Botany- Root, specialized stems, flower, fruit, and inflorescences

Epigynous

(Perianth attached above ovary) inferior ovary. ovary adnate with perianth (i.e. ovary cannot be separated as a separate structure within perianth.) The calyx, corola and stamens all appear to attach to the top of the ovary.

Perigynous

(Perianth attached below ovary, but looks above) Superior ovary. Perianth fused = "hypanthium". Petals, sepals, and stamens all appear to attach above the ovary. Sometimes it is half hypogynous and haf epigynous.

Protoxylem

1st xylem cells to differentiate and become functional (in zone of elongation)

Incomplete flower

A flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels.

Complete flower

A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Petal

A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators. 꽃잎!

Procambium

A primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue. immature metaxylem.

Lateral root

A root that arises from the outermost layer of the pericycle of an established root.

Tap

A single primary root from which smaller roots branch off of.

Fleshy tap

A single, enlarged storage root; wider than the base of the stem.

Corm

A swollen section of an underground stem, with stored food (solid, not in scales), surrounded by a few dead leaf bases. Numerous, small corms may develop on top of the old corm from axillary buds.

Imperfect flower

A unisexual flower missing either stamens or carpels.

Casparian Strip

A waterproof strip of tissue that surrounds cells in the vascular cylinder and prevents water from leaking back out of the plant's roots.

Prop (Adventitious Roots)

Adventitious root for support

Adhesive

Adventitous root for cling, attacching.

Pome

Apple

Plumed achene

Dandelion seed

Achene

Developed from an ovary, not just an ovule. e.g. sunflower seed.

Synconium

Developed from many flowers. e.g. pineapples

Schizocarp

Entire fruit separates into two or more seed-containing sections which are attached to a common axis.

Aggregate

Fruitlets are dry; or, fleshy drupelets on the outside of a common receptacle. e.g. raspberry.

Saprophytic

Gets nourishment by digesting dead organic matter in the soil.

Cortex

Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem.

Metaxylem

It is the later formed xylem in the primary xylem which consists of large tracheids and vessels.

Hersperidium

Outer layer a leathery "rind" which can usually be peeled from the inner flesh. e.g. orange

Pepo

Outer layer a thick and hard "rind" blending with inner flesh. cannot peel it. e.g. melon and cucumber.

Berry

Outer layer a tough, thin "skin" which can be peeled from the inner flesh. e.g. Tomato

Umbel

Pedicels are all originated from single point.

Hypogynous

Perianth (petals and sepals) attached below the ovary. Superior ovary. Perianth not all fused. the corolla may form a tube around the ovary but the sepals are still separate and attached below the ovary.

Inferior ovary

Petals are above the ovary

Superior ovary

Petals are below the ovary

Monoecious plant

Plant that produces both staminate and pistillate flowers. (imperfect flowers)

Follicle

Pod splits open along one side only

Dioecious plant

Produces staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants.

Regular flower

Radial symmetry

Reticulated xylem vessels

Reticulated (like web) xylem vessels

Parasitic

Roots called "haustoria" get nourishment from the phloem of the host plant.

Stolon (or Runner)

Runners are prostrate, creeping stems which cna take root at their nodes as weel as send up new shoots, spreading the plant asexually ("vegetative reproductive"). A kind of adventitous root to spread.

Capsule by pores

Seed not attached to a central axis or septum, but are in chambers inside.

Sillicle

Short and dry fruit. central septum is inside with seeds attached.

Amyloplast

Stores starch

Receptacle

The base of a flower; the site of attachment of the floral organs to the stem.

Locule

The chamber or opening inside the ovary where the ovules are found

Cortical parenchyma

The cortex region is filled with parenchyma cells, most of which contain amyloplasts filled with starch. endodermis + cortex + hypodermis (exodermis) + epidermis

Pistil

The female reproductive part of a flower.

Style

The narrow elongated part of the pistil between the ovary and the stigma.

Accessary

Tiny seed-like fruitlets on outside of enlarged fleshy receptacle.

Xylem vessels

Tube that carries water in a plant.

Panicle

a compound raceme

Corymb

a flattop appearance.

Tuber

a fleshy underground stem or root serving for reproductive and food storage.

Involucre

a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair or ring of bracts at the base of an inflorescence

Rhizome

a horizontal, underground stem that produces new leaves, shoots, and roots. A kind of adventitous root to spread.

Legume

a lot of seed in pod which splits into 2 halves. e.g. pea

Sepal

a part of Calyx.

Bulb

a short, underground section of stem surrounded by layers of fleshy leaves ("scale") that store food. Outer leaves are dry and papery. Sometimes this swollen structure is divided into "bulblets" or "cloves" which can be separated.

Ovary

a structure containing egg cells; the base of a pistil in a flower.

Ovule

a structure that contains an egg cell.

Samara

a winged often one-seed indehiscent fruit as of the ash or elm or maple

"Knees"

aeration roots. A type of specialized roots which gets oxygen for roots submerged in water (called "elbows" or "knees")

Region of cell elongation

between apical meristem and maturation. only few millimeters in length. The elongation of cells in this region results in most of the increase in length.

Pappus

calyx composed of scales or bristles or featherlike hairs in plants of the Compositae such as thistles and dandelions.

Corolla

collective term for "petals"

Gynoecium

collective term for all the carples of a flower all female reproductive structures. "the house of women"

Grain

dry seedlike fruit produced by the cereal grasses: e.g. wheat, barley, Indian corn. [seed cannot be separated from fruit wall.]

Drupe

fleshy fruit with a stony seed. e.g. Peach

Cambium

formative one-cell-thick layer of tissue between xylem and phloem in most vascular plants that is responsible for secondary growth

Perfect flower

has both male/female reproductive parts.

Pericycle

in plants, the layer of cells just within the endodermis that gives rise to lateral roots.

Cyme

like corymb. but the terminal flowers bloom first.

Papilionaceous

literally, like a butterfly. Zygomorphic. Characteristic of the pea family (Fabaceae).

Silique

long, dry fruit. central septum is inside with seeds attached.

Calyx

made by combining all sepals. protect flower bud.

Region of cell division

meritematic region. protected by rootcap. important since this is the only place of cell division in roots.

Bracts

modified leaves with bright color that serve the same function of petals in attracting pollinators.

Region of maturation

most of the cells of the primary tissues mature. root haris are also produced in this region. (sometimes roothair zone)

Secondary xylem

new xylem cells formed on the surface of the vascular cambium that faces the center of the stem

Irregular flower

not symmetrical or bilateral symmetry.

Fibrous (Diffuse)

numerous roots branch from a central point. No one primary root; all roots approximately the same size.

Solitary

on or two flowers

Axile/Parietal

ovules in center in between septa dividing the ovary; multiple locules; indicates a syncarpous gynoecium.

Endodermis

single layer of cells that form a waterproof seal around a root's vascular tissue; controls the flow of water and dissolved ions into the root. The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder.

Ray flower

small flower with a flat strap-shaped corolla usually occupying the peripheral rings of a composite flower.

Filament

stalk that supports the anther.

Disk flower

the actinomorphic, tubular flowers in Asteraceae; contrasted with flattened, zygomorphic ray flowers. In many asteraceae, the disk flowers occur in the center of the inflorescence, the ray flowers around the margins

Stamen

the male reproductive organ of a flower.

Anther

the part of the stamen that contains pollen.

Xylem

the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants

Nut

usually large hard-shelled seed. (require special tools to open)

Phloem

vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

Capsule by sutures

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