Brain & Behavior, The Minds Machine - Chapter 10 practice quiz

Newborn infants spend as much as _______ % of their sleep time in REM sleep.

50

The usual duration of the typical adult human repeating sleep cycle is

90-110 minutes

Which mechanism has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?

Brain rest

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm?

It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.

Which statement about fatal familial insomnia is false?

It is characterized by chronic lifetime insomnia.

What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep? What is the significance of the finding that the isolated brain exhibits signs of alternating between wakefulness, SWS, and REM sleep?

It showed that that systems for controlling sleep are located in the brain.

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.

REM

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.

Stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.

Stage 3

Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.

Stage 3

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs?

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

In the U.S., evidence that daylight affects human circadian rhythms is supported by the observation that even though everyone's time keepers (clocks, phone) report the same time, people in the western part of the time zone go to bed _______ people in the in eastern part of the time zone.

a bit later than

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are

a little more than 24 hours long

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the

alpha

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in

awakenings

Electrical stimulation of the _______ can induce SWS activity.

basal forebrain

If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours.

become free-running

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day.

infradian

A scientist wants to conduct a study in which an animal brain is transected but REM sleep could continue to be measured in the cerebral cortex. Which region must remain connected to the cortex?

pons

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the

reticular formation

Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.

shorter; REM

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during the _______ of a night's sleep.

the initial half

The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.

women: the later stages of life

If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.

REM

The large proportion of _______ sleep seen in infancy suggests it is necessary for nervous system maturation.

REM

In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods of _______ hours.

about 20

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience

better academic performance

People who tend to wake up in the morning with lots of energy likely carry a different version of the _______ gene than night owls, who stay up late at night and are drowsy in the morning.

clock

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling.

jet lag

Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the

locus coeruleus

The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the

midbrain

In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and off 6 hours earlier than the animals are used to, they will show

phase shift

Unlike in mammals, in birds the _______ is sensitive to light and may mediate entrainment of rhythms even after surgical removal of the eyes.

pineal gland

The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.

pontine

REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that

reduce anxiety

In a young adult, during the course of a night's sleep the length of the bouts of _______ sleep progressively decrease, while the length of bouts of _______ sleep progressively increase.

stage 3 SWS; REM

Small lesions near the pontine REM sleep center _______ the loss of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

to abolish

Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______, while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.

tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last

up to 40 minutes

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a

zeitgeber

The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)

zeitgeber