripped of their land illegally. These four factors and the enforcement of most of them proves a revolutionary feat.

La Reforma/The Reform

liberal political and social revolution in Mexico between 1854 and 1876 under the principal leadership of Benito Juárez.

Lerdo Law

ordered the sale of all church lands not used for specifically religious purposes.Confiscated church property was to be allotted in small parcels to the landless; the land policy of La Reforma was its outstanding failure, however, because by the end of the period the number and wealth of large landholders increased while the condition of impoverished, landless peasants worsened.

Economy cycles (Brazil)

sugar,rubber,coffee

Juan Bautista Alberdi

this man influenced Argentine liberalism through his words, he studied law in Buenos Aires and became a sort if literary salon radical in the 1830s, but this meant bodily harm from caudillo Rosas. Therefore he fled across the Rio de Plata to Montevideo, Chile. He spent nearly 10 years in self-exile lobbying literary bombshells back to Buenos Aires. Alberdi urged the government to encourage european immigration to expand Argentina's population and because europeans were perceived as superior people. He also recommended modern education to transform Argentine culture and europeanize it. Instead of learning Latin to study the ancients he wanted people to learn english the language of commerce and technology.

Subsidized immigrants' tickets

used to encourage European immigration to Argentina?

São Paulo

when coffee became Brazil's vital export crop in the last decades of the 19th century São Paulo become a major centre of economic activity with concomitant population growth. Migration, both from Europe and internal, led to great expansion and diversification. When São Paulo served as the main focus of Brazil's industrialization in the early decades of the 20th century, it rapidly closed the gap with Rio de Janeiro, which shortly before the turn of the century had been 10 times as large.the prosperous coffee economy attracted huge numbers of immigrants to São Paulo, By the 1940s and '50s, São Paulo was aptly referred to as the locomotive "pulling the rest of Brazil" and has since become the hub of an immense megametropolis. Its vibrant and energetic urban core is characterized by an ever-growing maze of modern steel, concrete, and glass skyscrapers in newer hubs within São Paulo's business centre, as well as in emergent outlying business districts.