brain and behavior exam 1
The human brain contains nearly
100 billion neurons
The overall amplitude of the action potential is about - 100 mV. - 1 V. -60 mV. - 50 mV.
100 mV.
The speed with which the largest-diameter myelinated axons in mammals conduct action potentials is - 150 m/s. - 1 m/s. - 1000 m/s. - 150 mm/s.
150 m/s.
The nicotinic ACh receptor has _______ ligand-binding site(s). - 1 - 4 - 3 - 2
2
An embryo has an unclosed neural groove and a neural crest. About how old is this embryo, assuming normal development? - 22 days - 20 days - 18 days - 24 days
20 days
In the human brain, about _______ neurons use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. - 1 million - 40% of - 200,000 - 200 million
200,000
In human embryonic development, the beginning of the brain is evident in the anterior portion of the neural tube by day - 10. - 22. - 1. - 60.
22
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) acts on at least _______ different types of receptors. - 4 - 3 - 10 - 2
4
According to DSM-5 criteria about _______% of adults in United States have a diagnoses of alcohol use disorder. - 9 - 18 - 7 - 12
7
The toxins bungarotoxin and curare both block _______ receptors, preventing _______. - GABA; postsynaptic IPSPs - glutamate; postsynaptic EPSPs - ACh; muscle contractions - glycine; event-related potentials
ACh; muscle contractions
Which of the following can postpone the appearance of Alzheimer's disease? - Adequate amounts of sleep - Antidepressant medications - A lean body mass - Good social supports
Adequate amounts of sleep
Which statement about neurons is true? - Multipolar neurons can have many dendrites and many axons. - Some interneurons lack a nucleus. - All neurons have the same four functional zones. - Unipolar neurons are especially common in the visual system.
All neurons have the same four functional zones.
Noradrenergic axons project into the - All of the above - thalamic nuclei. - cerebral cortex. - limbic system.
All of the above
Which of the following is a type of opiate receptor? - κ - δ - All of the above - μ
All of the above
Drugs that mimic GABAA receptors might be effective in treating - Schizophrenia. - Severe depression. - Anxiety disorders. - Alzheimer's disease.
Alzheimer's disease.
A patient with cognitive symptoms shows cortical atrophy in the frontal, temporal, and parietal brain areas, and a PET scans reveals pronounced reduction of metabolism in posterior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe, among other symptoms. This patient most likely has - amnesia. - age-related aging. - Alzheimer's. - Parkinson's.
Alzheimer's.
Which of the following is in the correct order of size, from largest to smallest? - An axon terminal → a synaptic cleft → the thickness of the neuronal membrane → the diameter of an ion channel - The diameter of an ion channel → the thickness of the neuronal membrane → an axon terminal → a synaptic cleft - A synaptic cleft → an axon terminal → the diameter of an ion channel → the thickness of the neuronal membrane - The thickness of the neuronal membrane → a synaptic cleft → an axon terminal → the diameter of an ion channel
An axon terminal → a synaptic cleft → the thickness of the neuronal membrane → the diameter of an ion channel
Which glial cells interact with blood vessels? - Microglial cells - Oligodendrocytes - Stellate cells - Astrocytes
Astrocytes
The output zone of the neuron is the - Axon terminal. - Dendrites. - Axon. - Soma.
Axon terminal.
Which molecule is a cholinergic antagonist? - Nicotine - Dopamine - Bungarotoxin - Acetylcholine
Bungarotoxin
A brain tumor is best imaged by a(n) _______ scan. - TMS - CT scan - PET - fMRI
CT scan
Which substance inhibits the production of neurotransmitter? - Colchicine - Amphetamine - Botulinum toxin - Caffeine
Colchicine
Which type of study best describes the experiment in which a subject's performance on a cognitive task while in a brain scanner is compared with the age of the subject? - Somatic intervention - Correlational - Epigenetic intervention - Behavioral intervention
Correlational
Which component is necessary for apoptosis? - Death genes - Methylation - Neurogenesis markers - Neurotrophic factors
Death genes
Which chemical is not an amino acid neurotransmitter? - Dopamine - GABA - Glutamate - Glycine
Dopamine
To determine if someone is legally dead many countries employ the use of an - MRI. - ERP. - EEG. - EKG.
EEG.
Which statement regarding gene expression is true? - In neurogenesis, cell differentiation takes place before gene expression. - In vertebrates, gene expression in neural cells is independent of signals from the external environment. - Gene expression in vertebrates is a predetermined result of mitotic lineages. - Environmental factors, including experience, affect gene expression and thus cell differentiation.
Environmental factors, including experience, affect gene expression and thus cell differentiation.
Alcohol alters the functioning of the brain via interaction with - genes. - myelin. - GABA receptors. - benzodiazepine receptors.
GABA receptors.
Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, or other anxiolytics, appear to modulate the activity of receptors for the neurotransmitter - dopamine. - serotonin. - acetylcholine. - GABA.
GABA.
In the mammalian brain, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter is - acetylcholine. - GABA. - glycine. - serotonin.
GABA.
Which would not be considered an extrinsic influence on cells? - Genes - Induction - Experience - Nutrition
Genes
Which feature does not normally change during the life span? - Phenotype - Genotype - Dendritic architecture - Synaptic structure
Genotype
Which protocol is an example of a somatic intervention study? - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior. - Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia - Measuring hormones in male rats exposed to female rats - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze
Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior.
The NMDA receptor is a type of receptor for the neurotransmitterA. GABA.B. Dopamine.C. Glutamate.D. Acetylcholine.
Glutamate.
Which statement regarding the spinal cord is true? - Dorsal roots convey motor information, and ventral roots convey sensory information. - Sacral cross sections are larger than thoracic cross sections. - Gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it. - The spinal cord does not have meningeal support.
Gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it.
Which characteristic is not a factor in the speed of the knee-jerk reflex? - IPSPs - Axon diameter - Fast synapses - Myelination
IPSPs
A patient in the hospital requires anti-nausea medication. Which of the following would provide the most rapid route of administration?
IV Drip
What would be the consequence for a patient with damage to the eighth cranial nerve? - Blindness - In inability to chew - An inability to speak - Impaired balance
Impaired balance
Which of the following is not a consequence of parasympathetic activation? - Increased heart rate - Dilation of blood vessels in the skin - Increased salivation - Increased digestion
Increased heart rate
Which of the following is not a characteristic of adenosine? - It blocks transporter mechanism on vesicles. - It may be antagonized by caffeine. - It inhibits transmitter release. - It acts on presynaptic receptors.
It blocks transporter mechanism on vesicles.
Which statement about multiple sclerosis is false? - It causes complex partial seizures. - Currently there is no cure. - It damages myelin. - It interferes with saltatory conduction.
It causes complex partial seizures.
Abnormalities of which brain region may be implicated in addiction to various substances? - Insula - Pituitary - Thalamus - Lateral tegmental area
Lateral tegmental area
Which statement concerning phenylketonuria (PKU) is true? - It manifests due to excessive intake of fatty foods. - It is interesting to researchers because it does not require an interaction of genes and environment to be expressed. - Left untreated, it can cause intellectual disability. - For those affected, dietary restrictions are critical later in life.
Left untreated, it can cause intellectual disability.
The brainstem consists of the - Spinal cord, cerebellum, and medulla. - Spinal cord, cerebellum, and pons. - Midbrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord. - Midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Which process occurs to only a limited extent after birth? - Glial cell formation - Synaptogenesis - Neurogenesis - Myelination
Neurogenesis
Which protocol is an example of a behavioral intervention study? - Castrating male rats and then examining mating behavior when exposed to female rats - Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze - Giving a group of rats a drug and then observing the effect of the drug on the rats' behavior. - Measuring the extent of brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia
Observing patterns of brain activity in animals trained in a maze
The use of _______, which has an affinity for beta-amyloid, means a formal diagnosis of Alzheimer's can now occur prior to death. - MRI scans - autoradiography - immunocytochemistry - Pittsburgh Blue dye (PiB)
Pittsburgh Blue dye (PiB)
Which life choice would most likely reduce one's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease? - Sleeping at least 10 hours a day - Drinking a glass of red wine every day - Relaxing at home, listening to classical music, and eating organically grown food - Playing 18 holes of golf every day without a golf cart
Playing 18 holes of golf every day without a golf cart
Which statement regarding ions is true? - Negatively charged anions are balanced across the cell membrane. - Positively charged cations are attracted to the intracellular fluid. - Positively charged anions are attracted to the intracellular fluid. - Negatively charged anions are drawn to the intracellular fluid.
Positively charged cations are attracted to the intracellular fluid.
Which region of the cortex is crucial for motor control?
Precentral gyrus
A major site of origin of projections using the neurotransmitter serotonin is the
Raphe nucleus.
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is a molecule that can be taken up by axon terminals and then carried back to the cell body for visualization of the neuron. Dysfunction in which cellular process would prevent cell labeling by HRP? - Retrograde transport - Dendritic transport - In situ hybridization - Anterograde transport
Retrograde transport
The plane that divides the body into left and right halves is called the _______ plane.A. SagittalB. FrontalC. CoronalD. Horizontal
Sagittal
Which chemical is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter? - Norepinephrine - Dopamine - Serotonin - Epinephrine
Serotonin
Which statement about complex partial seizures is true? - They are more common in the elderly. - They do not involve the entire brain. - They produce a set of characteristic behaviors. - During an episode, a person will stop moving and stare into space.
They do not involve the entire brain.
An action potential can be likened to the action of what common household fixture? - Water heater - Dishwasher - Toilet - Microwave
Toilet
Which cranial nerve is not involved in the control of eye movements? - Oculomotor - Trochlear - Trigeminal - Abducens
Trigeminal
The dopamine neural pathway from the _______ to the nucleus accumbens appears to be involved in the experience of reward. - Substantia nigra - Locus coeruleus - Raphe nucleus - Ventral tegmental area
Ventral tegmental area
Which statement about white and gray matter is true? - White matter is analogous to insulation. - White matter is white due its density of neuronal cell bodies. - Gray matter is gray because it is older tissue than white matter. - Gray matter is analogous to air conditioning.
White matter is analogous to insulation.
_______ was a pioneer in mapping the brain through electric stimulation. - Wilder Penfield - John Hughlings Jackson - Eric Kandel - Marco Delgado
Wilder Penfield
When activated extracellularly, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCrs) initiate - a G protein signaling mechanism outside the cell. - transporters to uptake degraded neurotransmitters for recycling. - a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell. - the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.
a G protein signaling mechanism inside the cell.
The human brain is essentially folded into the skull; about two-thirds of the of it is hidden within the folds (sulci), thereby allowing - faster neural transmission. - greater protection of the surface of the brain. - a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space. - increased thermoregulation of the brain.
a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space.
Bipolar neurons have _______ at one of the cell and _______ at the other end. - many dendrites; a single axon - many dendrites; branching axons - a single dendrite; axon terminals - a single dendrite; a single axon
a single dendrite; a single axon
Neurofibrillary tangles are - senile plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. - clumps of dead neurons in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. - patches of dead and dying axons. - abnormal whorls of neurofilaments.
abnormal whorls of neurofilaments.
Cocaine and amphetamine both potently affect the _______ of the monoamine neurotransmitters _______ and _______ in the synapse. - accumulation; norepinephrine; dopamine - synthesis; acetylcholine; serotonin - metabolism; GABA; norepinephrine - binding; serotonin; dopamine
accumulation; norepinephrine; dopamine
The neurotransmitter _______ is found in nuclei of the basal forebrain. - serotonin - norepinephrine - dopamine - acetylcholine
acetylcholine
Curare is a drug that selectively blocks receptors for - norepinephrine. - acetylcholine. - GABA. - serotonin.
acetylcholine.
Patients with Alzheimer's disease gradually lose many of the basal forebrain neurons that produce the transmitter - serotonin. - dopamine. - acetylcholine. - norepinephrine.
acetylcholine.
The enzyme _______ breaks down molecules of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, stopping its action at synapses. - monoamine oxidase - bungarotoxin - curare - acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholinesterase
A person over 55 years of age shows problems with delayed memory, and MRI images show a decrease in normal volume of the hippocampal formation. PET scans show no decrease in cerebral metabolism. This person most likely has - age-related memory loss. - Alzheimer's disease. - Parkinson's disease. - senile dementia.
age-related memory loss.
Disulfiram (Antabuse) is prescribed for people who are trying to overcome dependence on - amphetamine. - heroin. - cocaine. - alcohol.
alcohol.
The size of the action potential is independent of stimulus magnitude. This is referred to as the _______ property of action potentials. - resting - all-or-none - threshold - ionic
all-or-none
The Spanish anatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal showed that - although neurons come very close together, they are not continuous with one another and are functionally independent. - neurons are continuous with one another but are functionally independent. - neurons are continuous with one another and are functionally dependent. - although neurons come very close together, they are not continuous with one another, but they are functionally dependent on one another.
although neurons come very close together, they are not continuous with one another and are functionally independent.
The _______ is particularly implicated in odor perception.
amygdala
Teenagers with the highest IQ show - an especially long period of cortical thinning. - very little cortical thinning. - higher levels of neurotrophic factors. - lower levels of neurotrophic factors.
an especially long period of cortical thinning.
Current research suggests that the substance _______ is an endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors. - dynorphin - delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - hashish - anandamide
anandamide
If a newly-developed drug is found to bind to dopamine receptors but does not activate them, the drug is classified as a(n) - prototype. - endogenous ligand. - antagonist. - agonist.
antagonist.
Substances are conveyed from the cell body of the neuron to the distant reaches of the axon through the process of - myelination. - anterograde transport. - neuroplasticity. - retrograde transport.
anterograde transport.
Damage to the cingulate gyrus would most likely impair - attention. - motor control. - pain perception. - vision.
attention.
Each senile plaque within the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease contains - neurofibrillary tangles. - melanin. - beta-amyloid. - NGF.
beta-amyloid.
Caffeine exerts its action by _______ presynaptic adenosine receptors, which _______the amount of neurotransmitter released. - opening; increases - blocking; decreases - blocking; increases - opening; decreases
blocking; increases
The substance curare, which is used by native South Americans for poisoning the tip of arrowheads, - selectively blocks sodium channels. - selectively blocks potassium channels. - increases levels of acetylcholinesterase. - blocks acetylcholine receptors.
blocks acetylcholine receptors.
In its common usage, the term "stroke" refers to - brain damage caused by external toxic agents such as drugs. - brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain. - brain damage due to head trauma. - any process that causes a sudden intellectual deterioration.
brain damage caused by a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain.
The early components of event-related potentials are associated primarily with - endogenous factors. - brainstem activity. - cognitive processing. - cortical responses.
brainstem activity.
Verapamil inhibits neurotransmitter release by blocking - storage in vesicles. - sodium channels. - autoreceptors. - calcium channels.
calcium channels.
The active ingredient in cannabis, THC, exerts its effects on the brain through interactions with _______ receptors. - cannabinoid - GABA - glutamate - opioid
cannabinoid
During development, the process in which one cell affects the differentiation of other neighboring cells is called - cell proliferation. - cell competition. - cell diffusion. - cell-cell interaction.
cell-cell interaction.
The relationship between brain size and learning scores is - causal. - not equal. - variable. - correlational.
correlational.
In the developing fetus, the telencephalon becomes the - midbrain. - spinal cord. - hypothalamus. - cortex
cortex.
Hyperpolarizing stimuli - increase the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential. - decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential. - decrease the membrane potential. - increase movement of sodium ions into the neuron.
decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.
If one eye of a kitten is occluded during the sensitive period, visual cortex cells later show _______ responses to visual stimuli presented to that eye. - spontaneous - increased - variable - decreased
decreased
The main active ingredient found in cannabis is - hashish. - delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). - phencyclidine (PCP). - tetracycline.
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
Preventing the formation of _______ on dendrites would decrease the space available for synapses. - the myelin sheath - synaptic vesicles - dendritic spines - the axon hillock
dendritic spines
Children who have inherited PKU can be helped by - enriched environments. - dietary manipulation. - surgery. - gene therapy.
dietary manipulation
The resting membrane potential is maintained by electrostatic pressure and _______ acting on the cation _______. - permeability; sodium - afterpotential; chloride - local potential; calcium - diffusion; potassium
diffusion; potassium
A common feature of addictive drugs appears to be that they cause the release of _______ in the _______. - dopamine; nucleus accumbens - GABA; insula - serotonin; amygdala - norepinephrine; ventral tegmental area
dopamine; nucleus accumbens
Drugs that stimulate the _______ pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may eclipse the pleasures derived from other activities. - cholinergic - dopaminergic - noradrenergic - serotonergic
dopaminergic
Higher doses of a drug tend to increase the proportion of receptors that are bound and affected by the drug, thereby increasing the response. This relationship is called the - dose-response curve. - binding affinity. - intrinsic activity. - effective dose.
dose-response curve.
Ions are molecules that carry an electric charge due to the gain or loss of - positrons. - protons. - electrons. - neutrons.
electrons.
The discovery that the brain contains specific receptors for manufactured opiate drugs such as morphine implies that the body must make an _______ substance to interact with the same receptors. - exogenous - endogenous - excitatory - inhibitory
endogenous
Two _______ opioids are_______-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin. - endogenous; tau - exogenous; tau - endogenous; met - exogenous; met
endogenous; met
Alcohol's calming influence may be attributed to its ability to - decrease norepinephrine secretion. - enhance postsynaptic inhibition. - increase anandamide secretion. - reduce postsynaptic inhibition.
enhance postsynaptic inhibition.
If a child is born with vision impairment that is not repaired within the first 6 months of life, the child will have particular difficulty in recognizing - inanimate objects - moving objects. - complex scenes. - faces.
faces.
Reduced gray matter, absence of the corpus callosum, abnormal brain organization, and characteristic deformities of the head and face are seen in - addiction to street-level heroin. - fetal alcohol syndrome. - cocaine addiction. - addiction to methamphetamine.
fetal alcohol syndrome.
Axon terminals - forms a synapse onto other cells. - are specialized synapses occurring on muscles. - are found within synaptic vesicles. - are protrusions occurring along the length of dendrites.
forms a synapse onto other cells.
The importance of loss of synapses during development is demonstrated in people with _______, a condition in which the normal elimination of synapses after birth does not occur, leading to intellectual disability. - Parkinson's disease - PKU - Alzheimer's disease - fragile X syndrome
fragile X syndrome
The central sulcus divides the _______ and _______ lobes. - temporal; occipital - parietal; occipital - frontal; parietal - frontal; temporal
frontal; parietal
One perspective on drug addiction proposes that a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they - have strong rewarding properties. - evoke hallucinations. - cause bursts of intense activity. - cause a chronic maladaptation syndrome.
have strong rewarding properties.
During the relative refractory phase, - all gated channels are closed. - the neuron is briefly hyperpolarized. - no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential. - voltage-gated sodium channels are open.
he neuron is briefly hyperpolarized.
Event-related potentials are particularly useful for diagnosing problems with _______ at birth. - breathing - muscle contraction - vision - hearing
hearing
The drug methadone is used to treat people who have become addicted to
herion
In people with Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques are found in the _______, cortex, and associated limbic system sites. - amygdala - cerebellum - hippocampus - basal ganglia
hippocampus
In the adult brain, neurogenesis is evident in the - basal ganglia. - hippocampus. - amygdala. - extrastriate cortex.
hippocampus
Stimulation studies were able to create "maps" of how the various parts of the body are laid out on the cortex. These maps provided the basis for the cartoon depiction of areas of greatest representation in the brain. This cartoon depiction is referred to as the - homunculus. - mini-self. - petite fille. - grand homme.
homunculus.
The term still used to depict Penfield's maps of the brain is the - homunculus. - aura. - electric mind maps. - sulcus.
homunculus.
Desynchronized electrical activity is seen - during a seizure. - only in children. - in a normal active brain. - only in brainstem structures.
in a normal active brain.
In an experimental manipulation, before a group of rats were timed running in a maze, half the rats in a study were given caffeine and half were not. In this study, the caffeine is the _______ variable and the running in the maze is the _______ variable. - between-subject; within-subjects - dependent; independent - independent; dependent - within-subjects; between-subjects
independent; dependent
Within the midbrain, auditory information is received by the _______ and visual information is received by the _______. - periaqueductal gray; reticular formation - tectum; tegmentum - caudate nucleus; putamen - inferior colliculi; superior colliculi
inferior colliculi; superior colliculi
GABA receptors are - inhibitory. - all ionotropic. - excitatory. - all metabotropic.
inhibitory.
A challenge with treatment for Alzheimer's that involves trying to inhibit the production of beta-amyloid is that - it decreases brain metabolism. - it is not known if beta-amyloid production is caused by Alzheimer's or if it is a response to it. - the enzymes that favor beta-amyloid production have not been identified. - it causes an increase in neurofibrillary tangles.
it is not known if beta-amyloid production is caused by Alzheimer's or if it is a response to it
The number of neurons that die during early development is - close to zero. - small. - variable from one individual to another. - large.
large.
In human cerebral cortex, there is a net _______ of synapses from late childhood until _______. - increase; midlife - loss; older age - loss; midadolescence - increase; young adulthood
loss; midadolescence
The major divisions of the spinal cord are cervical, thoracic, _______, and sacral. - lumbar - trigeminal - ventral - cranial
lumbar
In terms of its position on your body, your nose is _______ and _______. - ventral; dorsal - medial; anterior - superior; dorsal - caudal; anterior
medial; anterior
The _______ system is a dopamine-containing projection that originates in the substantia nigra and projects to the basal ganglia. - mesolimbocortical - lateral tegmental - cholinergic - mesostriatal
mesostriatal
The _______ receptor uses a system of second messengers to cause changes in excitability. - ionotropic - GABAA - metabotropic - nicotinic
metabotropic
Muscarinic receptors are - all excitatory. - metabotropic. - all inhibitory. - ionotropic.
metabotropic.
Rodent pups with an inattentive mother secrete an abnormally high level of glucocorticoids in response to stress as adults. In terms of epigenetics, this response is due to - methylation of glucocorticoids. - inactivation of stress genes. - decreased glucocorticoid expression. - methylation of the gene for the glucocorticoid receptor.
methylation of the gene for the glucocorticoid receptor.
A cut in the _______ plane would sever all the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. - coronal - horizontal - midsagittal - axial
midsagittal
The level of analysis of the study of membrane permeability of neurotransmitter receptors is the _______ level. - circuit - synaptic - neural systems - molecular
molecular
Two types of acetylcholine receptors are called _______ and _______. - delta; kappa - α1; α2 - AMPA; NMDA - muscarinic; nicotinic
muscarinic; nicotinic
The major function of Schwann cells is - myelination of peripheral nerve fibers. - myelination of axons in the brain. - transmission of nutrients to neurons. - scavenging of cellular debris.
myelination of peripheral nerve fibers.
Adult neurogenesis especially affects a region of a brain that would help a person - remain patient when someone is annoying them. - recognize their mother. - navigate their way home from a friend's house. read a textbook.
navigate their way home from a friend's house.
Trauma that affects the central nervous system of a human embryo between 22 and 24 days after fertilization would not affect - neurogenesis in the forebrain. - neural crest formation. - brain formation. - development of the neural plate.
neural crest formation.
The level of analysis of the study of specific interactions of the different lobes of the brain is the _______ level. - neural systems - circuit - molecular - synaptic
neural systems
In human embryonic development, the crests of the neural groove come together to form the - ectoderm. - brain plate. - forebrain. - neural tube.
neural tube
During a period of normal cell death, developing neurons are thought to compete for - death genes. - glucose. - acetylcholine. - neurotrophic factors.
neurotrophic factors.
The _______ are regularly spaced along the length of myelinated axons. - ion channels - dendrites - nodes of Ranvier sodium-potassium pumps
nodes of Ranvier
Myelin increases the speed of conduction because it - offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current. - offers little resistance to the flow of ionic current. - increases ionic transfer across the membrane. - releases special chemicals that aid conduction.
offers considerable resistance to the flow of ionic current.
Axo-axonic synapses - often terminate near the axon terminal. - are always inhibitory. - do not exist in mammalian species. - often terminate on the dendritic spine.
often terminate near the axon terminal.
Most IPSPs are attributable to the - opening of chloride channels. - concurrent opening of sodium, potassium, and chloride channels. - opening of sodium channels. - closing of potassium channels.
opening of chloride channels.
It appears that Alzheimer's disease is not simply the result of "wear-and-tear," because - there is pronounced cortical atrophy. - children do not develop Alzheimer's. - some people who are not highly educated may still get Alzheimer's. - people who reach the age 85-90 without symptoms become increasingly less likely ever to develop them.
people who reach the age 85-90 without symptoms become increasingly less likely ever to develop them.
The physical characteristics that make up an individual and constantly change throughout out life are called the individual's - phenotype. - genotype. - clone. - epigenome.
phenotype.
The _______ model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict's desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms. - positive reward - physical dependence - moral - disease
physical dependence
The _______ model of drug abuse argues that people become addicted to drugs because of the powerful reinforcement they provide. - moral model - disease model - physical dependence - positive reward
positive reward
At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through - genetic screening. - olfactory testing. - MRI. - postmortem examination.
postmortem examination.
Inside the neuron there is a high concentration of _______ ions, while outside the cell there is a high concentration of _______ ions. - sodium; potassium calcium; chloride - potassium; sodium - calcium; sodium
potassium; sodium
In the human cerebral cortex, the pruning of dendrites and axon terminals occurs last in _______ cortex. - auditory - visual - motor - prefrontal
prefrontal
There are ethicists who argue that animal research is justified only when it - produces immediate and measurable benefits. - has demonstrated benefits for at least - one-third of the human population. - is used for cancer research. has demonstrated long-lasting benefits.
produces immediate and measurable benefits.
PKU is a hereditary disorder that involves faulty metabolism of - sugar. - alcohol. - protein. - lipid.
protein.
MRI makes use of _______ waves and _______ fields to form images of the structure of the living brain. - gamma; electric - Answer radio; magnetic - light; electric - sound; magnetic
radio; magnetic
A drug or toxin that resembles the endogenous ligand and that can bind to the receptor and activate it is called as a(n) - receptor agonist. - endogenous drug. - receptor antagonist. - exogenous mimic.
receptor agonist.
The idea that we can understand complex systems by looking at their simpler constituent parts is known as - causality. - reductionism. - correlation. - fractionation.
reductionism.
Transporter molecules are involved in the _______ of neurotransmitter at the synapse. - activation - diffusion - degradation - reuptake
reuptake
On occasion, chronic abusers of amphetamines have been misdiagnosed as suffering from - depression. - panic disorder. - autism. - schizophrenia.
schizophrenia.
Undifferentiated _______ cells, if gathered from embryonic tissue and transplanted into the brain, will differentiate and integrate properly. - stem - apoptotic - ventricular - mesodermal
stem
In an experiment, a researcher takes undifferentiated cells and places them with cells from a particular brain region. When the undifferentiated cells begin to differentiate, they take on the appropriate identity for that brain region. These formerly undifferentiated cells are - target cells. - glial cells. - germ cells. - stem cells.
stem cells.
A ligand is a - substance that binds to receptor molecules. - type of electrical stimulus. - type of drug. - cholinergic synapse.
substance that binds to receptor molecules.
The level of analysis of the study of neurotransmitter release is the _______ level. - synaptic - molecular - circuit - neural systems
synaptic
A neuron can be pushed to threshold if many EPSPs arrive at the axon hillock in quick succession. This process is referred to as - spatial summation. - active propagation. - temporal summation. - threshold afterpotential.
temporal summation.
Almost all incoming sensory information passes through the _______, which sends the information on to the overlying cortex. - caudate nucleus - hypothalamus - hippocampus - thalamus
thalamus
Down-regulation of a neuron's receptors might be caused by - the antagonistic effects of a drug. - the agonistic effects of a drug. - two similar drugs exerting opposite effects. - a drug that both inhibits and excites the nervous system.
the agonistic effects of a drug.
Action potentials are all-or-none phenomena. This means that - they must fire a certain number of times a second to communicate information accurately. - the amplitude of the action potential changes based on the intensity of the stimulus. - they require a certain amount of stimulus to fire. - the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus.
the amplitude of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus.
A tap on the patellar tendon activates - an oscillator circuit. - the knee jerk reflex. - the flexion reflex. - the yawning reflex.
the knee jerk reflex.
Neurophysiology is the study of - the nervous system. - the life processes of neurons. - neurons and neurotransmitters. - the electrical activity of neurons.
the life processes of neurons.
If you were to record EEG from six parts of the brain during a tonic-clonic seizure, you would see - the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain. - different gradations of spiking activity. - variable intensity of spiking depending on the locus of seizure onset. - no activity in brainstem structures during the seizure.
the same relative intensity of spiking from each part of the brain.
Repeated exposure to a drug leading to a decrease in physiological response is called - substance abuse. - addiction. - tolerance. - withdrawal.
tolerance.
Loss of consciousness and intense bursts of synchronized EEG are characteristic of _______ seizures. - tonic-clonic - complex partial - focal - simple partial
tonic-clonic
A group of axons traveling together within the brain is called a - tract. - nucleus. - ganglion. - nerve.
tract.
People affected by Fragile X syndrome have a chromosome that is prone to breaking because the DNA at one site is - reduced. - unstable. - methylated. - increased.
unstable.
The long nerve that is the major route for information travelling between the brain and many visceral organs is the _______ nerve. - trigeminal - vagus - trochlear - hypoglossal
vagus
The conduction velocity of an action potential - is dependent upon the water content in the myelin of each specific neuron. - varies, depending on where it is taking place in the brain. - is always the same, no matter how large the axon is. - varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.
varies, depending on the diameter of the axon.
The efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) go to - voluntary muscles. - the cortex. - the cerebellum. - various organs of the body.
various organs of the body.
In neurogenesis, cells that give rise to neurons divide in via mitosis, which takes place within the _______ zone inside the neural tube. - forebrain - hindbrain - ventricular - midbrain
ventricular
When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal, _______ in the presynaptic terminal membrane. - sodium channels close - voltage-gated calcium channels open - voltage-gated calcium channels close - sodium channels open
voltage-gated calcium channels open
Action potentials generally are not propagated along dendrites because dendrites usually have few - voltage-gated ion channels. - myelin. - sodium channels. - cell membranes.
voltage-gated ion channels.