Brannigans's building construction for the fire service
an ammonia diffusion system is installed to
"DUMP" the ammonia from the refrigeration system in the event of an emergency
Whereas steel beams are "I" shaped, steel columns are
"H" shaped, box-shaped, or cylindrical
A prototype vibration analysis tool
"HOBS" (health of burning structure panel), has been developed to monitor vibrations in a structure that might be a precursor to the collapse
Lentil commonly used today is a steel
"L" or channel section
Frances Brannigans humorous dictum
"Panic will save your life, provided you are the first to panic and are headed in the right direction"
Mica R. Endsley defines situational awareness as ""_____"
"The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future"
An unwanted alarm according to NFPA 72
"any alarm that occurs that is not the result of a potential hazardous condition"
Today's buildings can be considered as being bought
"by the pound"
Emergency traffic(based on national standards) is used to
"clear the air"
In 1918, standardization of the temperature conditions within the furnace was agreed-upon by the various groups conducting the test, using a
"time temperature control curve" for a period of up to 8 hours; Time temperature curve is exactly the same today as it was in 1918
heat release rate(HRR)
(also expressed as Q) indicates the rate of available energy released
Because of the height in close proximity of three story townhouse structures on a single lot, many cities have adopted the ___ so that the living area and bedrooms are sprinkler.
NFPA 13R
Testing labratories rate wood shingles in accordance with
NFPA 256, Standard methods of fire tests of roof coverings
Typical building code minimum design load requirements for modern buildings are spelled out in
NFPA 5000: building construction and safety code
NFPA 54
National Fuel Gas Code
The insurance industry took the lead and prepared the book called
National building code in 1906
Fire research division of NIST was formally known as
National bureau of standards NBS
NFPA 72
National fire alarm and signaling code
perlite
Natural light weight materials
According to the Chubb of insurance companies, a large percentage of businesses that suffer a serious fire or other major disaster will;
Never reopen, so it is in everyone's interest to avoid a fire
information is vital to
all firefighters
header
along the end of the opening
trimmer
along the length of the opening
Flame over
also known as rollover; may be observed in the ceiling layer. In flameover, hot unburned fuel gases, have gathered in sufficient quantities at the ceiling layer, suddenly ignite.
load
an external Force that acts on a structure
abbreviation for different shaped steel; L
angles
___ and ___ tend to be the issues of concern with self-storage buildings, in addition to the unknown contents of the units
apparatus accessibility; water supply
There are two methods of pre-stressing
- Pretensioning - post tensioning
Party wall
Is a load bearing wall common to two structures
A frame floor collapse
(tent collapse); they collapse in which one end of the collapsed floor is supported by an interior wall, creating to void spaces
Where regulated, the model building and fire codes consider two classes of interior floor finish ratings:
- Class I: CRF minimum greater than or equal to 0.45 W per centimeters squared -Class II: CRF minimum greater than or equal to 0.22 W per centimeters squared
The problem set fire departments face regarding concrete construction can be divided into three distinct areas
- Collapse during construction with no fire - fire during construction - fire and completed, occupied buildings
In addition to the door and window opening supplying oxygen, examples of other construction factors influencing fire behaviors include the following:
- Combustible enter finishes or walls, which allow for more rapid flame spread and potentially hasten flash over. - Vertical opening such as chases and shafts and penetrations, which allow fire spread vertically. - The height of the fire room. Rooms with smaller heights may flash over more quickly than taller rooms(the amount of radiant heat at floor level is greater and smaller height rooms) - The proximity of walls to each other. Narrow quarters with combustible interior finishes, for example, will tend to accelerate flame spread due to the radiant heat from the clothes, opposing walls. - Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems, who is operation may provide fresh oxygen to the fire and spread the fire.
Two of the most common types of protection systems
- Dry chemical system - wet chemical system
For the purposes of studying green construction from a fire fighting perspective, we can group these green systems and materials into four general categories
- Eco friendly materials - energy conservation - water conservation - energy generation
Building codes specify numerous requirements for atria:
- Full sprinkler protection throughout the building(with the exception of the top of the atrium itself if it is more than 55 feet above the floor) -a smoke control system to minimize the movement of smoke onto the adjacent floors to the atrium and to move the smoke out of the building -standby power for the building -floor of the atrium to be a limited to low fire hazards
The problems presented to the fire department by ordinary construction can be divided into the following areas:
- Masonry wall problems, including wall components - stability of the interior column, Girder, and beam system, including connections - void spaces, including utilities chases - the masonry wall as a barrier to fire extension
for structural collapse; the company officer needs to consider three factors:
- The age of the building - abandonment - lightweight construction
component of the means of egress as follows:
- The exit access is the actual path from any point in a building to a fire rated stairwell or outdoors - the exit is a rated stairwell or exit passageway(essentially a higher rated corridor that connects a stairwell to the exterior of a building on the stairwells not located on an exterior wall) -the exit discharge is simply from the outside door to a public way(i.e. the street, public sidewalk)
The five occupancy classifications of detention facilities, depending upon the level of restraint:
- Use condition 1: free movement is permitted within the building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment as well as to the exterior - Use condition 2: read movement is permitted within the building from smoke compartment to smoke compartment - Use condition 3: free movement is permitted within the building within the smoke compartment; movement to other areas is by remote control release - Use condition 4: free movement is permitted within an occupied space within a smoke compartment; movement to other areas of the smoke compartment or other smoke compartments is by remote control access - Use condition 5: free movement is restricted from the occupied space; manual release as necessary to allow movement from the occupied space to other areas of the smoke compartment or other smoke compartments
Two solutions are available to the builder to prevent roofing felt from burning
- Use factory mutual class I roofing and a UL classified roof. These roofing systems have been tested in accordance to NFPA 256 and will not provide self sustained combustion - the problem with the ordinary combustible metal deck roof. -provide adequate automatic sprinkler protection for the roof, even though the contents may be noncombustible. If the ceiling is installed, the sprinklers must be located above and below the ceiling. Several buildings have sprinklers above and below the ceiling
Eco friendly materials
- bamboo - Adobe - Straw bale - hempcrete - cob - biopolymers - ammonia
Three components of means of egress are
- exit access - the exit - the exit discharge
For many years, firefighters would assess the fire loading of a building solely in terms of pounds of fuel per square foot(PSF). To make this calculation three pieces of information are needed:
- the weight of the combustible materials -the caloric value for the material -the floor area
NFPA 5000 identifies the following occupancy types:
-Assembly occupancy, greater than 1000 occupants -Assembly occupancy, greater than 300 occupants - assembly occupancy, less than or equal to 300 occupants - assembly occupancy, outdoor - business occupancy - Board and care occupancy, large -board and care occupancy, small - daycare occupancy - detention in correctional occupancy - Educational occupancy - healthcare occupancy - healthcare occupancy, ambulatory - high hazard contents - industrial occupancy, low hazard - industrial occupancy, ordinary hazard - industrial occupancy, special purpose -mercantile occupancy - residential occupancy - residential occupancy, one and two family - storage occupancy, low hazard - storage occupancy, ordinary hazard
The building problem with regard to fire growth can be differentiated based on its location:
-Hidden -Exposed
Fire doors may close by any of the following three methods
-swinging: the most common choice; used in corridors and stairwell openings -sliding: typically found across openings in elevator shafts or stairwells and old factories -Rolling: used in large openings found in modern factories or warehouses
A program of fire department education regarding impairment of sprinkler systems should include training on the following topics:
-Basic knowledge of sprinkler protection, including types of systems in the adequacy and reliability of the water supply - understanding of the different reasons why sprinklers are installed - fire department policy on procedures and practices involving sprinkler systems - detailed knowledge of situations that decrease or destroyed efficiency of sprinklers
Occupant evacuation elevators and fire service access elevators have several common features;
-Both require smoke barrier and closed lobbies -Direct access to a fire rated stairwell from these lobbies - specially protected wiring and cables - elevator system monitoring and fire command center - standby power for the elevators
Taking a calculated risk; there are three classes of calculated risks:
-Financial or economic -engineering -Forget it
Equipment that is provided in the fire command center:
-Fire alarms -emergency communications to alert and direct occupants - elevator status monitors - emergency generator status and transfer switches - fire pump status monitors
Typical code incentives or concessions generally are available in the following areas:
-Heights and areas -construction of Corridor's and tenant separations -interior wall, ceiling, and floor finishes - travel distances to exits - exit widths -standpipe requirements, hose station, and water flow - fire detection systems - draft stopping in attic spaces
Two types of modifications that use distance as a means to minimize the effects of a bomb exploded near a building
-Locating buildings farther away from the street i.e. increasing the setback -placing Bullards(posts) in barriers in front of Terrorists targets
The three following standards, while prepared by separate organizations, or similar in content and structure
-NFPA 251, Standard methods of tests of fire resistance of building construction and materials -UL 263, Standard for fire tests of building construction and materials -ASTM E-119, Standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials
Fire doors are tested using
-NFPA 252 -UL 10B -ASTM E-2074
Other energy conservation measures that may be found in green construction include the following
-Polystyrene installation -spray applied to the surface of older cold storage buildings -polyurethane insulation - I spray applied foam or rigid plastic insulator often used in the study channels of walls -radiant barriers -Glass
For simple or complex collapses, the tactical objectives can be broken down into the following sequences. Each sequence can take minutes, hours, or days.
-Survey the collapse site(360) -set up hose lines, monitors, and ladder pipes in case fires erupt -estimate the number of potential victims and set up a medical branch -shut off all utilities -search for and remove surface victims first -search all voids and spaces created by the collapsed structure -start selected debris removal, digging to survivable areas were victims could be trapped -finally, start General debris removal to clear the entire collapse site.
The new categories of heavy timber construction are as follows:
-Type IV-A, which will allow a maximum of 18 stories, provided the mass timber wood is covered with gypsum board -Type IV-B, which will allow a maximum of 12 stories, with limited areas of mass timber walls and ceilings left exposed -Type IV-C, Which will allow a maximum of 9 stories with the all of the mass timber exposed(the timber having been subjected to a 2-hour fire resistance test)
Hospital and nursing home buildings are equipped with smoke barriers,__hour fire rated walls that subdivide each floor into two or more separate areas.
1
two general types of solar water heating systems are distinguished as ___or___
-active -passive
Code calls for the underground building to be provided with(fire protection):
-automatic sprinklers - standpipe - emergency power - a fire alarm system - public address(PA) system - a smoke management system - smoke proof enclosures(pressurized stairwells)
Tenants should be advised to help themselves and four basic ways
-be careful the insured for the value of all personal property -keep property of unique value in a bank vault -call the fire department immediately if a fire or gas leak is suspected -in a fire, evacuate immediately, even if the fire seems inconsequential
Are two basic types of concrete construction
-cast in place concrete(includes plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and post tensioned concrete) -precast concrete(plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and pretensioned concrete)
the efficiency of fireproofing depends first on the
-competence of the subcontractor -willingness of the builder to demand quality work -the building department stuff who inspect the original installation -fire department inspectors who determine the fireproofing and the fire protection are not compromised.
Play, fire protection in malls include;
-complete sprinkler protection - smoke control system - standpipe system - emergency voice communication system - standby power
Generally, four types of forces can be applied to a structural member:
-compression - tension - torsion - shear
The various temperature classes of refrigeration are as follows;
-cooler storage: 32°F to 65°F for storing such foods as eggs and apples. -chill rooms: 16°F to 35°F for curing meat -freezer or holding rooms: 10°F to 5°F for storing frozen foods. Including meat, poultry, and vegetables -Sharp freezer: 35°F to 0°F for initial freezing and normal freezing.
clear signs of possible trouble can be identified in a prefire plan
-deteriorated concrete -spalling that exposes reinforcing rods -cracks in concrete that can admit corrosive moisture to the reinforcing rods
Preplans typically include;
-diagrams of the buildings - notations on the location of stairs and utilities - hazard contents - hydrant locations - building construction type - fire partitions and the ratings - number of stories and typography around the building - as well as the types of fire protection systems and other passive design features
tax or insurance incentives:
-elimination of value of sprinkler system from assessed valuation -property tax rebates -elimination of water department fees -Insurance premium reductions
Site development incentives:
-fewer hydrants with greater spacing - reduced fire flow, smaller supply pipe - increased allowable distance from public access way - Street width reduction -cul-de-sac allowances
Fire department policy for sprinkler systems out of service, should include the following items
-fire department notification - formal legal action - informal action - authority to modify requirements - formal personnel instruction
What sort of protection fire resistance is not supposed to provide:
-fire resistance is not specifically directed ensuring life safety -fire resistance is not specifically intended to provide smoke control -fire resistance is not concerned with the dollar loss due to fire
It is important to understand what sort of protection of fire resistance is supposed to provide colon
-fire resistance of columns is concerned with resisting collapse -fire resistance of floors is concerned with resistance of passage of fire and collapse -fire resistance of walls is concerned with passage of fire and collapse -fire resistance of fire doors is concerned with the passage of fire
to have such a reaction take place - to have a fire - the following four essential elements are necessary
-fuel(reducing agent): a material that will sustain combustion, also known as a reducing agent. -oxidizing agent: normally atmospheric oxygen, but may also be chemical compounds known as oxidizers they will release oxygen as they react -heat: a form of energy that is the source of ignition -uninhibited chemical chain reaction: a sustained oxidation reaction that produces sufficient excess heat to continue heating unburned fuel, making it available for combustion.
The contents problem with regard to fire growth can result from any of the following elements:
-furnishings -interior finish, including decorations -mercantile stock
Stages, fire protection requirements
-have a fire resistant proscenium curtain -flame resistant scenery - heat vents over the stage -2-hour rated separations between the stage and appurtenant rooms(dressing rooms, property rooms), -sprinkler protection over the stage and accessory rooms, -special stage exits -classIII standpipe with 1 1/2in. hose and nozzle.
The heat evolved by fire can be triaged - that is, considered and treated according to priority needs. In reverse priority, this heat can be classified as follows:
-heat leaving the structure -heat being evolved from contents that are burning -heat being absorbed by contents or structural elements that will be ignited or caused to fail
Fire service access elevators
-hoistways are illuminated to allow firefighters to assess conditions in the shaft -the lobbies are a minimum of 150 ft.² in the area -must have a class I hose outlet in a fire rated stairwell immediately adjacent to the lobby
Many serious fires have occurred in the long history of warehouse occupancies. The following principle contributing factors have remained the same:
-huge concentrations of fuel -tremendous dollar values -few employees per unit of area -failure to segregate extra hazardous materials such as flammable liquids -failure to raise the bottom layer of stock above the floor, thereby preventing water damage and possible collapse -vulnerability to arson -failure of management to give serious attention to the potential fire problems -inadequate fire protection, either in initial design or in maintenance
A number of options are open to the designer to deal with these characteristics of steel as they relate to fire risk:
-ignore the problem - rely on inadequate code enforcement - take a calculated risk - locate the steel out of range of the fire - protect the steel with sprinklers(dynamic fire protection) - Protect the steel with an internal water cooling system(dynamic fire protection) - protect(insulate) the steel (passive fire protection) - a combination of passive and dynamic protection
This text defines two types of fire stopping.
-inherent firestopping - comes as a result of the normal building construction -legal firestopping - installed only to meet the requirements of a code
If a building is rated as fire resistive, two considerations are vital:
-is the legally required level of fire resistance adequate for the fire load as it exists in the building? -has the protection of steel been completely providers, and is it maintained?
If the answers to these two questions are negative, three other critical questions should be asked
-is there any legal relief? -is it up to the fire department simply to do the best it can in the event of a fire? -if the fire department estimate of the situation indicates potential for inevitable disaster, who, if anyone, is notified?
the concrete is fire-resistive construction serves two purposes
-it resists compressive stresses -protects the tensile strength of the steel from fire
anticipate collapse based upon conditions such as the following
-knowledge of problematic existing building conditions(Poor fireproofing, vulnerable connections) -dangerous loads i.e. concentrated, heavy - cutting tensioned cables - heavy fire conditions over an extended period of time; such fire conditions were ultimately cause any building, or portion of a building, to collapse, regardless of construction type
Newer carbon dioxide systems have essentially three components
-large capacity(300-750 gal) stainless steel tanks -a piping system -a fill box on the outside of the building
NFPA 13 has developed a set of occupancy classifications:
-light hazard -ordinary hazard group 1 -ordinary hazard group 2 -extra hazard group 1 -extra hazard group 2
Type V construction includes six types of wood-frame structures-
-log cabin -post and frame -balloon frame -platform frame -plank and beam -truss frame
The leadership in energy and environmental design(LEED) certification, for actual buildings that meet certain minimum green criteria. The stated objectives of the LEED program are as follows
-lower operating cost and increase asset value -reduce waste sent to landfills - conserve energy and water - be healthier and safer for occupants - reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions - qualify for tax rebates, zoning allowances, and other incentives in hundreds of cities
There are numerous ways in which connections can fail, including;
-masonry wall shifts outward, dropping Joists. -beams with small bearing areas in the walls on which they rest pull out when the heavy loads are applied to the beam -temporary field bolting of steel gives Way in a high wind -steel connectors rust -concrete disintegrates
Flammable liquid fires can be controlled with sprinklers, but they present special problems:
-most flammable liquids float on water. Thus, there is the potential for flowing flaming liquid, which can spread fire and injure firefighters -flammable liquid have a high rate of heat release -flammable liquid containers can result in a BLEVE -aerosol cans may act as flaming rockets -runoff water can create a significant contamination problem
Fire door inspections should include the following items
-operating fire doors and shutters -raising the counterweights of automatic sliding and counterbalance doors to be sure they close -inspecting doors for damage -inspecting all hardware including latches, guides, and threshold for proper function -checking the fusible links of automatic closing devices to ensure they are free of paint and any other foreign material that might impair their operation(note that fusible links of sprinklers and one paper plant did not operate properly because they were covered in oily paper dust) -checking the proper operation of "door coordinators" that ensure that a set of opened fire doors ("leafs") clothes in the proper order, ensuring the gap between the doors is properly sealed
there are two basic types of fire-resistive construction:
-reinforced concrete buildings -structual steel building
fire officer initial radio report should include;
-smoke and fire conditions -location of the fire -the type of building construction
Typical failure indicators include;
-smoke or water flowing through walls - soft floors - a small partial Collapse - walls out of plumb - time since arrival on scene
Some basic firefighting considerations for operating sprinkler systems are summarized as follows:
-supply the FTC - verify the main riser control is open(usually in OS&Y valve) -no the pressure on the main riser gauges(supply side and discharge side of the alarm valve/dry pipe valve/deluge valve). Is the discharge gauge moving, possibly indicating water flow? Are they appropriate readings i.e. does it read zero on the supply and discharge gauges, indicating a closed valve in the street? - Ensure the fire pump, if present, is working and read the gauges; manually start the fire pump if necessary - Do not close the valve until you are sure the fire is out; only close the valve after the fire has definitely been controlled. Leave a firefighter at the valve for the radio to reopen the valve quickly if necessary - do not replace sprinklers or reset dry pipe valves. With a contractor handle it; post a firewatch if necessary until the system is restored
Taxpayers generally have the following characteristics:
-the most often are of ordinary construction, usually with brick bearing walls and wood joist roof members -they commonly are one story and height, although the two story variety can be found in many jurisdictions with apartments on the second and third floors -depending on the region, many taxpayers can have full or partial basements. Access to the basement and through metal sidewalk doors and stairs or interior trap doors in the stores themselves -they usually are limited to approximately 6 to 10 small stores (or other commercial establishments) -the most often have common cock loft or attic spaces
when A sprinkler system is pronounced "out-of-service", The degree of impairment should be given, for example, as follows:
-the system can be supplied through fire department connections - mechanics on scene can restore the system within 10 minutes - the system is completely unavailable - the second floor is out of service
concrete requires time to cure; the length of time depends upon
-the type of cement used -the temperature during the curing period
Early fire resistive buildings, 1870-1930; many fire safety defects are found in buildings of this era. Some of the major defects of high-rises were the following
-there were no standards for the protection of steel -cast iron columns were often unprotected -terra-cotta fire proofing was comprised by concealed lightweight conduit, which expanded and tore the tile off columns -segmental(curved) brick or tile arch floors were tied with exposed steel beams -wooden floor beams were placed on peers creating a void under the floor, connected to all other voids by the hollow columns. In some cases, floors were leveled with cinders, often overloading the structure
There are three ways in which interior finishes may increase the fire hazard:
-they may increase fire extension by surface flame spread. -they may generate smoke and toxic gases. -I may add fuel to the fire, contributing to flashover
Steel structures can be divided into four types
-unprotected -dynamically protected -passively protected -passive/dynamic combination protection
Examples of non-loadbearing walls
-veneer wall, panel wall(curtain wall), and partition wall
Many fire departments use electronic sirens on their apparatus that usually have three settings:
-wail -yelp -high-low
sprinkler impairment can be divided into
-water supply problems -water distribution problems
Steel will expand___to__ percent in length for each ___rise in temperature.
0.06 to 0.07°F; 100°F
Water supplies for spray systems designed to protect tanks and steel supports from flammable liquid spill fires are calculated on a requirement of___
0.25 GPM/square foot
The gas main regulator cuts down the pressure too
0.25 to 0.5 PSI
There are two comparison points in evaluating test results. The flame spread over inorganic reinforced cement board is set at ___. The flame spread over Redoak is set at___.
0; 10. Tests have shown that fire can reach the end of a red oak test panel in 10 minutes
Technically, panel walls are__ story and height and curtain walls are more than one story
1
For building plans; 1/8" represents
1 foot
Material that absorbs water, such as carpet, bulk cardboard, large rolls of paper, and fibrous material, should be stored at least__ away from masonry walls to allow for expansion
1 foot
Rating for rated corridors
1 hour
preservation of heavy timber buildings; if the new trusses were steel, ___hour fire protection would be required by many codes
1 hour
rated stairwells, are rated at __for stairs up to the three stories
1 hour
Civil engineers who designed roadways and similar construction involving long distances, will often use engineer scale, which has scales of
1 inch equals 20 feet, 1 inch equals 30 feet, and so on
Architects use multi sided architects scales that contain scales such as
1 inch, 3/4 of an inch, 1/4 of an inch, 3/16
If permitted to follow its natural course(no extinguishment), a fire(that is not ventilation limited) Will often pass through the following four stages:
1. Incipient - the initial stage of a fire after ignition, usually involving a single or small number of combustibles. 2. Free burning - the secondary stage of a fire in which it spreads to adjacent combustible materials 3. Flash over - the transition stage in which exposed surfaces within the compartment ignite simultaneously and fire spread throughout the compartment. Flashover results in full room involvement. 4. Smoldering/decay - the stage in which glowing combustion takes place, without flame. A fire may be forced into the smoldering stage when key components of the fire tetrahedron are in short supply, such as when the oxygen supply Limited.
Steels shear strength is about__ if its tensile strength
1/3
Masonry constructed in place might have a safety factor of
10
Emergency power systems are required to provide power within__ of power outage
10 Seconds
If winds exceed __ to ___ MPH, their role and driving the fire within a building must be considered from a tactical standpoint.
10-20
A three gauge wire will carry___Amperes
100
Note that fire codes call for fire fighter access doors ever __ ft in high piled stock warehouses
100
Racks are lightweight steel structures. They have the same characteristics and weaknesses of steel when exposed to temperatures in excess of___
800°F
The tie rods supporting the stand pipes are vulnerable to temperatures above
800°F
Class II standpipes supply __ GPM at __ PSI. This system is often called a ____.
100 GPM @ 65 PSI; houseline
100 ft steel beam reaches ___in length at 1000°F
100 foot and 9 inches
Existing fire escapes, often involving a live load test of___,if any
100 pounds per square foot
Gas main pressure at the street
100 psi
Today, new night clubs with occupant loads over ___(a new lower threshold because of the Station night club fire in Rhode Island) or over ___ Square feet are sprinklered.
100; 5000 ft.²
Apparatus operators should know the pump pressure required to support a sprinkler system the initial pump pressure should be__ per square inch. If it is confirmed fire with fused sprinklers, the maximum pump pressure should be___PSI.
100;150
Rigid frames can provide clear spans of about
100Ft(31m)
Large boilers produce upwards of __HP and ___ BTU
100HP; 4 Million
Typical tread dimension is
11 inches
Boilers are pressure vessels, typically operating from__(cold water start) up to __, which is considered a maximum operating pressure.
12 PSI; 30 PSI
Unprotected steel rods and cables fail at
800°F
1 ton is equivalent to the removal of
12,000 BTU per hour
Some building and fire codes require automatic sprinklers for retail sales rooms larger than__
12,000 ft.²
Higher exposures, of CO, with greater concentrations are even more dangerous -___ ppm may be fatal after only a few breaths.
12,500
Higher ppm values are even more dangerous - _____ ppm can be fatal after a few breaths.
12,500
The flammability range of CO is from __ to __; it's ignition temperature is __.
12.5 to 74%; 1128°F
Fire service access elevators are found in new buildings more than ___ feet in height.
120 feet
Aluminum will melt around
1200°F
some Type I parking garages can be as high as __ tiers without sprinklers, and some type II buildings can be as tall as ___ tiers without sprinklers
12; 10
For any unit area, steel has __times for the compressive strength of concrete.
15
Ordinary construction;__ is an acceptable safe operational.
15 minutes
anhydrous ammonia is transported as a nonflammable gas, it has a lower explosive limit of __
15 percent
ammonia is explosive in concentrations of
15-25%
With formwork, the builder hopes to contain a fluid load that can provide a head pressure of up to ___ psf for each foot of height.
150
Defective ballast in fluorescent fixtures can reach temperatures of
1500°F
strip malls are usually larger than taxpayers and may have as many as __to__ small stores and a large anchor store or two.
15; 20
Ammonia flammable range
16 to 25%
Plastics and combustible liquids, ___Btu/lb is the common estimate.
16,000
Large commercial boilers can provide pressures as much as__ for hot water.
160 psi
Fusible links or door checks with integral fusible links melt at
165°F
Recent simulator basement fire tests indicate an exposed 2x10 solid wood joist lasts
18 minutes
Balloon frame construction started in
1833
The first fire test of a fire proof floor assembly
1890; was conducted for the Denver equitable building company
National fire protection association was organized in
1896
One of the very first codes that the national fire protection association(NFPA) published
1897; National Electrical Code, the precursor of todays NFPA 70: national electrical code
one story "sawtooth" mill structures became popular in the early ___
1900s
framed or glued laminated arches for roofs that spring from the top of walls/abutments and timber trusses that do not support floor loads, no less than __ inches in width and __ inches in depth.
4;6
The lightweight wood truss has been in general use since the__
1960s
perhaps the most famous and tragic of all renovation induced fires was the
1972 vendome hotel
the largest loss of any library
1986 los ángeles central library
the international code council's ICC international building code, international fire code and several other model codes were founded in ___
1994
wood beams and girders, sawn or glued laminated, supporting roof loads only, no less then __ inches in width and ___ inches in depth.
4;6
Light well
Is a vertical shaft with windows that provides light and ventilation to enclosed rooms
steal, which is made under controlled conditions, has a safety factor of
2
A permanent water supply capable of providing at least__ of water for each pound of ammonia must be provided.
2 gallons
160,000 Btu/ft2 is equivalent to
2 hour exposure
Rated stairwells, are rated at __for those 4 or more stories
2 hours
Shell roofs can be less than__thick.
2 inches
Fire resistive assemblies; fire walls are typically rated at
2 to 4 hours; and are used to create separate buildings
dimensional lumber
2 to 4in nominal thickness
NFPA 13, now requires the connection except for systems of __ sprinklers or less or when permission has been obtained from the authority having jurisdiction(AHJ)
20
When a fire occurs below a combustable metal deck roof, the metal deck heats up. Tests show the exposure to a temperature of ___for __minutes enough to start the process.
800°F; five minutes
rated corridor doors are rated at__
20 Minutes
Parking should include calling for a minimum of___ of clear width, proper turning radii, red striping of curbs, and signage
20 ft
Rescue Windows must be a minimum of__by__and ___square feet
20 inches wide by 24 inches high; 5.7 ft.²
In the case of high-rise building, I realistic estimate of the time between the alarm and the start of extinguishment is at least__
20 minutes
Depending on the type of fire resistance rated assembly in which the fire door is located, fire doors are rated ranging from
20 minutes to 3 hours
Modern fire boats can supply well over____
20,000 GPM; some fire boat monitors throw between 5000 and 7000 GPMs per Turret
In some building codes, steel used to support roofs at a certain distance above the floor (usually __to__) does not require protection. Atria roofs over__ are given this exemption as well.
20-30ft; 55ft
Travel distance, without an automatic fire sprinkler system, generally or a max of___ in length
200 feet
Falling glass may make outside operations at a high-rise fire dangerous or even impossible. Incident commander should establish a___ safety zone around the building.
200 foot
Sprinkler piping is hydrostatically tested after installation at
200 psi for two hours
open parking garages, by definition, have to have at least __ percent of two sides of a tier open to the atmosphere; overall, each tier must have at least ___percent open to the atmosphere.
20; 40
Some building codes require firestopping at a maximum of __ intervals in combustible architectural trim(projections such as cornices, Mansards, overhangs, and so on)
20ft
Modern bunker gear can withstand temperatures above
220°F; though it is still uncomfortable
The Empire State building weighs __per cubic foot
23 lb
Knee wall
Is a wall typically found in the top floor of the wood framed home with a peaked roof; 2 to 3 feet high
winds that exceed __MPH cannot be reversed with positive pressure ventilation(PPV) fans
25
Masonry buildings with spans greater than__ must have interior bearing walls.
25 feet
Water pump manifold, each 2 1/2 inch outlet indicates__ of pump capacity
250 GPM
Today class I and III systems provide __GPM at __ PSI.
250; 100
A standard hydraulic formula adds __ psi for the standpipe and__ psi per floor on top of the required for some loss calculations
25;5
The simple wood beam floor is satisfactory for buildings up to a practical limit of about___in width.
25ft
Most types of concrete require__ days to obtain full strength
28
Concrete that is required to reach design strength and 28 days is sometimes referred to as
28-day concrete
Codes are rewritten and issued every__years
3
Type IA is a fire-resistive construction with a ___ hour fire-rated structural frame
3
Non-fire-resistive
Built without any thought as to what would happen to the building in the event of fire; they have no designed resistance to collapse in a fire
NFPA 855 limits the size of battery system arrays(groups of battery sets based on the kilowatt hours provided), Requiring ___ between each system.
3 feet
Sizes of Strands in OSB
3-4 inches
Gusset plate metal teeth size
3/8 of an inch; also known as gang nail
Building codes defined underground buildings as having an occupied level at least __ feet below the level of exit discharge, which is typically a grade level access to the exterior.
30
A residential structure will usually be designed for a floor load of about
30 to 40 pounds per square foot
materials with smoke developed ratings of___or more can be expected to generate substantial amounts of smoke.
300
Currently, draft stops are required to limit the size of attic compartments to___ and floor void compartments to____.
3000 ft.²; 1000 ft.²
Pressure treatment can significantly reduce woods flame spread, as measured in the American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) E84 Steiner tunnel test. UL subjects pressure-treated wood to a test for __ minutes rather then the usual __ Minutes.
30;10
Typical polyurethane sofa fire has a peak HRR of approximtely
3120 KW
32/16 panel can cover rafters spaced__ apart or joists spaced__ apart
32;16in
NFPA Fire Protection Handbook rule of thumb for CO: (concentration)PPM x duration in minutes = concentration of ____ or higher is likely to be dangerous.
33,000;
simple beam
It's supported at two points near its ends.
Use a gas meter to ensure CO levels are below
35 ppm
A 10 minute exposure to__ ppm of CO would be hazardous and possibly incapacitating.
3500
According to the NFPA fire protection handbook, a 10 minute exposure to__ ppm of CO would be dangerous, possibly incapacitating.
3500
Aluminum can anneal when exposed to prolonged heat of
350°F and higher
The pallet storage system provided as much as__ Times the surface area as boxes stacked solid.
36
Garden apartments; the usual height limit for these structures is__, although ___stories is now becoming common place
3;4
Because the square of the length is the divisor in the Eulers law formula column loading, cutting the length of the column into increases the carrying capacity to__ Times what it was initially.
4
As many as __ percent of fire doors in supposedly well protected properties have been found to be inoperative.
50
Other way to connect a Siamese FDC with frozen or rusted female swivels is to twist the 2 1/2 inch supply hose counter clockwise____
4 to 5 times
A 1000 gallon per minute masters Stream can add how much weight in water in one minute
4 tons
Attitude
It's vertical or horizontal orientation
Building codes require the projection rooms to be of the same construction type as the rest of the structure with at least___ Square feet for each piece of projection equipment.
40 ft.²
The attachment of a half inch gypsum board to the ceiling of a 2x10 joist, raised the endurance to
44 minutes
The width of garment cutting tables is permitted to be __in.
48
occupants should be moved to __ below the fire, and then protected in place, if they are not evacuated completely out of the building.
5
framed or glued laminated arches(grade to floor line) that do not support floor loads, no less than __inches in width and __inches in depth for lower half of member height and not less than __ inches in depth for the upper half of the member height
6;8;6
Institute of standards and technology(NIST) of typical basement room fire reached 1500°F in
5 min
The standard fire test used to test building materials and assemblies(described in the American society for testing and materials ASTM E-119) steel beam reaches 1000°F in___
5 minutes
Commercial buildings may require pressures as high as__ to supply large equipment
5 psi
__ percent of recent library fires were due to arson
85%
National Institute of standards and technology researchers noted that CO generation in such a void could be as much as__ Times what is normally generated.
50
Research at NIST has pointed out that generation of CO can be up to___ Times greater and enclosed voids as in the open.
50
Some buildings have breakable tempered glass windows, typically spaced on__ft centers around the buildings perimeter
50
The generation of carbon monoxide and concealed places can be as much as___ greater than what it would be in the open.
50 times
Normal strength concrete loses about___percent of its compressive strength at about 575°F.
50%
The term moment refers to
A force causing rotation of a structural member around a fixed point on connection, where the force is applied some distance from the fixed point.
Lateral impact loads
A force that acts on a structure from a horizontal direction, such as wind or seismic forces
Typically, a single riser can cover an area of up to
52,000 ft.² for most occupancies with a limitation of 40,000 square-foot for high piled stock warehouses and extra hazard occupancies
Sprinkler systems only cover selected portions of occupied spaces; bathrooms under __, closets under___, and balcony is not protected.
55 ft.²; 24 ft.²
school corridors widths are much larger than normal, __ ft in most cases.
6
Most library stacks are about__ feet in height, so attendance can reach the shelves without ladders
6 feet
recent tests of wooden I-beams have shown failure in just over ___ they simulated basement fire at underwriters laboratory, inc
6 minutes
Today,___ is the most common overcurrent protection for small residential and commercial buildings
Circuit breaker
Standby power systems have__ to pick up the electrical load of these less critical systems
60 Seconds
Light weight wooden I-beams; the present versions are glued together using Phenol and resorcinol formaldehydes and manufactured in lengths up to
60 ft
wood columns, sawn or glued laminated, supporting only roof loads, no less then __inches in width and ___inches in depth
6; 8
wood beams and girders, sawn or glued laminated, supporting floor loads only, no less than ___inches in width and ___ inches in depth
6;10
Typical riser height is
7 inches
In a fire equivalent to the standard test fire, a bar joist generally will fail in about__
7 minutes
a buildings lifespan is approximately __to __ years.
75 to 100
Normal strength concrete losers about__ percent of its compressive strength at about 11,007°F
75%
Hospitals and nursing homes corridors are a minimum of__ wide to accommodate the size and width of rolling hospital beds
8
framed or glued laminated arches(grade to floor line) and timber trusses that support floor loads, no less than __inches in width or depth.
8
modern high rises weight as little as __per cubic foot
8
wood columns, sawn or glued laminated, supporting floor loads, no less then ___inches in any dimension
8
Modern high-rise buildings weigh about___ per cubic foot
8 or 9 pounds
Water weighs
8.34 pounds
2 1/2 inch hose line can easily throw a horizontal stream for more than___feet
80
But, paper, and similar materials our estimated at ___Btu/lb
8000
The proper building construction Termanology is critical to;
Clarify communication, enhance professionalism, and ensure safety
The expansion rate increases as the temperature rises, Insteel. Heated to 1000°F, a steel member will expand___ over 100 foot of length. At temperatures above 1000°F, still starts to soften and fail, depending upon the load
9 1/2 inches
Steel heated to 1000°F elongates___ per 100 foot of length
9.5"
Cantilever wall
A freestanding wall that is unsecured at the top. This wall acts like a cantilever beam with respect to lateral loads, such as wind or hose stream. Precast concrete walls are very dependent on the roof for stability. If the roof is affected by a fire, these walls are likely to fail.
a Bresnan distributor nozzle
A 2 1/2 inch appliance that can throw 260 to 290 GPM. Can be inserted if a hole can be cut through the floor.
breeze
A Coke by product that is no longer used
Prefire analysis
Analysis goes a step beyond the basic plan; it involves studying the pre-fire plan information that has been gathered to identifies specific construction issues or concerns in interactions. Analysis allows fire personnel to anticipate problems.
I-beam
A beam shaped like the letter "I". The top and bottom of the "I" are called flanges, and the stem is called the web. The top flanges resists compression, while the bottom flange resist tension. The web is necessary to keep the top and bottom apart. The principal has been copied in lightweight wooden I-beams. Composite beams also exist in that include wooden flanges and corrugated steel web
spandrel girder
A garter that Ty's wall columns together in a framed building. They also carry the weight of the wall panel, which can be considerable when masonry is used. In addition, spandrel girders sometimes are connected to the columns and stiffened to help resist wind shear.
flate plate structural system(or continuous beam)
A cast in place floor, the system has no beams supported by columns; the floor plate itself rests directly on the columns.
Roofing materials three ratings are
A class A rating for severe exposures, they Class B rating for moderate fire exposures, a class C rating for light fire exposures
inward outward collapse
A collapse in which the exterior wall fails horizontally, with the interior "folding" horizontally. The top portion of the building fails inward while the bottom half fails outward. Braced frame buildings are particularly susceptible to this type of collapse.
Lean to floor collapse
A collapse of the buildings floors in which one end of the floor is still supported, sometimes at or near the original point of connection to the wall. A triangular void space is created.
cob
A composite material composed of clay, straw, sand, and earth; similar to Adobe; typically lead in courses. Plaster is often added to improve its appearance
Hemogeneous
A good bond exist between bricks, blocks, and mortar
Drop panel
A drop panel is a thicker section of floor near columns to assist in resisting the natural tendency of the floor to share off at the Column
Diaphragm floor
A floor designed to stiffen a building against wind and other lateral loads such as earthquakes.
Footing
A footing is typically a thick concrete pad, blocks, or strips of concrete below the surface of the surrounding soil, sometimes heavily reinforced, that transfers the loads of the walls, Piers, or columns to the ground. Footings attempt to minimize building settlement by spreading the load over the large soil/concrete interface
Course
A horizontal line of masonry
Box Column
A large hollow column built from steel plates
concentrated load
A load acting on a very small area of the structure surface; the exact opposite of a distributed load
Flying buttress
A masonry pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it. Such buttresses resist the outward thrust of the roof and are used mostly in Gothic architecture.
noncombustible
A material that, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated, will not aid combustion or add appreciable heat to any ambient fires.
Modulus of elasticity; steel
A measure of its ability to the store and restore; there's about 29 million psi
monolithic construction
A method where all the concrete in a building is properly bonded together. The resultant structure can be likened to one piece of stone
Each individual PV roof panel is known as
A module
Butler buildings
A name that is referred to steel framed buildings that are pre-fabricated. Because the butler company is a prominent manufacturer of prefabs
"one equals five" describes
A one story building of a height equal to five ordinary stories
Structural steel
And common used today, is an alloy composed of iron and Carbon (<2 percent)
Concrete masonry unit
A precast hollow or solid structural block made of cement, water, and aggregates
Cornice
A projecting decorative ledge at the top of a masonry wall
US Green building council establishes__
A rating program
The ultimate test of a buildings ability to resist the effects of fire
A real fire
Active water heating systems
A roof mounted collector; containing a net work of closely spaced tubes; they look similar to a PV panel, but they are not the same; and a pump to move the sun heated fluid to the water tank. A heat exchanger then heats the water in the storage tank
Partial collapse
A type of collapse that results from a failure of a portion of the building. a situation in which a section of floor gives away without bringing down the rest of the building would be a partial collapse. A partial Collapse also referred to as a localized Collapse, can be just as deadly as a global clubs
corbelled
A series of projections, each one stepped progressively outward from the vertical face of the wall as it rises up to support a cornice or overhanging member above
trombe wall
A set of glass exterior panels and concrete block wall with a void space in between(used in smaller buildings(
Box girder
A square or rectangle or steel girder that is hollow, like a box column, and used to support other beams in buildings. Large box girders are used to construct bridges
Stage
A stage has a proscenium arch and wall(large ornamental opening and wall that separates the audience from the stage); hanging curtains, drops, and scenery; lighting; and support rooms(dressing rooms etc.)
Tee
A standard I-beam cut lengthwise through the web forms to search beams with T-shaped cross-sections. If the end of the cut off web is thickened, it is called a bulbtee
Folded plate
A structural element used to strengthen the roof of a structure over large areas; used at times for concrete roofs
Bricks laid as all stretchers
A technique that is also known as running bond
Brannigan eye
A term for my practice of looking at everything from the point of view of firefighter safety
Plain concrete
A term that refers to concrete that has no reinforcement, except possibly light reinforcement to resist temperature changes.
Pill test
A test that measures ignitability of carpeting from a small source such as a drop match or cigarette. It is a screening test, and seven out of eight samples must pass the test.
Space frame
A three dimensional pyramid like truss.
Wythe
A vertical section of a wall, one brick or masonry unit thick
Rubble masonry wall
A wall composed of an inner and outer with of cost masonry. The space between is filled with random masonry sometimes mixed with mortar. Such walls are unstable to a lateral thrust
rubble masonry wall
A wall composed of an inner and outer wythe of coursed masonry. The space between is filled with random masonry sometimes mixed with mortar. Such walls are unstable to a lateral thrust.
castellated beam
A wide flange beam that has been cut in half in a zigzag pattern and then welded back together offset, creating a new, deeper beam
transom
A window above a corridor doorway to allow for ventilation from the corridor into an individual room
cross laminated timber (CLT)
A wood panel made from gluing layers of lumber together under pressure, and stacked layers, with each layer lead perpendicular to adjacent layers; International building code, 2015, to allow CLT as a component of exterior rated walls, as long as CLT is covered in noncombustible material, gypsum board, or fire retardant treated wood sheathing.
anchor stores
Are large stores(often department stores) attached to the mall that have all of the required exits independent of the mall
roof materials are classified as __,__, or __.
A;B;C
An important aspect of these changes resulted from these mass timbers being subjected to the fire resistance test,____
ASTM E-119
Combustible floor and wall assemblies of wood and gypsum board have been developed that can achieve fire resistance ratings in standard fire tests conducted in accordance with
ASTM E-119, Standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials
Tests appropriate for wall carpeting
ASTM E-84 and NFPA 265, standard methods of fire tests for evaluating room fire growth contribution of textile or expanded vinyl wall coverings on full height panels and walls
Inversion layer
Acts as a roof to rising smoke
Transform
Adjust
For air conditioning purposes, large commercial HVAC systems use either__or __chillers.
Air; water cooled
Standard for panels
Although it's standard for fire alarm systems exist, no single standard has been established for the design of panels(although fire departments can request this within their jurisdiction according to NFPA 72)
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Two of the most important test standards
American Society of Testing and Materials(ASTM)'s -E119 - Standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials, which is used for testing and assigning hourly ratings to firewalls, columns, and floors -E84 - Standard test method for surface burning characteristics of building materials, which tests the flame spread characteristics of interior finishes.
abbreviation for different shaped steel; S
American standard (I-beam)
Fire load represents the total
Amount of potential energy(heat) in the fuel
Secondary collapse
An additional collapse that occurs after the initial collapse. Secondary collapses often occur when loads shift after a primary collapse, causing additional portions of the structure to fail. Secondary collapses can and do happen during search and rescue operations.
k-bracing
An arrangement of braces between columns that resembles the letter "K"
wrought iron
An expensive material at the time, is malleable(can be shaped) and contains a little carbon(0.2 percent)
Zones
Are the individual riser segments, one on top of the other. in tall structures, there is an economic incentive to have fewer zones to avoid having to install more pumps.
self weight
Another term for dead load
Cross wall
Any bracing wall set at a right angle to the wall in question
Live loads
Any loads other than deadloads
The design of a suspension bridge anticipates three separate forces:
Compression, torsion, and tension
Cross wall
Any wall at right angles to any other wall
Residentials R-2
Apartment buildings, dormitories
Romans developed the
Arch
Underwriters block
Are concrete blocks produced under the classification of underwriters laboratories, Inc. (UL)
Noncombustible construction also differs from fire resistive construction in that its allowable___
Area and height; one to three stories in height, with the max height being 12 stories for certain types of occupancies. Fire resistive construction, by comparison, is permitted to be unlimited height
Semi automatic dry standpipe system
As a dry standpipe system that is arranged through the use of a device, such as a deluge valve, to water into the system piping upon activation of a remote control device located at a hose connection.
Robertson protected metal
Asphalt-coated steel
Residential R-4
Assisted care facilities, residential care
Ribbon board
At the floor line, a horizontal board that joist rest on; in balloon frame houses
largest industrial fire loss to thedate
August 1953, General Motors transmission plant in Livonia, Michigan, loss of $32 million
Large quantities of radiation applied to a combustible material can cause
Autoignition
A fire burning in a room will be influenced by several factors, primary among them the oxygen supply. The location and quantity of the oxygen needed to feed the fire will dictate how the fire __ and __.
Burns and grows
dynamic protection is generally accomplished with various types of
Automatic sprinkler systems
NFPA 5000
Building construction and safety code
NFPA 5000
Building construction and safety code, loads are "forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants in their personal possessions, environmental effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes."
the basic measurement for caloric value
BTU, the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. The metric equivalent is KILOJOULE(KJ)
Wiring that uses Metallic sheathing on the outside
BX cable
F-1 factory moderate hazard
Bakeries, Laundries, woodworking
Lightweight truss AKA
Bar joist
Utility and miscellaneous "U"
Barns, carports, greenhouses
Purlins
Beams, usually channels, set at right angles to trusses or roof rafters to provide support for lightweight roofing
a certificate of occupancy is issued by the building department when
Building is built, inspections performed, and all code regulations have been fulfilled
BREEAM
Building research establishment environmental assessment method; another popular rating system; a worldwide program intended to assess greeness of buildings of all types
heavy timber construction
Buildings constructed with noncombustible or limited combustible exterior walls and floors made of large dimension combustible materials; also known as type IV construction
the term "one-high story" is used to designate
Buildings of greater than usual height from floor to ceiling
Storage S-1 Moderate hazard
Books, furniture
Proper fire protection requires
Both passive and active (dynamic) fire protection features
The load carrying capacity of a column can be increased by
Bracing it
Ordinary construction is
Brick masonry or noncombustible material on the exterior with interior dimensional lumber supporting the floors and roofs
Header or Bond course
Bricks laid so that the end is visible
Stretcher course
Bricks laid so that the long side is visible
adobe
Bricks made of clay, water, and straw, dried in the sun. After the bricks or lied, the building is then parged with a slurry of the same material
Boilers are characterized in terms of
British thermal unit(BTU) output and horsepower
Halon 1211
Bromochlorodifluoromethane
Low density fiberboard
Came to use in the 1930s; made of wood fibers or sugarcane residue called bagasse came into use. Produced and 4 x 8' sheets with a painted surface, fiberboard provided a cheap interior finish that could be installed quickly.
Admixture
Can be added to give the concrete special characteristics such as corrosion resistance if steel reinforcing rods are to be added to the concrete
Closely spaced high-rise buildings can create a__ effect, where the wind increases velocity as a squeezes through a narrow opening
Canyon
Storage S-2 low hazard
Cement in bags, fresh fruits, glass
The top and bottom members of a truss are called
Chords
FM approval standard 4880
Class 1 fire rating of building panels or interior finish materials; this test was full scale, with intersecting 25 foot(or in some cases 50 foot) tall wall panels. Given the size and costliness of the test, it has been replaced with a 16 foot tall parallel playing test, and which two wall panels are placed side-by-side, 21 inches apart. A propane gas burner ignition sources place between the panels.
Flame spread of surface materials is classified as follows:
Class A - 0 - 25 Class B - 26 - 75 Class C - 76 - 200
One of the most important aspects of a fire door is its ability to
Close and latch closed
The shape of a material affects its ability to resist a__or___.
Compressive load; deflective load
Repeated load
Is a load that is applied intermittently. A rolling bridge crane in an industrial plant applies repeated loads to the columns as it passes over them
V-shaped floor collapse
Collapse in which the floor fail near the Center, with the perimeter of the floors still partially supported by the walls.
The minimum size for test specimens are as follows:
Columns - 9 foot Beams and girders - 12 foot Partitions and walls - 100 foot Floors and roofs - 180 ft.²
novelty siding
Combustible siding laid over the sheathing of a building. This type of siding comes in many different shapes and is laid horizontally; often called clapboard, but true clapboards, which are cut from a log in a wedge shaped, are rare.
Ordinary construction; the largest and most serious concealed space is the___
Common cock loft between the highest ceiling and the roof
Global (total) collapse
Complete failure of the building
Model codes
Complete regulatory documents that can be adopted by cities and states as they are written.
Ships ladder
Completely vertical stairs with a width that is not more than 24 inches wide
ethylene propylene diene monomer(EPDM)
Composed of a single ply of this rubber like material(to minimize water leakage in the roof) light over fiberboard and plastic insulation, held in place with metal fasteners, seam tapes, and flammable adhesive.; has increased in popularity in type II construction
Deflection is bending that combines both__and__
Compression and tension
Fire resistive construction often uses
Concrete or substantially fire protected steel
Ordinary construction that houses food processing businesses are required by many health department codes to have a
Concrete topping over the first floor to provide a sanitary floor and to seal it from rats and mice
Soft woods
Conifers such as pines
Ceiling layer
Consists of the hot, buoyant gases that collect at the very top of a room
Fire resistant
Construction designed to provide reasonable protection against fire
Fuel gas piping systems; the are the most important devices on the systems for firefighters.
Control valves
What chemical systems are the primary protection system used in
Cooking hoods in restaurants
Plastics containing halogens such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine, or iodine form__ when combined with hydrogen and oxygen or moisture in the air.
Corrosive acids
Soil walls in the excavation are protected against collapse by the use of braced cheating using
Crosslot bracing, rakers, and tiebacks
The thrust of a truss is
Downward
One of the oldest remaining post and beam buildings in the United States
Dating from 1624, the Barker Tavern in Scituate, mass
The initial load on a beam is its own
Dead weight
As the length of the span increases, the seafloor capacity___ indirect proportion
Decreases
pilaster
Is a masonry column projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which they are located
Strip malls of type III and type V construction that use a combustible structural roof(or floor members, in a multi story buildings) require the use of ___ do you compartmentalize the attic or floor void spaces.
Draft stops
Mercantile M
Department stores, drugstores
In addition to different shaped steel abbreviations; the first number refers to
Depth of the member(in inches)
If the emergency force is less well-trained, more_____ Will be necessary.
Detailed planning against specific problems
High hazard H-1
Detonation hazards
Buttress
Is a masonry structure built on the outside surface of the wall. The flying buttresses of Gothic cathedrals, which cope with the outthrust of the roof on the highsleders wall, are built away from the wall.
Friable
Easily disintegrated
Balloon frame; sometimes called
Eastern framing
Because Arches tend to push outward at the base, they must be
Either braced or tied
EMT
Electrical Metallic Tubing
Voltage
Electromotive force
Phase 1 operation
Elevators are recalled to a specific floor - usually to the first floor lobby of the building by the activation of a smoke detector located in an elevator lobby of a floor. Upon arrival at the first floor, the doors open and allow the occupants to leave. The doors remain open for firefighters to begin their use of the elevators.
There are several possible approaches to control the problem of fast fire growth, including;
Eliminating High flame spread surfaces, separating materials from the source of combustion, cutting off the extension of the fire, and coding materials.
peened
Embedded into the surface
platform
Is a raised area in a building for presentations, wrestling matches, and other events that include a lighting and sound system, but where there are no hanging curtains, Backdrops, or scenery
1990 Hotel and Motel fire safety act
Encouraged improvements and fire safety for hotels and motels; this encouragement was accomplished by withholding travel expenses from federal employees who did not stay in approved facilities that met minimum fire safety standards
In the 1920s, many balloon frame houses were built with the exterior finished to resemble post and frame construction. They were called
English Tudor style houses
A fire rating is achieved from the listing of the
Entire assembly, not the individual components within the assembly
The compressive strength of steel is__ to its tensile strength
Equal
Steiner tunnel test
Essentially, a test sample 25 feet long and 2 feet wide forms the top of the tunnel or long box. Ia gas fire is lighted at one end, and fire progresses along the underside of the top of the box or test panel.
very long, thin columns are known as
Euler's Law Columns
Thermoplastic
Ex; polystyrene; Materials can produce flaming, dripping plastic, which will produce secondary fires.
Thermoset
Ex; polyurethane; they plastic that chars and burns but does not flow. An example of this was the cellular phone plastic installed as an interior finish at the station nightclub in West Warwick Rhode Island, that burn and killed 100 people on 2003
Hazardous materials management plan (HHMP)
Explains how the material barter to be safely used and stored
EIFS
Exterior Insulation Finishing System
__and__ are required for all sleeping rooms in residential occupancies, i.e. hotels, dormitories, apartments, and one and two family dwellings-Group "R" occupancies-below the fourth floor for you to rescue trapped occupants
Exterior emergency escape and rescue windows
Tube construction
Externally braced buildings are known as
FRTP
Fire Resistance Treated Plywood
Type 1 construction
Fire Resistive
FRT
Fire Retardant Treated
grillage
Is a series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load
Above 1300°F steel members will
Fail, bringing about a collapse of the structure
Soffit
False space above built-in cabinets, usually in a kitchen or in the under sides of stairs and projecting eaves
Fire that can be seen on the top of the roof is in the
Fiberboard, the plastic insulation, or the upper layers on the built up roof and is unimportant; spray from underneath the roof to stop the fire
Following the lead of the Americans with disabilities act of 1990, the model building in fire codes have included a variety of provisions to increase the safety of disabled persons. These include___
Fire alarm systems with both visual and audible signaling devices as well as ramps for wheelchair bound individuals.
__ and ___ Play significant roles in the degradation of construction materials.
Fire duration and size
gooseneck
Fire escapes with a vertical ladder at the top of the fire escape to provide access to the roof
"new law" vs "old law"
Fire fighters in New York City began to describe tenements as new law tenements or old law tenement based on their age and type of compliance
The difference between noncombustible and fire resistive construction is simple - the level of___
Fire resistance assigned to the structural frame, walls, floors, and roof
Steel fire escapes are certified every
Five years; by structural engineer
Plates
Flat pieces of steel
Loads applied between intersection of members(for trusses) cause
Flexural(bending) stresses
Wind load is an example of___ Force
Flexuril
Foam Chambers
Foam applicators
American Society of mechanical engineers(ASME) A17.3
For existing elevators, which regulates the design and installation of elevators
The reaction of a beam is the result of
Force exerted by a beam on a support
F-2 low hazard
Foundries, ice plants
burning building collapse is the __ cause of firefighter deaths.
Fourth
Foundation
From the lowest below Grade slab and the footings/caissons/piles
NFPA: 921
Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
Suspended beam
Is a simple beam, with one or both and suspended on attention members such as a chain, cable, or rod. The typical theater marquee is a suspended beam.
pyrophoric gas
Gas that ignites in the air without the introduction of an ignition source; Example: silane gas
Any beam supporting other beams is a___
Girder
Corrugation
Gives steel a greater ability to Spanish gap, without unacceptable deflection or bending, when compared with the same steel as a flat plate.
Laboratories drains are often made of__, to resist corrosion by acids
Glass
GWP
Global Warming Potential
"E" Educational
Grade school, day care
All buildings are subject to one enemy
Gravity
Greatest enemy of all firefighters is
Gravity
Often cast iron columns are held in place by
Gravity
When the structure is involved, the_______ of the building is under attack
Gravity resistance system
It was not until the__, However, that there was a national push for the development of a model building code.
Great Baltimore fire of 1904
The real push for national building and fire regulations came in the wake of the
Great Baltimore fire of 1904
Interior masonry walls can be distinguished from wooden interior walls by their
Greater thickness
During an emergency, a__ sign is illuminated, indicating that the elevators may be used for egress.
Green colored
sustainable construction
Green construction; which means the construction is deemed to be efficient and environmentally friendly in terms of both the materials used and the overall impact on the environment.
ordinary construction; The worst and most dangerous collapse is when the wall breaks at___ and fall straight out along its full length
Ground
When a foamed plastic insulation is installed, it should be protected from exposure to flame by
Half inch gypsum board covering
Institutional I-1
Halfway houses, group homes
Type II noncombustible; how much fire resistance
Has a little or no fire resistance for its structural members
By using proper Terminology, you convey only the characteristics of the building to other firefighters, but also the
Hazards
Dry chemical systems protect
Hazards such as paint spray booths and gasoline station pump islands
Loadbearing brick walls often have both
Header and stretcher courses
Summer stack effect
In a sealed air condition building in the summertime, the stack affect is reversed(often called reverse stack effect). And such a case, the flow of air is downward
Passive water heating system
Heat the water directly through the use of a batch collector, essentially a large well insulated tank designed to heat the water within
Type 4 construction
Heavy Timber
Portal bracing
Heavy riveting of girders to columns from the top to the bottom of the frame
Tuned mass dampers
Heavy weights installed a high up in the building that are adjusted by computer to counter the wind induced oscillations
And round columns, the tires connecting the outer rods are often formed in a
Helix
tube
Hey steel structural member that is rolled in cylindrical, Square, or rectangular shape that is most often used as a column. Some circular steel columns can be made fire resistive by filling them with concrete, called LALLY COLUMNS. however, hazards exist with their use
Initiating device
Hey system component that originates transmission of a change of state condition, such as in a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, and supervisory watch.
Two way structural system
Hey system that incorporates floors they have beams running in two directions
Cavity wall
Hollow wall in which Wythes are tied together with steel Ties or masonry trusses
"half timber"
Homes utilized exposed large dimension, hand hewn structural members connected with Mortis and tenon joints; exterior walls feature the exposed wood members, with brick or plaster filling the gaps between them
Institutional I-2
Hospitals, nursing homes
Residential R-1
Hotels, motels
Stadiums are almost always of type __ construction
I
Wide flange shapes
I beams that have flanges wider than those found in standard I-beams. Some are "H" shaped and because they are square, or more suitable for columns. The letters "WF" are part of the designation of wide flange shapes
Four-story buildings or higher will typically have a class__or class__ standpipe system
I;III
Aerated autoclave concrete
Is a special type of lightweight concrete(1/4 the weight of traditional concrete) that is cured in a factory kiln under high pressure, creating millions of small cells inside the concrete.
biopolymers
In terms of construction materials, a natural produced plastic from renewable, living sources i.e. starches, wood, instead of non-renewable sources such as oil
cornice
Is a structure of wood, metal, metal Over wood, or masonry that tops the wall and projects from it; in the 1800s and early 1900s, many buildings were not complete without a cornice.
a selective placement of sprinklers
In some historic buildings, sprinklers are installed in non-public areas and omitted in the public areas in diference to historic authenticity.
modified bitumen (mod bit)
In this construction technique, a traditional built up roof is modified by the addition of synthetic polymers to reinforce the roof. The sheets of the roof may be laid down with adhesive liquefied by a propane torch; more recently, cold application technique has been developed to lay down these sheets
Wet joint
In which cast in place concrete unites rods that project from the precast sections.
___ is a crucial task to ensure the requirements are being met on the site.
Inspection
Structural insulated sheathing(SIS)
Installed as an exterior sheathing in woodframe dwellings, providing combined structural stabilization(similar to plywood and particleboard sheeting over wood studs), Insulation, and a barrier to moisture
torsional force
Is a twisting force such as that created by turning a screwdriver on a screw; it is the result of torque(the measurable turning force applied to a structural member)
monolithic concrete
Includes succesive poured castings joined together so that the completed building is like one piece of stone.; consider rigid-frame structure
GIS systems typically take the form of data enhance maps of neighborhood response areas that include;
Information on building uses and types, street arrangements, and utility locations
NAFE(National Association of fire engineers) is today known as
International Association of fire chiefs
spandrel girder
Is a beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed building between the top of the window and the bottom of the window above
Lintel
Is a beam that spans an opening in a Masonary wall. Stone lacks tensile strength so I can be only used for short lintels.
Joist
Is a beam, often made of wood
cast iron
Is a brittle material with high carbon content(3-4 percent)
EIFS(exterior insulation finishing system)
Is a composite multi layer sheathing panel system; it is composed of a polystyrene foam plastic base covered with a water resistant coating and fiberglass mesh and an acrylic finish.
Shear connection
Is a connection that prevents the column and beam sliding past each other.
Bracket
Is a diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever
Manual dry standpipe system
Is a dry standpipe system that does not have a permanent water supply attached to the system
eccentric load
Is a force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section, thus bending the supporting members.
Axial load
Is a force that passes through the centroid of the section under consideration. An axial load is perpendicular to the plane of the section.(a structure will sustain its greatest load when the load is axial)
Steel joist or bar joist
Is a lightweight steel truss joint
a bent
Is a line of columns in any direction
Manual wet standpipe system
Is a wet standpipe system connected to a small water supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the system or sharing a water supply with an automatic sprinkler system but not having water supply cable delivering the system demand attached to the system.
Automatic wet standpipe system
Is a wet standpipe system that has a water supply that is capable of supplying the system demand automatically.
Girder
Is any beam, of any material(not just steel), That supports other beams.
Shear wall
Is installed in a building to resist lateral loads from a wind in earthquakes
A cavity or hollow wall
Is it built of two wythes separated by space for rain drainage or insulation.
Chief virtue of concrete
Is it high compressive strength and low cost
Adobe
Is made of sand, water, Clay, and a fibrous material like manure or straw, has long been used to make blocks
Built up girder
Is made of steel plates and angles riveted together, and distinguished from a girder rolled from one piece of steel
Composite construction
Is sometimes used to describe buildings in which two different materials carry structural loads
Continuous beam
Is supported at three or more points
strain
Is the actual percentage of elongation(deformation) that occurs when a material is stressed. It is measured in fractions of an inch of deformation per inch of original length of the material.
"approved roof"
Is the excepted term for roofing that meets a testing lab(IE; UL) standards for roofing resistant to the propagation of fire from building to building by flying brands
Nominal thickness
Is the thickness of the lumber prior to drying in a kiln at a lumber mill
Dead load
Is the weight of the building itself in any equipment permanently attached to it or built in. A more accurate term is self weight
Fire resistive construction is considered to be the best because
It does not contribute fuel to a fire and is the most resistant to collapse
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
It's an effective electrical insulator that has become indispensable as a contemporary material. When it burns, however, it emits toxic gases
Having accurate knowledge of the ground on which a structure is built is vital to
It's stability
Fixed beam
It's supported at two points and is rigidly held in position at Both points
___ fire spread throughout the strip mall is probably the greatest concern.
Lateral
Board
Less than or equal to 2in nominal thickness
___ for building occupants as a primary concern and fire protection
Life safety
Galvanized cold-formed steel members
Light weight pressed or rolled steel members coated with zinc for corrosion protection, in the form of a load bearing in non-loadbearing" C" shaped studs as well as loadbearing beams and rafters
Draftstops
Limit horizontal movement through large concealed passages such as open-web floor trusses or attics. Draft stopping may consist of at least 1/2 inch gypsum board, 3/8 inch plywood, sheet metal, or other approved materials, usually applied parallel to the main framing members.
Hazardous materials inventory statement (HMIS)
Lists the materials present at the site, including their hazards and quantities
Walls can be classified into Main divisions
Load bearing wall and non-loadbearing wall
end matched
Lumber with tongues and Grooves at the ends
flitch plate girder
Made by sandwiching a piece of steel between two wooden beams.
Terra-cotta tile
Made of clay and find sand, terra-cotta is fired in a kiln. Terra-cotta is both structural and decorative and is used in ornamental facings. Structural terra-cotta has been replaced to a large extent by concrete block
High hazards H-4
health hazards
Masonry column
Masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls; often called a pier, buttress, or pilaster. These components may be built inside or outside the building. Where visible, they indicate where the wall is strongest, often where the concentrated loads are applied, and where not to attempt to breach the wall.
Solid masonry walls
Masonry units(either solid or hollow) laid continuously with the joints filled with mortar
Fire resistance is closely related to
Mass
Strip mall construction type
Maybe noncombustible, ordinary, or even wood framed construction(Type II, III, or v, respectively)
Smoke developed is calculated by
Measuring the obscuration as the smoke passes a photoelectric cell placed in the stack from the test tunnel.
Effective August 1990, new aircraft had to
Meet stricter federal aviation administration(FAA) standards for fire and heat resistance.
zee
Members with a "Z" shaped cross-section. They are not often used in structures. Short lengths of "Z" sections, Fitted over the edge of a subway platform, provide a base to shift a subway car away from the platform. As steel technology developed, Mills were built that could roll larger and larger sections. Therefore, built-up structural members of a size for which rolled members are used today are typically found an older buildings.
winter Stack effect
Movement of air from the floors into the vertical shaft, stairways, and elevators in the lower portion of the building. The greatest flow will be at the first floor, with the flow gradually decreasing as the height of the floor above ground increases. At a point about 1/3 to 1/2 of the building site, the flow is reduced to zero; this is called the neutral zone. Above the neutral zone, the flow reverses and travels out to the floors from the shafts. The pressure increases floor by floor and it's gratis at the top of the building
"A-1" assesmbly
Movie theaters, concert halls
Ordinary construction structures are usually how high
Three or four stories, but can be as tall as seven stories
Vermiculite
Mineral used as a bulk insulation and as an aggregate and insulating
Building codes establish the___ level of safety provided in a new building
Minimum
Two types of cranes
Mobile cranes and tower cranes
Tallest old style masonry bearing wall building in the United States is the___. It is__ stories high, and the masonry walls at the ground level are several feet thick
Monadnock building; 15
High-strength concrete loses ___ strength compared to normal strength concrete in the same temperature ranges
More
What shall happen during the fire test of a floor structure or wall structure
Must not develop conditions that would ignite cotton waste on the unexposed surface or prevent an average temperature rise on the unexposed surface of 250°F
Type 2 construction
Noncombustible
Typically, warehouses are classified as___.
Noncombustible
Cement asbestos board
Noncombustible material often used for friable construction; Transite, a trade name of such material, is often used as a generic name. Modern Transite fiberboard does not contain asbestos but does contain Crystaline silica which is also considered a carcinogen by some health research organizations
Vermiculite
Noncombustible mineral material. Imitation brick observed in one building materials displays was made of vermiculite.
If the plan is to specific, it may____, which may be taken as evidence of negligence or incompetence.
Not be followed for whatever reason
Hardwoods
Oak
The Foremost consideration, for egress, is the calculation of the__
Occupant load
Pause
Occurs when a layer of air is warmer than the air below it
Progressive collapse
Occurs when a relatively small area of structural damage results in a loss of localized load carrying capability, initiating a chain reaction of subsequent failures resulting in major structural failure, including global collapse
lapse
Occurs when the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases
compressive force
Occurs when the force squeezes a structural member, such as concrete column supporting a floor.
shear force
Occurs within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions and are often the result of wind load
Although a roof of steel Joists is most common, and tilt construction, the roof may be
Of any type of construction
Curtain wall collapse
Often associated with brick veneer non-loadbearing walls, but also including other masonry walls. The wall falls like a curtain - straight down
elevator power controls are usually located
On the first floor for hydraulic elevators and on the top floor for electrical elevators, where the motors are located
Residential R-3
One and two family homes
Smoke barriers are typically rated
One hour
Fire resistive assemblies; fire partitions are typically Rated at
One hour; and are used to create fire resistive courridors and to separate tenant spaces and covered mall buildings. They are defined in the IBC as "the vertical assembly of materials... Designed to restrict the spread of fire and which openings are protected"
Standard fire tests of the fireproofing of steel columns, the column fails when a temperature of 1200°F is exceeded at___, or 1000°F is exceeded on an average in the column
One point
a segmental arch is
One that describes a portion of the circumference of a circle,
___ may well be the most expensive byproduct of a fire, particularly or delicate equipment is involved or health menacing contamination, such as food spoiled by the smoke, occurs.
Smoke damage
Shear force
Opposing forces within a member pulling the member in opposite directions
Early suppression fast response (ESFR)
Or developed not just to control the fire, but to suppress it. This requires early discharge of a larger quantity of water - as much as 100 GPM per sprinkler and some cases. ESF are sprinklers done most of the water directly on the fire. The office of an ESFR sprinkler is 3/4 of an inch in size; conventional sprinklers have half inch. ESFR sprinklers can protect rack storage of high density plastics up to 25 feet in height without the use of in-rack sprinklers
Transmission
Or the manner in which a load is spread from the point of application to the ground, is an important concept.
Firefighters have been killed in fires in___ construction than in any other type of construction.
Ordinary
Type 3 construction
Ordinary construction
unreinforced masonry
Ordinary masonry walls are not reinforced, so they have no resistance to the lateral movement. As a consequence, they are very vulnerable to earthquake collapse.
chairs
Our small device is designed to keep the rods up off the surface of the form so concrete will flow underneath the rods
The thrust of an arch is
Outward
The typical limit for platform frame construction
Three stories
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
PV systems that are incorporated into the building itself in the form of either PV shingles or PV wall panel systems
insulated stud assembly (Tstud)
Pair of 2 x 3" Spruce Pine for members in between a series of truss liked arrange with towels glued in place and encased in 2 1/2 inch of polyisocysnurate plastic
Idle pallet storage
Pallets without the product
Moving sidewalks use a series of flat metal plates(sometimes called___) or synthetic(____) builds as the walking surface.
Pallets; rubber
Connections are called
Panel points
Eulers law incorporates the following three vital variables in column stability:
Pc- is the critical load, the absolute maximum load Pie(squared)-3.1415 squared E- is the modulus of elasticity of the material in the column. The modulus of elasticities is a measure of the ability of the material to yield and return to its original shape I - is the moment of inertia, a mathematical value for the geometric cross-sectional shape of the column L(squared) - is the length of the column squared
When punched with holes, high density fiberboard is called
Pegboard
When a bowstring truss roof appears weekend by fire, firefighters ordered to evacuate the roof should retreat in a direction__ to the roof trusses.
Perpendicular; that means the fire fighter will run 20 feet in the direction perpendicular to the failing truss until he or she crosses the space beyond the next truss, where it may temporally be safe.
characteristics of mill construction include the following
Pg 235
PV
Photovoltaic
High hazards H-3
Physical hazards presented
Fire codes in building codes are updated every___ by the NFPA and ICC
Three years
Test method for roof material
Places a roofing sample on an inclined platform similar to a peaked roof(sized differently for each of the different tests described below and as large as 3.3 x 8 ft for the flame spread); the assembly is subjected to a series of tests including a flying brand test, and intermittent flame exposure test, and a spread of flame test; all tests use a gas burner. A separate test using a specific size burning brand is also conducted. A wind of 12 mph is applied to the roofing sample during the fire test.
Glulam
Plank like sections of nominal 2 inch, or thinner, boards are glued together under pressure to produce large arches, beams, Girders, and columns
Bar
Plate that is fewer than 6 inches in width. Bars are also made square or round
Interlocking insulated concrete forms, are often made of
Polystyrene or polyurethane
The safest way to ventilate a green building
Positive pressure ventilation or mobile ventilation unit
Outside valves are most often
Post indicator valves(PIVs), which indicate open or shut
"field bolting"
Practice in which temporary bolts are placed instead of permanent rivets, during new construction of type II and type I
conflagrations
Rapid involvement of fire situations that go beyond the normal attack situations that fire departments encounter. The emergence of building codes in the early 1900s further advance elimination of conflagrations
The tensile connecting members are called
Ties
The rods in a column are joined by lateral reinforcements called
Ties or hoops
Overhanging beam
Projects beyond its support but not far enough to be a cantilever
Among the most important elements of life safety are__and__
Proper means of egress(exits) and protection against hazards(based on occupancy and the capability of self preservation)
Passive/dynamic protection
Protected combustible construction combines partial static protection of the steel with automatic sprinklers
Passive fire protection is provided by
Protecting steel, is one of the ways
Class III; standpipe systems
Provides 1 1/2 hose stations to supply water for use by building occupants and 2 1/2 inch hose connections to supply a larger volume of water for use by fire department and those trained
Class II; standpipe system
Provides 1 1/2 hose stations to supply water for use primarily by the building occupants or by the fire department during initial response
Class I; standpipe system
Provides 2 1/2 inch hose connections to supply for use by fire department and those trained in handling heavy fire streams
The overall steel frame that supports the escalator is called a
Truss
Arches bases tend to
Push outward
Preliminary site work involves testing the soil for
Quality and loadbearing capacity; for example, soils are classified as to their strength based on the amount of gravel, Sand, Clay, and silt
fire resistance rating
Quality ascribed to a wall, floor, or column assembly that has been tested in a standard manner to determine the length of time for which it remains structurally stable (or resists passage of fire) when attacked by a standard fire
A truss with two compression members is called
Queen post truss
Hospital and nursinghome RACE is:
R-move all people in immediate danger to safety A-activate the manual pull station, and have someone call 911 C-Close doors to confine the spread of smoke and fire E-extinguish the fire, if possible
Plastic design
Some steel buildings have connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building
ASTM E-162
Radiant panel flame spread test. Samples for this test measure only 6 x 18"
One of the basic purposes of a roof is to keep out __and ___.
Rain; enclose the structure
Rubble masonry
Random unhewn(natural shaped) stones
The first number of the NFPA 5000 numbering system, refers to
Rating of the load bearing walls
Beam transmits forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the
Reaction points (points of support)
fly ash
Reclaimed from the boiler plants, used to be used as aggregates
NFPA 13E
Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems
stiffness
Reduced deflection, can be achieved by material mass or by geometry
beam loading
Refers to the distribution of loads along a beam. Assuming given simple beam, which can carry eight units of distributed load, if the load is concentrated at the center, they can carry only four units. With the beans cantilevered in the lotus distribute, two units can be cured. If the load is at the unsupported end of the cantilever, only one unit can be carried.
Flameproof
Resistant to fire
Limiting fire spread from building to building is accomplished through several means:
Restrictions on the area/height of a building, limits on the combustibility of roofs and exterior wall surfaces, minimum separation distances between buildings, limits on openings in exterior walls(doors and windows), fire resistive exterior walls
RMC
Rigid Metal Conduit
Plywood siding
Sometimes referred to as "T1-11" plywood, a trademark of APA- the engineer wood association. Is delivered in 4 foot wide sheets, side matched.
When the occupied level is more than 60 feet below the level of exit discharge, a ___ that splits the floor levels roughly in half and that runs vertically up through all underground levels must be provided.
Smoke barrier
There are two types of fire door closure devices
Self closing and automatic
high hazards H-5
Semiconductor facilities
A dome is a
Shell; it can also be considered a three dimensional arch
Early strength concrete(special concrete that cures quickly to high strengths) tends to__ as it matures, but the brick veneer overlaying it does not.
Shrink
LSL
Similar to OSB but with longer 12 inch Flaked wood strands
Ordinary loadbearing masonry walls, the limit is generally __ stories, but buildings with loadbearing brick walls exist that are as tall as 16 stories
Six stories
Chipboards
So known as particleboard; some chipboard is water soluble and dissolves in fires
Smoke control
Usually in the form of pressurization to prevent movement into protected areas, such as a stairwell pressurization system
Occupant evacuation elevators
Special elevators intended for the self evacuating of occupants in office buildings more than 420 feet in height, associated with phase 3 operations
Water spray system
Special fixed pipe system connected to a reliable fire protection water supply and equipped with nozzles for specific water discharge and distribution over the surface or area to be protected. typically for: exposed LPG tanks and electrical transformers
strands
Special high strength, cold drawn steel cables used to apply tension to concrete. Also referred to as cables or tendons
The load carrying capacity of a beam increases by the___ of its depth.
Square
pintle
Square metal device used to transfer loads of columns on upper floors by passing the loads through intervening beams and girders to Metal column caps on the column below; A solid iron pin of much smaller diameter than the column. The Pintle passed through the girder, surrounded by wood, and then enlarged to meet the full width of the column above
a secondary purpose of a roof is to
Stabilize the walls
NFPA 256
Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
NFPA 110
Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems
UL 10B
Standard for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies
NFPA 92
Standard for Smoke Control Systems
NFPA 1006
Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications
NFPA 13
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA 13R
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Low-Rise Residential Occupancies ("low-rise" in this case means residential occupancies of four stories or fewer and less than 60 ft in height)
NFPA 13D
Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes
NFPA 14
Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA 855
Standard for the Installation of Stationary Energy Storage Systems
traction elevators
Using electrical motor to lift or lower a car(CAB) suspended on a steel rope "cable" within an elevator shaft; taller buildings uses traction elevators
NFPA 253
Standard method of test for critical radiant flux of floor covering systems using a radiant heat energy source(critical radiant flux test, also known as ASTM E-648); a different test is used to rate carpeting for its ability to spread flame when attacked with a greater ignition source than a cigarette
NFPA 255
Standard method of test of surface burning characteristics of building materials, commonly referred to as the Steiner tunnel test; also known as ASTM E-84 and UL 723
NFPA 252
Standard methods of fire tests of door assemblies
NFPA 1670
Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents
ASTM E-2074
Standard test method for fire tests of door assemblies, including positive pressure testing of side hinged and pivoted swinging door assemblies
ASTM E-108(UL 790)
Standard test methods for fire tests of roof coverings
Three story buildings usually do not have a
Standpipe
Rolled or built up members
Steel structural members can be either a rolled or built up. Rolled members are one solid piece of metal. Built-up members are made up of different sections riveted, bolted, or welded together. A girder built from steel plate with right angles riveted on each side of the top and bottom to form flanges is often called a plate girder. A column made of vertical units connected with diagonal pieces is called a Lattice column.
In all cases, reinforcing must be properly designed. Vertical reinforcing bars and concrete beams designed to prevent cracking under sheer stressors are called
Stirrups
Ashlar masonry
Stone cut in rectangular units
___and ___ are the result of force is applied to a structural member.
Stress and strain
tensile force
Stretch a member such as a steel cable that is supporting a suspended walkway.
elements(or members) that are assembled together into a structure are often called a
Structural frame
Inherent fire resistance
Structural member's resistance to collapse by fire because of the nature of its material or assembly
The compressive connecting members are
Struts
Non-vertical columns are often called by other names, such as__ or ___, Which are diagonal columns with brace foundation pilings.
Struts; rakers
Fire retardant
Substance that helps delay or prevent combustion
Cold-drawn steel
Such as cables that are sometimes used to brace failing buildings or as tendons in tensioned concrete
Water mist system
Supplies a fine atomized spray of water mist on the order of 1000 microns or less (roughly as little as 100 gallons over a half an hour)
Cantilever beam
Supported only one and, but it is rigidly held in position at the end. And projects out over a support point. Beyond the support point, the tension on the top, and the compression is in the bottom
T/F strip malls most often have common cockloft or attic spaces.
T
T/F wide flange beams have more structural support then do standard I-beams
T
There is a two way relationship between building construction and fire behavior---that is,____
The fire is influenced by the building, in the building reacts to the effects of a fire.
Moment
Tendency of a force to rotate a member
Shape is not a consideration in___loads.
Tensile
Concrete is weak in__ strength and has poor___ resistance. It's compressive strength is good, particularly when compared to the cost of steel to resist the same load.
Tensile; shear
the bottom chord is in a ___ Force
Tension
KIP
Term meaning 1000 pounds, is used in engineering calculations were the number would be so large as to be unwieldy
Phase 2 operation
The firefighters selects one of the elevators in a bank (a group of elevators) to access the upper floors.
The structural steel in common used today is an alloy composed of iron and carbon. It has three negative characteristics in a fire:
That conducts heat, it elongates when heated, which may push through any barrier; it fails at about 1000-1100
What's the 1940s, many building codes have require that a structure be anchored to
The foundation
Amperes (A)
The amount of electricity flowing
Critical radiant flux (CRF)
The amount of external radiant heat energy(measured and wants her square centimeters) below which a flame front will cease to propagate.
Demand area
The anticipated overall size of the fire with all sprinklers operating
Substructure
The area below grade to the lowest basement floor slab
jib
The articulated lifting arm at the end of a boom
Probably the oldest structural member
The beam
tenon or tongue
The beam was cut down from the top and up from the bottom to form
The second number of the NFPA 5000 numbering system, refers to
The beams and the columns
Pinned
The building is said to have pinned connections when the elements are connected by simple connector such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints.
superstructure
The building itself above grade
The third number of the NFPA 5000 numbering system, refers to
The floor construction
Fire plume
The column of flames, smoke, and heated gas is rising above the burning object
Zoned smoke control
The combination of pressurization and venting; typical in high-rises where the fire floor is vented in the surrounding floors, above and below, are pressurized to prevent migration
calcination
The deterioration of a product by heating to high temperatures
spandrel space
The distance between the top of one window in the bottom of the one above
Mill construction
The earliest form of heavy timber construction; a type of factory that emerged during the industrial revolution
Most dangerous parapet wall is the one constructed along
The front wall of a one story building above several large display windows.
The arch combines
The function of the beam and the column
The most important factors in fire spread within buildings is
The interior finishes on walls and ceilings
stress or strain
The internal forces that resist the load
Refrigerant classification
The letters refer to toxicity, with the letter "A" indicating refrigerants with a lower toxicity in the letter "B" indicating those of hire toxicity. The number 1 refers to refrigerants that do not propagate a flame, number 2 refrigerants are considered a low flame ability, and a number 3 refrigerants are considered to have high flammability.
Coping
The masonry cap on top of a wall
The typical steel framed building is pinned. In a pinned building, loads are delivered to the __ ____. In a plastic design, the connections are built to____
The nearest columns; transfer loads beyond the column
In the case of angles, three numbers are used to identify the steel member. The first to refer to the_____, and the last number refers to____
The nominal depths of the two legs; the thickness of the legs
One common vertical means of fire spread in both balloon frame and platform frame buildings
The open stairwell
parging(pargetting)
The process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete
Entrainment
The process of oxygen(air) being drawn into a fire
Flame spread ratings are concerned with
The rate at which fire spreads over the surface of a material, the smoke develops, and the fuel it contributes to a fire
Safety factor
The ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress.
The term rollover describes
The rolling motion of the flames across the bottom of the ceiling layer.
Based on the construction classification in occupancy type; building codes regulate what two things:
The size(the area per floor and square feet before firewalls are required to subdivide the area) Height of the structures(in terms of feet and stories)
Spandrel area
The space between the top of one window in the bottom of another
slurry wall
Usually found in large buildings; in which a trench is dug, steel reinforcement is placed in the trench, and a liquid slurry compound is placed in the trench to support the trench walls.
density
The unit rate of water application to an area or surface; expressed in GPM per square foot
Air flow
The use of high air velocity to stop smoke movement
Stack effect
The vertical airflow within buildings caused by the temperature created density differences between the building interior and exterior or between two interior spaces
as a group, the struts, ties, and panel points are called
The web
The total of the reactions of all the supports of a beam must equal
The weight of the beam and its load
to Measure the fire load in Btu/ft2
The weight of the fuel is multiplied by the caloric value and divided by the floor area. The equivalent metric statement is KJ/m2
Well the second number refers to
The weight of the member per foot in length(in pounds)
Lally columns
These are steel pipe filled with concrete to increase their load carrying capacity. In the 1800s, cast iron lally columns were usually drilled to provide a vent for the steam generated in the concrete. Today, steel pipe concrete columns are only sometimes drilled. When exposed to heat, they may explode. And one example in a fire in a concrete plant, expanding steam from the concrete blew out one end of the Lally columns, creating rockets
Reinforcing bars or rods
These are steel rods or bars that are usually intentionally deformed. A raised pattern in the surface of the steel aids in the transmission of stress from the concrete to the steel. It would be more accurate to call them tension rods. There is also interest in glass fiber reinforcing rods. The effect of fire on fiberglass reinforced concrete is uncertain.
preaction systems
These are systems in which there is air in the piping that may or may not be under pressure. When a fire occurs, a supplementary fire detecting device in the protected area is actuated. This opens a water control valve, which permits water to flow into the piping system before a sprinkler is activated. When sprinklers are subsequently opened by the heat of a fire, water flows through the sprinklers immediately, the same as in a wet pipe system. The advantage of these systems is that water typically will not flow if a sprinkler or pipe is broken, a desirable feature for areas that have easily damaged contents.
deluge system
These systems have all sprinklers open at all times. When heat from a fire actuator fire detecting's device, the delusion valve opens and water flows to, and is discharged from, all sprinklers on the piping system, thus deluging the protected areas, usually flammable liquid operations.
dry pipe system
These systems have automatic sprinklers attached to piping that contain air or nitrogen under pressure. What a sprinkler is open by heat from a fire, the pressure is reduced to the point where water pressure on the supply side of the dry pipe valve can force open the valve. Then water flows into the system and out any open sprinklers. Dry pipe systems are typically installed in areas of the building subject to freezing.
90-degree wall collapse
They collapse in which an entire wall feels as one unit. Till 12 failure is an example of a 90° collapse. Brick and other masonry walls can also fail in this manner.
Cantilever floor collapse
They collapse in which one end of the floor is still supported while the other end is unsupported. Voids can be created in such situation's.
Pancake Collapse
They collapse of a buildings floor and possibly roof, in a pancake stack fashion, with each floor laying flat on top of the one below.
angle
They steal member that has two legs at right angles to one another. The "L" shaped in cross-section
One way structural system
They system that incorporates floors that have beams running in one direction only
Hydraulic elevator
Uses hydraulic fluid under pressure to raise and lower a piston(jack) attached to the bottom of the car. Hydraulic elevators are typically installed in lowrise buildings that are usually limited to five or six stories.
Composite construction
This is a different term than a composite structural element. Reinforced concrete is one of several composite structural elements. The term composite construction is often used to describe buildings in which different loadbearing materials are used in different areas, such as exterior columns being made of concrete and interior columns being constructed of steel. Sometimes the top floor of a concrete building is constructed of lightweight steel. The slider structure may be called a penthouse, meeting any structure above the roofline. The term penthouse apartment properly refers only to an apartment built on the roof. Apartments on lower floors that have terraces are properly Called Terrace Apartments
Mushroom cap
This is a tapered extension at the top of the column that assist in transfer of loads from floor to column. Columns and heavy duty concrete construction may show both mushroom cabs and drop panels.
Slipforming
This is a technique by which forms are moved, usually upward, as a concrete is poured
lift slab
This is a type of construction in which the columns are directed to their full height, then the first floor slab is cast on the ground. Each subsequent floor slab and then the roof slab is cast, one directly on top of the other
Continuous slipforming
This process entails pouring concrete continuously as forms move upward so that continuous casting may be accomplished
Continuous casting
This process involves casting or pouring concrete without interruption from start to finish. This avoids the problem of joining new concrete to concrete already poured. If such a joint is not properly made, coal joints, which are plains of weakness, result.
AAC(autoclaved aerated concrete)
This type of prefabricated concrete uses all of the traditional components of concrete, but adds aluminum powder as well; 1/4 the weight by volume compared to regular concrete; achieving a 4-hour rating with an 8inch thick block wall according to ASTM E-119
A partial collapse is important to at least two groups:
Those under it and those on top of it
Building codes usually do not require garden apartments of __ stories or fewer to have a standpipe
Three
NFPA 5000 uses the same general numeral designations for types of construction. However, it uses an additional___ numbering scheme to designate the subcategories of each type of construction related to the hourly rating of the structure.
Three digit
Explosion Venting
To channel the force of an internal explosion in a desired direction
chamfer
To cut off corners of a timber to retard ignition
needle beams
To support an existing wall when it changes to be made in the foundation; holes are often cut through the wall, and this type of beam is inserted and supported on both sides to pick up the load of the walls.
Matched lumber
Tongue and grooved lumber (usually lengthwise)
In terms of air conditioner ability to remove heat, they are measured in
Tons
Precast concrete tilt slab walls are braced by
Tormentors or temporary bracing poles
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Toxic chemicals used as non-flammable coolant in transformers that may be released during fires.
Elevators are grouped into two general types
Traction and hydraulic
A___ is a labor intensive, time-consuming tactic. The IC must send sufficient resources and equipment to complete the job in time(a minimum of six firefighters)
Trench cut
Whose function is it to see that fire doors are closed and latched properly
Truck companys
T/F the arch is under compression along its entire length
True
They, building codes require the atria connect a minimum of_ floors, with no minimum size requirement
Two
Composite wall
Two different masonry materials, such as brick and concrete block, used in a wall and designed to react as one under load.
Horizontal exits have a rated of the wall of
Two hour
Scissor stairways
Two stairways are in the same shaft
waffle concrete
Two way structural system with closely spaced beams set at tight angles to one another in which unnecessary concrete is formed out; the lower side resembles a waffle
The one story strip mall with lightweight wood roof trusses and concrete block walls, is an example of what type of construction
Type III
Main St., USA
Type III construction
The traditional form of heavy timber construction will now be designated as___
Type IV-HT
Firestops
Typically limit vertical movement through relatively small, concealed passages such as under stairs and inside walls. Fire stopping material may consist of at least 2 inch nominal lumber, two thicknesses of 1 inch nominal lumber with a broken up lap joints, or 23/32 inch plywood or other approved materials.
Fire resistive assemblies; fire barriers are typically rated
Typically one to two hour fire resistance rated; and used to enclose chefs, exit stairwells, exit passage ways, and horizontal exits, and to separate spaces from certain hazardous areas. They are defined in the IBC as "a fire resistance rated vertical or horizontal assembly of materials... Designed to restrict the spread of fire and which openings are protected"
Gypsum
Typically used in a wall board(which can be a part of a firewall or fire partition), is an inert material composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate pressed between two sheets of cardboard to create a sheet of gypsum wallboard; points of connection at the ends of the sheets are weak points.
rated units are listed in references such as
UL Fire Resitance Directory, which is published annualy
A fire can cause innumerable___, many of which can cause collapse.
Undesigned changes and loading
Assemblies that pass the test are rated in
Units of hours i.e. 1, 2, 3 hours.
If the building is not required to be fire resistive, the steel is
Unprotected
Building codes generally classify steel buildings as either___or___
Unprotected noncombustible or protected noncombustible
After looking at a number of buildings with cast iron columns, it appears likely that the chief cause of their failure is the
Unsafe connections, rather than the questionable "cold water on red hot cast iron"
A braced frame uses diagonal members for bracing purposes, while moment frames use
Use special moment connections between columns and beams that resist rotation
Projected beam detectors
Used in smoke control systems, these detectors can cover large areas with a single beam of light
Lean over Collapse
Usually limited to woodframe structures, this type of collaps is characterized by building that shifts at the upper levels, leaning into adjacent buildings or totally collapsing sideways in the absence of adjacent buildings.
Purge
Venting of smoke
interstitial space
Void space made by utilizing deep parallel cord trusses
Structural insulated panels (SIP)
Wall assemblies without studs, which instead use a core of polyurethane
Sand-lime mortar
Was exclusively in masonry work until about 1880. Sand lime mortar is water soluble.
Activation of smoke control system is usually triggered by__and ___
Water flow; smoke detectors
wet pipe system
Water under pressure all the time, water flows from pipes immediately, individual sprinklers activated by heat
Isobutane and propane
Well considered to possess low toxicity, or higher flammable and are classified as A3. Carbon dioxide, used as refrigerant, is classified as A1. Ammonia, given both his toxicity in flour ability's classified as B2L
Platform frame; sometimes called
Western framing
In comparison to steel, Concrete gets a competitive price advantage because
When steel is required to be fireproofed, it shows up as a separate line item, unlike concrete which is barried into the price
Columns have several thermocouples peened into them. At what point is the test ended and the specimen failed
When the average temperature exceeds 1100°F or any temperature of the thermocouples exceeds 1300°F
Habers rule states
any exposure in which the concentration (in parts per million[PPM]) x Minutes exposed equals 33,000 is likely to be dangerous. CO is probably the most common toxic fire gas.
According to ASME A17.1; when do door restrictors engage
When the elevator is located 18 inches above or below the "landing zone"(the floor of an elevator lobby)
Interactive preplans
Where real time data from a building for issues such as fire alarm device activations and individual elevator cabs status are transmitted directly to responding firefighters, supplementing their pre-plans
Control area
Which is essentially an area surrounded by one hour rate of the fire assembly
Neutral plane
Which is the interface between the hot ceiling layer and the cooler air flowing into the compartment
1 hour exposure to the standard fire endurance test, American Society for testing and materials(ASTM) E-119, standard test methods for fire tests of building construction and materials
afire load of 80,000 BTU/ft2 or 10 pound of ordinary combustibles per foot squared is approximately the equivalent of
Civil engineer
Who designed the layout of the site including parking, drainage, and roadways
Mechanical engineer
Who designs the heating and air conditioning systems and the plumbing systems
Electrical engineer
Who designs the lighting, telecommunications, and emergency power systems
If a line of columns is specially braced to resist wind, it is called a
Wind bent
Wind exerts pressure on the__side of the building and suction on the __side
Windward; Leeward
masonry wire truss
Wire truss embedded into the mortar in specified courses making the header course no longer necessary
Type 5 construction
Wood Frame
Trunnels
Wooden peg used to pin together mortise and tenon joints
Splines
Wooden strips that fit into grooves into adjacent planks to make a tight floor
It was not until___ that modular construction became popular
World war II
The only time supplying a sprinkler system should be stopped is if
You are operating on a low pressure hydrant grid in the sprinkler supply is robbing water pressure needed for attack lines.
The floor area between any two bents
a bay
Considered nonrigid
a beam that is only bolted to a column is a shear connection
"buit-up roof"
a bituminous (asphalt) Coding serves as the adhesive and sometimes a moisture stopping vapor barrier. On top of the insulation or successive layers of bituminous (bitumen) material and roofing felt or fiberglass mats.
steel qualifies for a fire resistance rating if the protection system previously passed
a standard fire test (ASTM E-119)
Channel
a steel structural component that has a square, "U" shaped cross section
party wall
a wall that is common to two buildings
tormentors
adjustable poles set diagnolly
Mass Plywood panels(MPP)
another form of mass timber engineered wood product. can be as large as 12 ft wide, 48 ft long, and 24 thick.
Flitch plate girder
are a composite of steel plate sandwiched between two solid sawn wood joist, or in some cases, plywood
Static load
are loads that are applied slowly and remain constant.
Illuminated red colored signs indicate that the elevator
are not to be used and tell occupants to use stairwells
"A-4" assembly
arenas, tennis courts
Impact loads
arer loads that are delivered in a short time.
AAPM
ashpalt asbestos protected metal; often called Robertson protected metal "RPM", was one proprietary name
AEC
atomic energy commision
why do I need to study building construction? the answer is simple:
because my life depends on it
I'm cities have required a standardized lettering and numbering system to identify tenant locations. With letters designating__ of stores and numbers indicating __
blocks/rows; tenants
brick nogging
brick and mortar filling between studs
Halon 1301
bromotrifluoromethane
abbreviation for different shaped steel; CB
castellated beams
Matchboarding
ceilings made of embossed steel and wooden boards.
Hollow cores also known as
cells
abbreviation for different shaped steel; C
channel
soldier beams
rows of vertical steel beams; are driven into the ground. They are tied together by a horizontal beam called a waler. diagonal columns called rakers brace the entire structure.
"A-3" assembly
churches, libraries
the top chord of a truss is in a___force
compression
When concrete spalls, it loses__strength
compressive
Moment connection
considered rigid;(is bolted and welded)In addition to preventing the beam and the column from sliding past each other, also prevents rotation of the beam around the column(called bending moment)
concrete is inherently noncombustible. It can be formulated to be___
fire resistive
strips malls; most building codes require a ___seperation(also known as an occupancy separation)
fire-rated
Of the three types of woodframe building collapses, the ___ collapse is the most dangerous because it gives no warning and can result in the simultaneous collapse of two or more sides of the structure.
inward/outward
High hazard H-2
deflagration hazards
Basic problem of plywood exposed to fire is that it
delaminates
PV roof panels produce ___current
direct
if a "Y" shaped column is distorted by fire, the area of damage may be
doubled
ENT
electrical nonmetallic tubing
Two important considerations in today's buildings
energy conservation and rapid completion
Overtime, however, the steel inevitably begins to corrode with the concrete.__and__ are applied to minimize this problem.
epoxy and stainless steel coatings
The radiant heat of a fire is proportional to the__ of the absolute temperature(actual thermometer reading in degrees kelvin + 459); thus a 2000°F absolute fire of 20 minutes duration could have a radiant energy potential___ Times that of a 1000°F absolute fire of the same duration
fourth power; 16
When the collapse zone is greater than the reach of the hose streams or the best angle for the hose stream is within the collapse zone, the company officer should reposition and operate the hose stream from a__position.
flanking
Falsework
formwork; used in the construction of concrete buildings is often made of wood
GIGO
garbage in, garbage out
the current practice of designing buildings of lighter and lighter materials and substituting ___ ___ ____ has led to significant strides in the architectural field, but it has also created significant problems in the field of firefighting.
geometry for mass
Course you applied multiplied by the distance between the location of the force to Point of rotation(cover edge to spine)
gives the moment
recently, __rods, with twice the tensile strength of steel, have been put in use to minimize corrosion; they are not capable of being welded though.
glass fiber polymer reinforced rods
timber
greater than or equal to 5 in nominal thickness
a more common encasement method for columns today is the use of ___
gypsum board; 3-hour rated gypsum board assembly enclosed in a wide flange steel column would use three layers of 5/8 type "x" gymsum board
be wary of the stability of Fieldstone walls, particularly ones in which stones are laid__
haphazardly
carbon dioxide is __then air
heavier
__ gas can be generated by batteries
hydrogen
In 2008, UL, with the assistance of the Chicago fire department, issued a report entitled "structural stability of Engineered Lumber in Fire Conditions". what happened
in a simulated basement fire involving exposed lightweight I-beams, collapse occurred in a mere 6:03 minutes. The Legacy 2 x 10" beam construction outlasted lightweight construction by a 3:1 time margin. Another valuable lesson was also learned: carpet and other floor coverings may conceal the true fire conditions underneath the floor from a thermal imager.
___ and ___ are critical skills for all fire fighters
interpreting; anticipating fire behavior
The fire hazard or flame spread of wood can also be reduced by the application of____ that swell up when heated
intumescent coatings
permastone
is one trade name for natural or artificial stone
stress
is the force power unit area that produces a deformation. It is usually measured in pounds per square inch(PSI), although occasional references to pounds per square foot(psf) or also found
falsework
is the temporary structure erected to support concrete for in the course of construction. it is composed of shores, formwork, and lateral bracing.; can represent 60% of the cost of the concrete structure
one of the fire protection advantages of Type I construction is
it lacks inherent voids
The last stone set in place in an arch, it is no more important than the other stones that make up the arch, called voussoirs
keystone
a wind turbine is a device used to capture the ___energy of the wind, converted into___ energy to drive a generator, and subsequently convert the energy into direct electrical current
kinetic; mechanical
atria
large open spaces within a structure that connects two or more floors
shakes are __than shingles
larger
wet would has__strength compared to dry wood
less
PSL(parallel strand lumber)
long veneers laid parallel, but in a more random arrangement)
heavy timber
lumber that is 8 inches more in its smallest dimension.
French word aviators used for "help me"
m'aider
Use of stacked metal shipping containers to create multi story buildings as a type of__ construction
modular; AKA intermodal steel building unit(ISBU); some consider this a green construction
the planks on which the shores rest are called
mudsills
laboratory fire tests are conducted under a slight__pressure to remove smoke and fumes.
negative
the majority of buildings are
non-fire-resistive
"B" business
offices, educational occupancies above the 12th grade
nearly all strip malls are ___story
one
concrete poured at 50°F will develop ___more pressure than at 70°F
one third
The fingers at the end of the pieces of wood forming the web of the trust or fit into slits in the top and bottom chords of the truss, using ___ as an adhesive.
phenol and resorcinol formaldehydes
eyebrows
overhangs
The bottom and top chords are parallel in a _____truss
parallel-chord truss
the joists are usually oriented in which way to the street frontage of the building
parellel(or the smallest building dimension)
"Fresh" climate controlled air is termed
supply air duct
A short column with a large cross section in proportion to its length is called
pier
structures that will be erected on week soils, such as those with high silt content, may need to use deep foundations such as
piles or caissons
A freestanding masonry load carrying column, as in a cathedral
pillar
Today,__ are added to concrete to resist spalling.
polypropylene microfibers
shear resistance of post tensioned slabs is__
poor
"jacking the cables"
post tensioning of cables after concrete has been poured, in post tensioned concrete
fires generate a __pressure.
postive
Institutional I-3
prisons, jails
steel that has been fireproofed is known as
protected steel(which is also the term for weather protected steel)
fire can be defined as
rapid oxidation (chemical) reaction that produces heat and visible light.
International green construction code was issued in 2012 in an attempt to __
regulate green construction
"A-2" assembly
restaurants, nightclubs
floor and rood assemblies are often tested under __ and ___ conditions.
restrained and unrestrained; restrained, is a more severe test for these assemblies given the expansion.
the duct bringing the "stale" air back to the AHU is called the
return air duct
American Society of mechanical engineers (ASME) A17.1,
safety code for elevator and escalators, for new elevators
in brick bearing walls, headers can be seen, usually every __ row.
seventh
And a small wood frame structure the plywood sheeting over the studs provides the needed___
shear strength
reshoring
shores that are put back into concrete after forms are removed to help carry the load of the still-curing concrete
In the typical downtown business or commercial building, which walls are generally bearing
side walls are generally bearing, front and back generally nonbearing
NFPA 13R and NFPA 13D Systems are based on data that indicate that omitted areas are not vulnerable to fire. unsprinklered areas include
small closets and bathrooms as well as unused attics
Cold smoke
smoke that falls downward;
arrays typically face__(sometimes__) to obtain max sun exposure
south;west
SPF
sprayed polyurethane foam
encasement
steel being encased in a structure, such as concrete, terra-cotta, metal lath and plaster, brick, gypsum board.
the taller the riser and the smaller the tread, the ___ the set of stairs
steeper
abbreviation for different shaped steel; WT
structural tees
Prestressed concrete; the concrete is preloaded with stressors to help strengthen up for___loads
tensile
the presence of restoring is an indication that
the concrete is not yet up to the full strength and therefore may be unable to handle large superimposed loads
By definition, smoke is
the generic term used to describe the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases produced by a fire. The solid particulates - typically carbon - give smoke it's opaqueness. The liquid particulates include Acrilane and halogen acids. Gases include a myriad of different materials, including CO, hydrogen cyanide, and carbon dioxide
When a TRUSS is CANTILEVERED what happens to the top and bottom of the truss?\
the situation reverses; Beyond the support of support, the tension Is in the top chord and the compression is in the bottom chord
Columns lose strength by what by
the square of the change in length
After action reports, websites:
the two most well known: www.firefighterclosecalls.com www.firefighternearmiss.com
In sketches of trusses, compression members are often shown as___ lines, while the tension members are shown in as ____lines
thick; lines
LVL(laminated veneer lumber)
thin wood veneers laid parallel to the length of the member
skewbacks
tiles shaped to fit around steel
In a cantilever beam, the tension is in the top of the beam, and plus the reinforcing rods are at the __of the beam
top
And a continuous beam supported at more than two points, tension occurs at the__ of the beam in the area over the tops of the columns and at the ___ of the beams between columns
top; bottom
telescoping tubular steel braces
tormentors
When tilt up construction structures are being constructed, the builders carefully braces the walls with___or
tormentors or braces
staging is usually __ floors below the fire.
two
Hollow masonry wall
two Wythes of masonry with an air space between. The Wythes are tied together or bonded with masonry
Wind blowing against a building seems to split about__ of the way up the building. The upper portion flows up and over the roof. The lower plateau portion flows downward, forming a vortex next to the building. It increases and velocity as it flows downward.
two-thirds
composite and combination columns
use steel and concrete; were formerly used on the lower floors of a heavy duty building to avoid surrendering floor space to large diameter concrete columns made solely of reinforced concrete.
And effective tactic to stop horizontal spread of a fire and long, ordinary construction, buildings
vertical ventilation, trench cut
use of sand lime mortar creates a potential failure hazard because it is
water soluble
Generally, building codes specify___ Systems are to be installed, and standards specify__ the system is to be designed and installed.
where; how
abbreviation for different shaped steel; WF
wide flange beams and columns
To repeat, the load carrying capacity or strength of a beam increases as the square of the depth but increases only in direct proportion to increases in___
width
A pile is made of___, whereas a caisson is typically constructive of__
wood or steel; concrete
