Botany AVASCULAR/EARLY VASCULAR PLANTS

What is alternation of generation? Is the sporophyte dependent on gametophyte?

-In those algae which have alternation of generations, the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent organisms, which may or may not have a similar appearance. In liverworts, mosses and hornworts, the sporophyte is less well developed than the gametophyte and is largely dependent on it. -The sporophyte generation is dependent on the photosynthetic gametophyte for nutrition. Cells within the sporangium of the sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce male and female spores, respectively.

What is the difference between sporophyte and gametophyte generation?

-Sporophyte. Sporophyte generation produces spores. It uses the meiosis process. These consist of diploid plants. Sporophytes have two sets of chromosomes. These reproduce asexually. -Gametophyte Gametophyte generation results in the formation of gametes. It uses the mitosis process. These consist of haploid plants. These reproduce sexually. Gametes take part in fertilization or fuse together to give rise to diploid (2n) zygote.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction in bryophytes?

Advantage: Each tiny advantage gained by favorable variation gives a species an edge over close competitors, predators, parasites, or even prey. Disadvantage: Bryophytes have neither pollen nor flowers and rely on water to carry the male gametes (the sperm) to the female gametes (the eggs).

What is common between avascular and early vascular plants?

As both are the types of plants that contain chlorophyll and chloroplast. They require water to grow. Both the types undergo photosynthesis and provide oxygen. Vascular and nonVascular plants have waxy cuticles.

What is shared between plants and green algae?

Green algae contain the same carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b as land plants, whereas other algae have different accessory pigments and types of chlorophyll molecules in addition to chlorophyll a. Both green algae and land plants also store carbohydrates as starch.

Which generation dominates in the life cycle of bryophytes?

In bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), the dominant generation is haploid, so that the gametophyte comprises what we think of as the main plant. The opposite is true for tracheophytes (vascular plants), in which the diploid generation is dominant and the sporophyte comprises the main plant.

What are the male and the female structure of bryophytes are called?

In bryophytes, the antheridium is the male sex organ, which produces sperm. The archegonium, illustrated along with the antheridium in the fluorescence photomicrograph presented below, is the female reproductive organ, which produces eggs.

Do bryophytes have true roots, stems and leaves?

Mosses and liverworts are lumped together as bryophytes, plants lacking true vascular tissues, and sharing a number of other primitive traits. They also lack true stems, roots, or leaves, though they have cells that perform these general functions.

What are avascular plants? What is the phylum for avascular plants?

Nonvascular plants include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. They lack roots, stems, and leaves. Nonvascular plants are low-growing, reproduce with spores, and need a moist habitat.

What is the phylum for horsetail? Is there another name for horsetail?

Phylum Sphenophyta, a group of seedless vascular plants.

How do they conduct water and food in their system? name the structure that conduct water and food.

Primitive bryophytes like mosses and liverworts are so small that they can rely on diffusion to move water in and out of the plant.

What is the function of elaters in horsetail and bryophytes?

The elaters function is to increase dispersal because they push the spores out of the plant and increase the aerodynamic drag in the wind

Life cycle of seedless vascular plants (ground pine and horsetail), which life cycle is dominant?

The life cycle of seedless vascular plants is an alternation of generations, where the diploid sporophyte alternates with the haploid gametophyte phase. The diploid sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle, while the gametophyte is an inconspicuous, but still-independent, organism.

What challenges do terrestrial plants have to overcome from "life in water?

There are four major challenges to plants living on land: obtaining resources, staying upright, maintaining moisture, and reproducing. Obtaining Resources From Two Places at Once Algae and other aquatic organisms acquire the resources they need from the surrounding water.

Is a club moss a true moss?

They are not true mosses, which are non-vascular.

What are the 2 common characteristics between land plants and Lycopodium?

They are similar to ferns. They have unique leaves called microphylls. ... Lycopodium plants are homosporous. Therefore, they produce only one type of spores which are alike, numerous and same size.

How is fertilization accomplished in avascular and early vascular plants?

Those that land on a suitable substrate germinate and form a heart-shaped gametophyte, which is attached to the ground by thin filamentous rhizoids. The inconspicuous gametophyte harbors both sex gametangia. Flagellated sperm are released and swim on a wet surface to where the egg is fertilized.

How does the thick cuticle helps the bryophytes?

it prevents the abundant rainwater from leaching nutrients out of the protoplasts

Name plants in bryophytes

mosses (division Bryophyta), hornworts (division Anthocerotophyta), and liverworts (division Marchantiophyta).