BSC 121 EXAM 2

What are the first group of vertebrates with an anmiotic egg?

Reptiles

What were some of the challenges of water vertebrates moving to land?

Risk of water loss through skin on land. Locomotion & support needs differ on land. Reproductive needs on land differ.

SEGMENTATION T/F: Annelids possess both circular and longitudinal muscles that produce waves of contraction that are propagated down through the series of segments

TRUE

SEGMENTATION T/F: If the organs in one segment fail, the organs of another segment will still function

TRUE

SEGMENTATION T/F: Segmentation has allowed for specialization in the anterior of the annelid body, which has provided for a more sophisticated nervous system

TRUE

ecdysis T/F: Nematodes and arthropods utilize similar hormones in the molting process, suggesting that these two phyla are closely related within the Ecdysozoa.

TRUE

ecdysis T/F: The cuticle is a non-living cover that serves to both support and protect the animal.

TRUE

ecdysis T/F: The cuticle limits growth and must be periodically shed to allow a new larger cuticle to be formed

TRUE

Vertebrate possess a _____ diversity of internal organs.

great

What is the function of Ocelli in cnidaria?

photosensation allows medusa to position itself in particular light level.

What is the function of allantois in the amniotic egg?

Removal of waste

What are the characteristics of complete metamorphosis?

- 4 stages - pupa stage - -immatures and adults use different food sources

What would happen if a Poriferan lost its ability to produce spicules?

- It would be less able to avoid predatory attacks. - Its canals would be more vulnerable to collapse.

What is the difference between protostomes and Deuterostomes?

- Protostomes have a spiral and determinate cleavage while Deuterostomes have a radial and indeterminate cleavage. - In protostomes, the mouth develops first, while in Deuterostomes the butt develops first.

What are some characteristics of Cartilaginous fishes?

- Skeleton composed of cartilage rather than bone. - Denser than water; oil‐filled liver - Pumps water over gills for oxygen - Single blood circulation (circulation goes straight to heart instead of lungs then heart)

What are the main characteristics of the phylum Chordata?

- The anterior end of the nerve cord is elaborated to form a brain in craniates. - The brain is encased in a protective bony or cartilaginous housing in craniates. - A group of embryonic cells called the neural crest form on either side of the neural tube in craniates.

What characteristics do primates have that differentiate them from other mammals?

- an opposable thumb - a large and well-developed brain - binocular vision

What are the 3 parts of mollusca?

- foot - visceral mass - mantle

What are the characteristics of incomplete metamorphosis?

- immatures look like mini adults - 3 stages - immatures are called nymphs

What are the characteristics of mammal group eutherians?

- long lived and complex placenta -Humans

What structures could you point to in fish that have connections in the evolutionary process to higher vertebrates?

- skeletal developments leading to the amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finned fishes. - The anterior gill arch formed the basis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw

Why are choanoflagellates thought to be the closest living relatives to animals?

-Molecular comparisons between choanoflagellates and simple animals are similar. -They are similar to the cells of simple animals.

What are the characteristics of mammal group Metatherians?

-Possess embryos that use 'short-lived' placentas. - Many Species live in Australia and South America - live birth - young animal climbs from birth canal to nipple in pouch

What is the Traditional Classification of Animals based on?

-Presence/absence of different tissue types -Type of body symmetry -Presence/absence of true body cavity -Specific features of embryonic development

What class of mollusk has tentacles surrounding the mouth, closed circulatory system, Jet propulsion via siphon?

Cephalopoda

A vertebrate's heart has at LEAST _____ chambers.

2

Amphibians have what type of heart?

3 chamber

ecdysis T/F: A disadvantage in possessing a cuticle is that it forces fertilization to be external.

FALSE

ecdysis T/F: The cuticle is porous and the diffusion of respiratory gases, even through the thickest areas, is not a problem.

FALSE

T'/F: There are swim bladders in cartilaginous fishes.

False. There are no swim bladders in cartilaginous fishes, instead they have an oil-filled liver.

Of the class Ecdysozoa, What phylum is most successful based on diversity, distribution, and sheer numbers?

Arthopods

What are the characteristics of sponges?

Asymmetric Amoebocytes Mesohyl

What class of mollusk lives in marine or freshwater , has filter feeders with siphons and a shell with 2 halves?

Bivalvia

The bilateria are, in turn, divided into three major classifications based upon the structure of the ______.

Body Cavity

The endoskeleton structure is made up of _______.

Bone or Cartilage

The exoskeleton is made of _____, which is extremely strong and flexible.

Chitin

What are the 2 membranes that work together in the amniotic egg like lungs?

Chorion & Allantois

What phyla has radial or pentaradial symmetry with diploblastic tissue?

Cnidaria

What phyla has true tissues, radial symmetry,and nematocysts

Cnidaria

How did Water-conserving kidneys help reptiles become dominant in terrestrial environments?

Concentrating wastes prior to elimination

In cnidarians what specialized cells act as a hydrostatic "skeleton"?

Contractile muscles work against fluid contained in body.

How did Thoracic breathing help reptiles become dominant in terrestrial environments?

Coordinated muscle contractions expand the rib cage creating negative pressure in the lungs and relaxation of the muscles forces air out

What phyla has radial or pentaradial symmetry with triploblastic tissue?

Echinodermata

what are the Three embryonic germ layers in Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)?

Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm

SEGMENTATION T/F: Excretion is accomplished by paired protonephridia with flame cells in every segment of the body.

FALSE

SEGMENTATION T/F: The circulatory system found in annelids is usually open.

FALSE

What are Pharyngeal Slits?

Filter feeding (gills)

What is a Notochord?

Flexible-cartilage rod providing support

What is a major factor of the Phylum Rotifera?

Food moves from mouth to anus

What class of mollusk is aquatic or terrestrial with a coiled shell?

Gastropoda

How did Desiccation-resistant skin help reptiles become dominant in terrestrial environments?

Keratin aids in water retention

What are the 3 groups of Chordates?

Lancelets Tunicates Vertebrates

What factor challenged ancestral amphibians of frogs to support themselves out of the aquatic environment?

Large body size

How does coral use Zooxanthellae?

Make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and produce calcium carbonate.

What are the characteristics of mammal group prototherians?

Mammals that lay shelled eggs Possess a cloaca

Metatherians are also known as _____.

Marsupials

What phyla has bilateral symmetry with triplobastic tissue?

Mollusca

what is Ecdysis?

Molting (shell)

What are the 3 major groups of mammals?

Montremes, marisupials, eutherians

What 2 phylum are under Ecdysozoa?

Nematodes and Arthropods

What are the 4 innovations in chordates?

Notochord Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Pharyngeal Slits Postanal tail

What 4 phylums are under the lophorochozoa?

Platyhelminthes Rotifera Lophophorata Mollusca Annelida

What types of phyla are under the class Lophotrochozoa?

Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida

What type of mollusk has an 8 plated shell?

Polyplacophora

What phyla has Asymmetric symmetry that lacks tissues?

Porifera

What phylum of species is in a parazoa class?

Porifera

What two phylums are under bilateria?

Prototosomia and Deuterostomia

What are the 2 types of symmetry in invertebrates?

Radial & Bilateral

What are the 2 groups of bony fish?

Ray-finned and lobed fish

What are the main classes of echinoderms?

Sea stars, sea urchin, sea cucumber

What are examples of cartilaginous fishes?

Sharks and rays

What is a Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord?

Spinal Chord

The Eumetazoa are divided into Radiata and the bilateria; this division is based upon each group's unique _______.

Symmetry

What gives annelids their segmented appearance?

The Coelom is divided into separate compartments by partitions called septa.

What is function does amnion have on the amniotic egg?

The actual sac where the embryo is

What is Coelom?

The main body cavity in multicellular animals.

How does an open circulatory system differ from a closed one?

The open circulatory system has a combination of blood vessels and large thin-walled sinuses whereas a closed circulatory system has only vessels.

why are amphibians called "indicator species" of environmental quality?

Their permeable skin and life cycle depends on both water and land.

What and Where is the Chorion in the amniotic egg ?

Thin white skin on egg ; lies beneath the porous shell of the egg.

How did Internal fertilization help reptiles become dominant in terrestrial environments?

Using copulatory organ to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

The evolution of the amniotic egg allowed reptiles to replace _____, and to become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate.

amphibians

What part of the amniotic egg provides food for the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut.

Yolk Sac

The exoskeleton provides _________ for muscle action.

antagonism

What phylum where its growth takes place through ecdysis, has a a rigid exoskeleton made of chitin, jointed appendages, and segments specialized into functional tagmata?

arthropods

the Ancestral amphibians costs of movement on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to modifications of the heart and ______.

circulatory system

What phylum of species are under radiata?

cnidaria

What is a Postanal tail?

contains muscles, serves as many functions. May be absent

To grow the anthropod must undergo _____, during which time they are extremely vulnerable to predators.

ecdysis

Early amphibians could venture too far from the water because _____ was restricted to moist environments.

egg deposition

The cranium and vertebral column are part of the ______.

endoskeleton

cloaca

everything comes out one hole (waste,urine, and eggs)

This feature is important because it allows for organs to be cushioned by ____ that is relatively incompressible.

fluid

Animals that lack a vertebral column are known as

invertebrates

The earliest vertebrates don't have ______.

jaws

As the athropod grows, the exoskeleton must become thicker to bear the force of the ______.

muscles

What is replaced in most vertebrates by the vertebral column during embryonic development?

notochord

In bony fishes, the protective covering over the gills is called the _____.

operculum

What are the 2 body forms of cnidaria?

polyp and medusa

Animals can be classified by the way their zygotes subsequently divide to form a multicellular individual; the embryological pathway can proceed by either _____ cleavage.

radial or spiral

An animal that is attached to the substrate and cannot move from one place to another is said to be _____.

sessile

Most cnidarians possess two distinct body forms: the polyp, which is ___________, and the medusa, which is ___________.

sessile; motile

lophophorate characteristics

tentacles that are useful in breathing and feeding U-shaped digestive tract

Animals collectively known as the Eumetazoa possess specialized _____.

tissues

In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians?

toads, salamanders

T/F: Coral are animals.

true

The exoskeleton protects against _____ loss.

water