Brain Review

The anterior fontanelle becomes progressively smaller and closes completely at how many months of age?

15

The interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia) passes through what ventricle?

3rd

Which of the following is NOT contained in the posterior fossa? a. 3rd ventricle b. 4th ventricle c. cerebellum d. brainstem

3rd ventricle

Which statement best describes the location of the choroid plexus with the ventricles? a. Extends form the floor of the lateral ventricle and medial aspects of the temporal horn, the roof of the 3rd ventricle, and the roof of the 4th ventricle. b. extends to the floor of the lateral ventricle, the roof of the 3rd vent and medial wall, and the floor of the 4th vent. c. extends intot the roof of the lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles d. extends into the roof of the lateral vent and temporal horn, and extends into the roof of the 3 and 4th ventr.

A

What statement defines a Chiari II malformation? a. Cystic fourth ventricular dilatation caused by atresia of the median aperture (foramen of Magendie) b. Formation of a holospheric cerebrum caused by a disorder of the diverticulation of the fetal brain c. Abnormal third ventricular dilatation secondary to malformation of the pons d. Abnormality of the brain with elongation of the pons and fourth ventricle and downward displacement of the medulla into the cervical canal

Abnormality of the brain with elongation of the pons and fourth ventricle and downward displacement of the medulla into the cervical canal

The anechoic midline brain structure located between the frontal horns and the lateral ventricles is the: a. CSP b. Cavum vergae c. corpus callosum d. 4th ventricle

CSP

What will also typically be absent with agenesis of the corpus callosum? a. cerebellar vermis b. CSP c. 3rd ventricle d. 4th ventricle

CSP

A sonogram of the neonatal brain in a preterm infant demonstrates a focal hyperechoic area anterior to the caudothalamic groove on the parasagittal view bilaterally. The ventricles are not dilated and no other abnormalities are seen. what grade of GM-IVH would be assigned?

Grade I

A sonogram of the neonatal brain in a preterm infant demonstrates a thickened and irregular left choroid plexus. echogenic material is also noted in the left occipital horn of the lateral ventricle. What grade of GM-IVH would be assigned to this patient?

Grade II

A sonogram on a preterm infant brain demonstrates echogenic material filling a dilated right lateral ventricle. The lining of the ventricle is thickened and echogenic as well. What grade of GM-IVH wuold be assigned?

Grade III

A sonogram is performed on a premature infant 2 days after delivery. an echogenic area is seen in the frontal lobe of the brain. On a follow up exam, a cystic space is noted in the same area. What grade of GM-IVH would be assigned?

Grade IV

What is the imaging modality of choice to demonstrate the vein of Galen malformation?

MRI

What is the most common site of white matter affected by periventricular leukomalacia? a. Subependymal and cerebellar mastoid region b. Peritrigonal area posterior to the lateral ventricles and anterolateral to the frontal horns c. Lateral ventricles and lateral to meningeal vessels d. Intraparenchymal, intraventricular, and meningeal areas

Peritrigonal area posterior to the lateral ventricles and anterolateral to the frontal horns

Which of the following statements regarding the premature brain is false? a. In premature infants, the cavum vergae is often seen. b. In premature infants, the cisterna magna should still be seen. c. widely spaced sylvian fissures on the coronal view is a marker of extreme prematurity. d. The sulci are easily visible, even in a very premature infant.

The sulci are easily visable, even in a very premature infant

You visualize widely separated frontal horns of the lateral ventricles in a neonate brain. The 3rd ventricle is displaced upward between the frontal horns. On a midline sag image, the medial sulci and gyri are arranged radially in the classic "sunburst sign." What pathology is present? a. holoprosencephaly b. Dandy-Walker complex c. absence of the corpus callosum d. hydrocephalus

absence of the corpus callosum

The 3rd ventricle communicated with the 4th ventricle via the: a. foramen of magendie b. foramen of luschka c. foramen of monro d. aqueduct of sylvius

aqueduct of sylvius

The 3rd ventricle is located: a. anterior to the thalamus b. anterior to the cerebellar vermis c. between the two lobes of the thalamus d. superior to the corpus callosum

between the two lobes of the thalamus

Excessive pressure on the anterior fontanelle during the examination may cause

bradycardia

What forms part of the lateral floor of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle?

caudate nucleus

What forms the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle? a. CSP b. lat & post sinuses c. caudate nucleus d. corpus callosum

caudate nucleus

What condition occurs when CSF is blocked outside the ventricular system? a. congenital b. hereditary c. acquired d. communicating hydrocephalus

communicating hydrocephalus

The band of tissue that allows communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the a. falx b. corpus callosum c. cerebellar vermis d. CSP

corpus callosum

What forms the roof of the lateral ventricle? a. caudate nucleas b. lateral and posterior sinuses c. corpus callosum d. cavum septum pellucidum

corpus callosum

What is the most common neonatal congenital infection?

cytomegalovirus

A Dandy-Walker malformation is usually associated with which entity

defective development of the cerebellar vermis

All of the following are sonographic features of alobar holoprosencephaly except: a. cyclopia b. monoventricle c. dorsal cyst d. fused thalamus

dorsal cyst

The cavum septum pellucidum is located between what two structures? a. thalami b. frontal horns of lat ventr. c. corpus callosum and choroid d. 3 and 4 ventr

frontal horns of the lateral ventricles

What cerebral abnormality are atypical facial features most commonly associated with? a. DWM b. schiezencephaly c. lissencephaly d. holoprosencephaly

holoprosencephaly

A dilation of the ventricular system that results from impairment of CSF dynamics or brain parenchymal loss is

hydrocephalus

In what location is the caudate nucleus in relation to the lateral ventricles? a. superior and anterior b. superior and medial c. superior and posterior d. inferior and lateral

inferior and lateral

Which of the following forms of hemorrhage is considered the most severe? a. Intraparenchymal b. Germinal matrix c. Intraventricular d. Germinal matrix

intraparenchymal

Which of the following is located on both sides of the midline? a. interhemispheric fissures b. 3&4th ventricles c. lateral ventricles d. 3rd ventricle and cerebral aqueduct

lateral ventricles

What fontanelle is best for visualizing cerebellar hemorrhage?

mastoid

What fontanelle is located at the junction of the squamosal, lambdoidal, and occipital sutures?

mastoid

What fetal suture is located within the frontal bone along the midline of the forehead? a. squamosal b. sagittal c. lambdoidal d. metopic

metopic

What condition occurs when cerebral spinal fluid is blocked within the ventricular system?

noncommunicating hydrocephalus

Which of the following statements regarding Grade I GM-IVH is FALSE? a. The hemorrhage may be unilateral or bilateral b. ventricular dilation does not occur with Grade I c. Patients with Grade I GM-IVH experience developmental delays and seizures d. over time the clot will evolve and demonstrate a cystic center

patients with grade I GM-IVH will experience developmental delays and seizures

A 4-week premature infant presents with small, cystic structures in the periventricular area of the brain bilaterally. What is the most likely cause?

periventricular leukomalacia (PVT/brain rot)

A fluid filled space that has replaced normal brain parenchyma due to the result of a destructive process such as an intraparenchymal hemorrhage is called

porencephaly

Following an intracranial hemorrhage, a cyst is noted within the cerebrum that communicates with the lateral ventricle. This is referred to as

porencephaly

What is another name for the mastoid fontanelle?

posterolateral fontanelle

What is the location of the germinal matrix in premature infants? a. superior to caudate nucleus b. posterior to sylvian fissure c. within the longitudinal fissure d. lateral to the hippocampus

superior to the caudate nucleus

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 cortical lobes of the brain? a. frontal b. thalamus c. parietal d. temporal

thalamus

Why is the incidence of a germinal matrix intraventricular hemorrhage low in the term infant? a. The arteriovenous formation is complete in the term infant. b. Autoregulation terminates hemorrhage after the 36th week of gestation. c. The germinal matrix has regressed and involution is completed. d. The germinal matrix and supporting connective tissue maturation is completed.

the germinal matrix has regressed and involution is completed

Which of the following statments regarding grade II GM-IVH is FALSE? a. the ventricles are dilated b. it occurs when hemorrhage ruptures through the ependymal lining and enters the ventricular cavity c. blood typically accumulates and migrates to the most dependent occipital horn d. scanning through the posterior fontanelle can aid in visualizing the occipital horn

the ventricles are dilated

What is the most common intracranial vascular anomaly presenting in the neonatal period?

vein of galen malformation

What anatomic structure provides a pathway for the circulation of CSF? a. ventricles b. choroid plexus c. caudate nucleus d. thalamus

ventricles

What is the treatment for a patient with increased intraventricular pressure resulting from hydrocephalus or Chiari malformation?

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Which of the following is NOT one of the meninges that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord? a. pia mater b. dura mater c. arachnoid d. vergae mater

vergae mater

What structure is in relationship with the medial wall of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles?

cavum septum pellucidum

The structure located between the two lobes of the cerebellum is the a. cerebellar vermis b. cerebellar tonsils c. falx d. corpus callosum

cerebellar vermis

The double fold of dura mater that divides the cerebral hemispheres a. cerebellum b. CSP c. corpus callosum d. falx cerebri

falx cerebri

What is a sonographic finding with CNS infections? a. parenchymal calcifications b. subdural hemorrhage c. Dandy-Walker malformations d. encephalocele

parenchymal calcifications

If the choroid plexus appears enlarged after tapering anteriorly with a bulging density, the finding mostly likely represents what type of hemorrhage? a. intraparenchymal b. intrantricular b. subependymal d. subarachnoid

subependymal

Where is the location of the largest part of the choroid plexus?

within the lateral ventricles

The "sunburst" of the cerebral sulci is a sonographic finding of

agenesis of the corpus callosum

What is the most severe form of holoprosencephaly?

alobar

What is the sonographic appearance for the normal cisterna magna?

anechoic

What fontanelle is the primary acoustic window used to image the neonatal brain?

anterior

The vascular pulsation noted in the lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure) is most likely caused by which artery?

middle cerebral

What term describes the softening of white matter of the brain that occurs with ischemia?

leukomalacia