Brain and Behavior part 3

Apraxia is

an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements

Apraxia is

an inability to execute a learned sequence of movements.

In the Wada test, a short-acting _______ is injected into the carotid artery first on one side of the brain, then on the other.

anesthetic

Damage to the _______, which transmits information between Wernicke's area and Broca's area leads to _______ aphasia.

arcuate fasciculus; conduction

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings

are consistent with model of aphasia

Male frogs seeking mates vocalize among birds, insects, and the chorus of other species of frogs. That females are able to locate male frogs of their species among all the ambient noise provides an example of the _______ effect.

cocktail party

A person credited with having "eyes in the back of their head" more probably is skilled at

covert attention

The human brain shows a clear _______, during which exposure and practice with language must occur in order for language skills to develop normally.

critical period

The phenomenon of "pop out" refers to the

distinguishing feature of a sought-after item that makes it sufficiently different from all distracters.

The frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) make up the cortical network called the

dorsal frontoparietal system

Unusual groupings of cells in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex have been seen in postmortem studies of

dyslexia

Metacognition has thus far been identified in all of the following species except

elephants

The _______ is (are) critically important for establishing gaze in accordance with _______ processes and cognitive goals.

frontal eye fields; top-down

If conscious subjects receive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of anterior portions of Broca's area, they

have difficulty understanding the meanings of words.

In infants, the left planum temporale is larger than the right, suggesting that

humans have an inborn neural mechanism for language.

The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in the perception of music. The _______ hemisphere plays a major role in prosody.

right;right

An example of the evolutionary significance of the attentional spotlight is the ability to

shifting our attention around the environment, highlighting important stimuli for enhanced processing.

In monkeys, stimulation of the _______, but not of the _______, results in vocalizations.

subcortical regions; cortex

Early studies using electrodes to stimulate discrete areas of cortex, thereby disrupting neural function, found

that electrical stimulation interfered with language abilities

Speech mechanisms may have evolved from more ancient systems controlling gestures of the face and hands, in agreement with

the motor theory of language

The "hard problem of consciousness" refers to understanding

the neural processes that result in a person's unique subjective experience

Consistent with the motor theory of speech perception, deaf people who use American Sign Language use _______ language-related regions of the left hemisphere as hearing people who use spoken language do.

the same

Which of the following is correct about the word "unbreakable"?

Able is a morpheme

A patient who has difficulty speaking but has good comprehension of verbal material is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Brocas

Which feature of birdsong suggests it is analogous to human speech?

Some birds require early exposure to species-typical birdsong in order to develop their characteristic song.

According to some studies, stroke patients given _______ therapy can show about a 75% return of normal use of a paralyzed arm within a relatively short period of time.

constraint induced movement

Studies using fMRI show that in addition to face recognition, the fusiform region is also activated when identifying

individual members of other categories, such as birds or cars, especially if the viewer has relevant expertise in those categories.

Nonverbal visual stimuli, such as faces or shapes, are recognized more accurately if they are presented to the

left visual field

Aphasic patients may produce nonsensical or meaningless words called

neologisms

As a result of an industrial accident, Phineas Gage suffered bilateral damage to the _______ cortex.

orbitofrontal

The sounds that make up a language are called _______, and the system of rules for producing sentences is called _______.

phonemes;grammar

Birdsong is similar to human speech in that

proper expression of the FOXP2 gene appears to be crucial.

Bilateral damage to the fusiform gyrus results in

prosopagnosia

In humans, the _______ occupies the posterior quarter of the _______ and is involved in the orienting and shifting of attention.

pulvinar;thalamus

Prosopagnosia is the inability to

recognize faces

People with conduction aphasia are unable to

repeat words and sentences

The goal of constraint-induced movement therapy is to encourage stroke patients to use the afflicted arm by _______ the unaffected arm.

restraining

A left-ear advantage for verbal sounds can be observed in up to 50% of

right handed individuals

In nonhuman primates, the brain regions in which electrical stimulation elicits vocalizations seem to be those involved in

strongly emotional behaviors, such as defense, attack, feeding, and sex behaviors

Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?

voluntary

Because apes seem able to learn a version of American Sign Language (ASL), some researchers have concluded that they are able to acquire language. Those who disagree, however, offer which criticism of this conclusion?

Chimpanzees may only be imitating the gestures of trainers.

Which symptom is not one of the forms of brain pathology associated with long-time boxers?

Micropolygyria

If we are directing attention in order to find a specific target in an array and ignore distracters, a subcomponent of N1, called _______, is triggered at occipitotemporal sites contralateral to the target.

N2pc

A patient speaks in a fluent manner, although her speech contains many paraphasias that make it unintelligible. She also demonstrates poor comprehension of verbal material. This patient is most likely suffering from _______ aphasia.

Wernicke's

The relationship between the direction of the whorl of hair on the top of the head and handedness supports the idea that

a single gene has a major influence on asymmetry throughout the body.

The historical account of the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional role of

frontal lobes

The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with

higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli

Astereognosis is the

inability to identify objects by touch or manipulation.

A viewer closely focused on a complex task, such as being asked to count how many times a group of people throw a ball back and forth, may miss other nonattended stimuli such as dancers moving through the group of people. This is due to an attentional phenomenon called

inattentional blindness

Anna has been diagnosed with deep dyslexia. The most obvious symptom she has is

she interprets a word when reading not as the word on the page but as a semantically related word.

When focusing attention on an, for example, an image of a tree (not simply gazing at it) which part of the brain shows enhanced activity?

Intraparietal sulcus

Which statement about childhood aphasia true?

Language abilities impaired by childhood brain injury are usually restored by adulthood.

You feel a splinter in your hand and look down to examine it. Which brain area controls the movement of your eyes toward the object of your attention (the splinter)?

Superior colliculus

Disturbance in reading is called

Alexia

A large frontal lesion in the left hemisphere can produce _______ aphasia.

Brocas

Which symptom is not associated with Balint's syndrome?

Hemispatial neglect

In most split-brain patients, words presented to the left visual field

cannot be repeated verbally