Brain and Behavior Exam 3 MC

Which of the following is consistent with the fraternal birth order effect?

c) The more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation.

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except

c) an abundance of REM sleep.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, emotional experience and autonomic response

c) are simultaneously triggered by emotional stimuli.

In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone

c) at the same time as administering a shock in context A

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate

c) awakening.

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

c) circadian

According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by

c) cultural conditioning.

In the body's synthesis of steroids, _______ is (are) synthesized from _______.

c) estrogens; androgens

Feelings of disgust at the sight of body fluids may have evolved to help humans avoid

c) exposure to germs.

Sperm and ova are known as _______, and when they fuse they form a(n) _______.

c) gametes; zygote

The theory of stress _______ holds that early, mild stressful experiences early in life may reduce susceptibility to stress in adulthood.

c) immunization

Sry protein is produced in the

c) indifferent gonads

If the SCN is transplanted from animal A to animal B, animal B's rhythmicity will

c) match the donor's rhythm.

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight category of

c) overweight.

The hormone ________ controls the milk letdown reflex and plays a role in formation of social bonds.

c) oxytocin

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and then off 6 hours earlier than they did originally, the animals will show

c) phase shift.

Thermoregulation is considered a negative feedback system because

c) restoring the desired temperature turns off the response

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

c) stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

c) stage 3

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

c) stage 3

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

c) zeitgeber.

Which of the following events will trigger osmotic thirst?

d) A salty meal

The modern field of stress research was launched by

d) Hans Selye.

Leptin inhibits the secretion of _______ neurons, which work(s) in opposition to POMC neurons.

d) NPY

A hormone that is normally found only in males is

d) None of the above

Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.

d) REM

The essential feature of tropic hormones is that they

d) affect the secretion of other endocrine glands.

Some flowers attract bees by releasing _______ into the air.

d) allomones

Lesioning the central nucleus of the amygdala in a rat results in

d) an increase in freezing behavior in response to a conditioned fear stimulus.

Peptide hormones typically affect cellular processes by

d) binding to membrane-bound receptors on the cell surface.

Papez's circuit provides a model of the relationships of different regions in the limbic system involved in

d) emotional expression.

Animals whose body temperature is regulated mainly by internal bodily processes are called

d) endotherms.

The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is called

d) entrainment.

Amino acids that are not manufactured by our bodies are classified as

d) essential

When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day, the cycle is said to be

d) free-running.

The response to a decrease of cellular water content is called _______ thirst.

d) osmotic

Decorticate rage refers to

d) sudden, intense, poorly directed rage that lacks a clear direction.

Men rooting for a sports team will produce more _______ if their team wins.

d) testosterone

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal

d) thirst.

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the

d) vascular system.

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to

Hallucinations and disorientation, difficulty concentrating, and increases in irritability

The molecular structure of steroid hormones involves

a )four interconnected rings of carbon atoms.

Which of the following conditions causes a genetic female to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male?

a) A high level of androgen during fetal development

Which of the following regions is highlighted by Klüver-Bucy syndrome?

a) Amygdala

Which of the following hormones causes blood vessels to constrict?

a) Angiotensin II

Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?

a) Melatonin

Lesions to which of the following brain regions would impair physiological temperature regulation in endotherms?

a) Preoptic area

Which of the following correctly describes osmotic pressure?

a) The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

One of the primary causes of eating disorders is believed to be

a) a cultural that emphasizes thinness as being attractive.

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

a) awakenings.

In fear conditioning, the lateral nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke hormonal responses.

a) central nucleus of the amygdala

A diurnal animal will likely feed during the

a) daytime.

Given the hypertonic solution of the sea, marine mammals are able to survive in seawater by

a) excreting excess salt via salt glands.

Glands that secrete their products outside the body are referred to as _______ glands.

a) exocrine

Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of

a) fear.

Cells located in the _______ synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin and transport these hormones to the _______.

a) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is a(n) ________ rhythm.

a) infradian

Under conditions of prolonged food deprivation, fat can be converted into glucose and a secondary form of fuel, called

a) ketones

Behavioral regulation of body temperature, like moving closer to the fire, is especially affected by lesions of the

a) lateral hypothalamus.

In the brain of the male rat, the region especially important for reproductive behavior is the

a) medial preoptic area.

Compared to neurotransmitters, hormone effects are generally

a) more widespread in the body.

Male mice with knockouts of the _______ gene display "social amnesia," failing to recognize previously encountered females.

a) oxytocin

The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the

a) perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli.

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

a) pontine

The Coolidge effect is the

a) resumption of sexual activity by a male animal when exposed to a novel female.

The evidence that testosterone affects aggressive behavior in humans is inconsistent. This inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

a) testosterone appears to have less of an effect on human aggression than it does on aggression in other species.

Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to

a) the consolidation of perceptual learning.

The sleep of dolphins and some birds is similar in that both display

a) unilateral sleep.

Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by

a) vague visual imagery.

Paul Ekman and colleagues have proposed the existence of facial expressions for eight emotions that are recognized across all societies. Which of the following is not one of them?

b) Expectation

Which of the following circumventricular organs contains osmosensory neurons?

b) Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

Which of the following are two of the three major classes of hormones?

b) Peptide and steroid

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

b) abolish

Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.

b) abolishes

Diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with

b) aggression and violence.

According to Charles Darwin, facial expressions

b) are used as first means of communication.

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

b) arousal.

A drop in extracellular volume is detected by specialized

b) baroreceptors.

In the absence of Sry protein, the indifferent gonad

b) becomes an ovary.

Hormone-producing glands are called _______ glands.

b) endocrine

The traditional understanding of steroid hormones is that they exert their effects by

b) entering cells and altering gene expression.

People suffering from bulimia nervosa

b) get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of

b) improving long-term retention

One of the selective advantages of endothermy appears to be

b) increased capacity to sustain a high level of muscular activity.

The stress immunization seen in rat pups appears to be attributable to

b) maternal comfort after stress.

The molecular structure of peptide hormones involves

b) short chains of amino acids.

Neuronal and hormonal communication both involve

b) specialized receptor molecules.

"Fake it until you make it" is most consistent with

b) the facial-feedback hypothesis.

The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by

b) the immediate onset of REM.

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life.

b) type 1 diabetes

The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) _______ rhythm.

b) ultradian

One of the reasons we know that glucose cannot be the only cue for satiety is that

b) untreated diabetics are hungry.

Which of the following demonstrates ectothermic behavior?

c) A turtle basking on a sunny log

Which of the following would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic?

c) Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise

What is the effect of injecting of anandamide into the hypothalamus?

c) It stimulates eating.

Which of the following hormones monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat?

c) Leptin

Which of the following about anorexia nervosa is true?

c) People with anorexia think about food a great deal.

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

c) REM

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages of reproductive behavior?

c) Sexual attraction, proceptive behavior, copulation, postcopulatory behavior

The complete androgen insensitivity phenotype in an XY adult would include which of the following?

c) Testes, labia, clitoris