Botany Lecture Chapter 8: Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds

what does each stamin consist of?

a filament with an anther at the top. pollen grains developed and disseminated in anthers

what do simple fleshy fruits develop from?

a flower with a single pistil

nut

acorn

Outermost whorl typically consists of what?

consists of three to five sepals

grain

corn

aggregate fruits

derived from a single flower with several to many pistils. Individual pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle. raspberries, strawberries.

multiple fruits

derived from several to many individual flowers in a single receptacle. pineapple, figs

indehiscent

dry fruits that do not split at maturity

dehiscent

dry fruits that split at maturity

explain how each flower begins and its development

each flower, which begins as an embryonic primordium that develops into a bud, occurs as a specialized branch at the tip of a peduncle which swells at its tip into a small pad (receptacle)

seed components

embryo, energy reserve, protective coat

Fruit regions: mesocarp

fleshy tissue between exocarp and endocarp

cotyledones

food storage organs that function as first seed leaves

What do fruits develop from?

from flower ovaries or accessory parts

inflorescences

group of several to hundreds of flowers

Fruit regions: endocarp

inner boundary and seed(s)

true berry

is a fruit with a thin skin and a relatively soft pericarp

fruit

is an ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured. usually contains seeds. _______ develop from flower ovaries or accessory parts and accordingly are found exclusively in flowering plants.

germination

is the beginning or resumption of seed growth. seed must be viable. some require period of dormancy.

hesperidium

leathery skin containing oils (citrus)

samara

maple

monocots

one cotyledon flower parts in threes leaves with parallel primary veins vascular cambium absent vascular bundles scattered pollen grain with one aparture

what are the three fruit regions collectively called?

pericarp

inferior ovary

receptacle grows up and around the ovary. calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top.

pepos

relatively thick rinds (pumpkins)

animal dispersal

seeds pass through digestive tract. fruits and seeds catch in fur or feathers. oils attract ants.

drupe

simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit.

Fruit regions: excocarp

skin

wind dispersal

small and lightweight seeds

water dispersal

some fruits contain trapped air. bouyant seeds.

follicle

splits along one side or seam

legume

splits along two sides or seams

silique

splits along two sides or seams, but seeds are born on central partition exposed when the two halves separate.

radicle

stem tip developing into a root

What does the pistil consist of?

stigma, style, and ovary

achene

sunflower

berry

usually develops from a compound ovary and often contains more than one seed.

longevity of seeds

viability of most seeds is significantly extended when the seeds are stored under conditions of low temperatures and kept dry. a few species produce seeds with no period of dormancy. embryo development continues while seed is still attached to plant. vivipary.

pomes

bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary (apples)

superior ovary

calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary

capsules

consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways

plumule

embryo shoot

dicots

two cotyledons flower parts in fours or fives leaves with distinct vein network vascular cambium present vascular bundles in ring pollen grain with three apartures

The perianth consists of the calyx and corolla of the flower. A) True B) False

A) True

Vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers are considered fruits whereas broccoli and celery are not. A) True B) False

A) True

In which of the following structures do pollen grains develop? A) anther B) stigma C) ovule D) carpal

A) anther

Which one of the following is an example of a caryopsis? A) wheat B) acorns C) grapes D) all of the above

A) wheat

Annual plants continue to grow indefinitely after flowering. A) True B) False

B) False

Grain seeds have two cotyledons, a hilium, and a micropyle to protect the embryo. A) True B) False

B) False

Seeds that are dispersed by water will have plumes and wooly hairs. A) True B) False

B) False

The oldest known seeds are 120 years old. A) True B) False

B) False

What is the name given to the food-storage tissue that surrounds the embryo in a dicot seed? A) coleorhiza B) cotyledon C) radicle D) plumule

B) cotyledon

Another name for the skin of fruit is A) capsule. B) exocarp. C) pericarp. D) none of the above.

B) exocarp

What is the role of light in the germination of lettuce seeds? A) it stimulates imbibition B) it inactivates germination inhibitors C) it stimulates photosynthesis D) it increases germination temperature.

B) it inactivates the germination inhibitors

Which of the following is NOT a feature of monocots? A) flower parts in threes B) vascular cambium present C) seed with one cotyledon D) scattered vascular bundles

B) vascular cambium present

What name is given to fleshy fruits that have a single seed in a hard, stony endocarp? A) berry B) pome C) drupe D) hesperidium

C) drupe

Fruits containing trapped air are adapted for what type of dispersal? A) wind B) animals C) water D) mechanical ejection

C) water

Which of the following is NOT a flower part? A) hilum B) coleoptile C) endocarp D) all of the above E) none of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following is a mechanism for breaking dormancy in seeds? A) scarification B) after-ripening C) stratification D) all of the above

D) all of the above

A sunflower seed is an example of which type of fruit? A) silique B) legume C) follicle D) none of the above

D) none of the above