BSC 312 test 4 questions

Horizontal gene transfer encompasses a number of mechanisms by which DNA from one organism can be transferred to another organism. A. True B. False

A. True

In prokaryotes the number of genes and genome size are tightly correlated. A. True B. False

A. True

In the case of Mycobacterium tuberculosis the protein interactive is being used to predict potential new drug targets. A. True B. False

A. True

It is now possible to sequence the genome of a single cell. A. True B. False

A. True

Metagenomic analysis allows for the sequencing of more than one species simultaneously. A. True B. False

A. True

Mobile genetic elements carry the genes necessary for conjugation. A. True B. False

A. True

Prions are infectious proteins that lack either DNA or RNA. A. True B. False

A. True

Recent research has suggested that there is a viral link to the development of Alzheimer's disease/ A. True B. False

A. True

Reoviruses are unique in that they replicate their genome within a capsid. A. True B. False

A. True

The intercom details the interactions among different proteins present in a cell. A. True B. False

A. True

The majority of new genes (viewed from an evolutionary perspective) appear to arise for existing genes. A. True B. False

A. True

Within modern molecular techniques, it is now possible to completely assemble a genome from a single cell. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following is not a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer? A. Vertical inheritance B. transduction C. transformation D Conjugation

A. Vertical inheritance

As described in the chapter, viruses vary greatly in their genetic material and structure. For example the Zika virus is enveloped and contains single stranded RNA. One way of classifying viruses is using baltimore classes. Based on the information in the passage and in the chapter, how could the researchers determine the baltimore class of the zika virus? Choose all that apply: 1) They could examine whether the virus had an RNA or DNA genome 2) They could exam whether the genome was single or double stranded 3) They could examine the shape of the capsid 4) They could examine whether enzymes such as RNA replicase or reverse transcriptase were present. 5) they could examine whether the enzymes such as RNA replicase or reverse transcriptase were present 6) they could examine whether the virus had an envelope

1) They could examine whether the virus had an RNA or DNA genome 2) They could exam whether the genome was single or double stranded 5) they could examine whether the enzymes such as RNA replicase or reverse transcriptase were present

Insertion sequences target which area on a target DNA sequence? A. A sequence of nucleotides identical to the inverted repeat sequence found on the insertion sequence itself B. A gene coding for antibiotic C. A unique inverted repeat sequence not found on the insertion sequence D. The gene that codes for transposase

A. A sequence of nucleotides identical to the inverted repeat sequence found on the insertion sequence itself

The substrate Xgal is used to detect _____________. A. B-galactosidase B. restriction enzymes C. M13 vectors D. green fluorescent proteins

A. B-galactosidase

What is the baltimore class of the zika virus? A. Baltimore class IV B. Baltimore class V C. Baltimore class III D. Baltimore class II E. Baltimore Class I

A. Baltimore class IV

Which type of transpose would contain a gene for transposes? A. Both simple and complex B. Complex transposons C. Neither simple nor complex transposons; the transposes enzyme is coded independently by the cell D. Simple transposons

A. Both simple and complex

Southern blotting is a method of hybridization used to identify a target ____________. A. DNA fragment B. RNA fragment C. protein D. Carbohydrate

A. DNA fragment

In what type of procedure is a sample ionized and vaporized by a laser and then accelerated through a time of flight analyzer? A. MALDI mass spectrometry B. pyrosequencing C. 2D gel electrophoresis D. Sanger dideoxy sequencing

A. MALDI mass spectrometry

which of the following instruments is able to identify small molecule metabolites from cells? A. Mass spectrometry B. Fluorescent microscope C. 454 pyrosequencer D. 2-D gel electrophoresis apparatus

A. Mass spectrometry

A listing of the types and amounts of sugars, amino acids, nucleotide precursors, and other small molecules found in a cell would be considered as its ______________. A. Metabolome B. Proteome C. Genome D. Transcriptome

A. Metabolome

If a researcher wanted to compare enzymatic capacity to degrade compound in a water column at various depths under a specific set of conditions what would be the most useful approach? A. Metaproteomics B. Metabolomics C. genomics D. metagenomics

A. Metaproteomics

The worlds first mobile nucleic acid sequencer is the ________. A. MinION B. EbolaION C. NasION D. DnaION

A. MinION

The genetic diversity of viruses (taken as a whole) is ______________ as the diversity of bacteria. A. Much greater B. about the same C. much less D. insufficient information given to determine

A. Much greater

A double stranded DNA molecule called the replicative form is made during the replication of ________. A. Phage M13 B. Phage T7 C. Phage Mu D. Phage Lambda

A. Phage M13

Both retroviruses and hepafnaviruses contain the novel enzyme __________. A. Reverse transcriptase B. RNA replicase C. RNAse H D. DNA dependent DNA polymerase

A. Reverse transcriptase

an example of a reovirus is _______. A. Rotavirus B. Influenze virus C. Poliovirus D. rabies virus

A. Rotavirus

The genome of which of the following organisms probably arouse through genome duplication? A. Saccharomyces B. Escherichia Coli C. Caulobacter D. Lactobacillus

A. Saccharomyces

How is a complex transposon different from a simple transposon? A. They have two simple transpositions with another DNA sequence between them B. Complex transposons have one very long insertion sequence C. They alway integrate in multiple copies into the dos genome D. Complex transposons code for different types of transposes

A. They have two simple transpositions with another DNA sequence between them

If a researcher wanted to understand whether a particular species of non-pathogenic bacteria had obtained genes via horizontal gene transfer, which of the following would be true? A. They should focus their attention on metabolic genes B. They should focus their attention on genes for DNA replication C. They should focus their attention on genes for gene expression

A. They should focus their attention on metabolic genes

What is the hallmark of all horizontal gene transfers? A. Transfer of DNA between organisms of the same generation B. The use of plasmids C. Transfer of DNA using a virus D. Transfer of DNA from parent to offspring

A. Transfer of DNA between organisms of the same generation

The common genes found in all transposable elements encode for ________. A. Transposase B. Antibiotic resistance C. Type IV secretory system D. All types of transposable elements encode for all of the above functions.

A. Transposase

All retroviruses also appear to contain gag, pol, and env genes. A. True B. False

A. True

Comparative genomics helps us to understand evolutionary relationships between organisms. A. True B. False

A. True

Expressing a human gene in bacterium can be done, but is complicated by the presence of introns in the gene. A. True B. False

A. True

Viroids enter plants through________. A. a wound B. a receptor C. stomata D. a pore

A. a wound

Which types of environment presently allow the assembly of complete genomes by metagenomic analysis? A. acidic mine runoff water B. Fertile soil C. marine estuary D. intestinal flora

A. acidic mine runoff water

site-directed mutagenesis is used to _____________. A. create specific mutations at a specific location B. create random mutations in an mRNA population C. create mutations in many different bacteria at the same time D. create random mutations in a genome

A. create specific mutations at a specific location

In bacteria, DNA modification enzymes modify ____________. A. host DNA to protect it from host restriction enzymes B. incoming foreign DNA to protect it from host modification enzymes C. host DNA to protect it from host modification enzymes D. incoming foreign DNA to protect it from host restriction enzymes

A. host DNA to protect it from host restriction enzymes

All of the following are problems that arise when expressing a mammalian gene in a bacterium EXCEPT that_________________. A. introns in the mammalian cDNA need to be removed B. mammalian genes can be toxic to bacterial host cell C. Mammalian genes require a gene promotor D. mammalian proteins often require post-translational modification

A. introns in the mammalian cDNA need to be removed

Subunit vaccines __________. A. reproduce in the host, exposing the host to low levels of the pathogen over a long period of time B. are efficient at eliciting a rapid and high level of immunity, thus protecting the host C. contain only a specific protein or two from a pathogen that the immune system can recognize D. produce large amounts of immunogenic proteins, provoking a strong protective response in the host

A. reproduce in the host, exposing the host to low levels of the pathogen over a long period of time

When cloning into pUC19, the appearance of blue and white colonies after transformation into E. coli indicates that __________. A. some bacterial colonies contain the DNA insert, whereas others do not B. the E. coli cells are not appropriate for the cloning procedure C. all bacterial colonies contain the desired DNA insert D. none of the bacterial colonies contains the insert

A. some bacterial colonies contain the DNA insert, whereas others do not

Gene fusions are often used to ___________. A. study gene regulation B. study DNA modification C. Study RNA secondary structure D. Study protein structure

A. study gene regulation

Gene mining has the advantage __________. A. the microorganism carry genes of interests that do not need to be cultured B. that the genomes of various environmental isolations can be fully assembled C. the various known genes can be studied at the same time D. that over microorganisms can be isolated in culture

A. the microorganism carry genes of interests that do not need to be cultured

an example of T7 expression vector is ___________. A. the pET of vectors B. BACs C. Cosmos D. pUC19

A. the pET of vectors

Most mobile DNA elements are __________. A. transposons B. Viruses C. Viroids D. F plasmids

A. transposons

If you know the sequence of a nucleic acid you can assay for its presence in a sample. A. True B. False

A. true

How are DNA fragments tracked when sequencing DNA using the sanger method? A. using radioactive or fluorescently labeled DNA B. with an electron microscope C. With a fluorescence microscope D. using nucleotides that are labeled with heavy isotopes of nitrogen

A. using radioactive or fluorescently labeled DNA

You find the enzyme RNA replicase in a genome. You would suspect that the genome was from a __________ A. virus B. Cellular organism C. Insufficient information given

A. virus

How do complex transposons differ from simple transposons? A. complex transposons are found in multiple locations in the target DNA; simple transposon are found only in one location B. Complex transposons code for addition genetic elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes; simple transposons only code for the transposes gene essential for the transposon itself. C. Complex transposons code for transposes; simple transposons do not

B. Complex transposons code for addition genetic elements, such as antibiotic resistance genes; simple transposons only code for the transposes gene essential for the transposon itself.

Which enzyme would you use to join two DNA molecules cut with same restriction enzyme? A. DNA polymerase B. DNA ligase C. RNA polymerase D. EcoRI

B. DNA ligase

"head and tail" virus infect which members of Archaea? A. Crenarcheota B. Euryarchaeota C. The hypertherophiles D. Sulfolobus

B. Euryarchaeota

A bacteriophage that lacks a proteinaceous capsid structure is also called a viroid. A. True B. False

B. False

There are no know viruses that have genomes that are larger than the smallest genomes of bacteria. A. True B. False

B. False

Unlike bacteria, it appears that archaea cannot conduct lateral gene transfer via transformation, transduction, and conjugation. A. True B. false

B. False

Viruses are known to infect Bacteria, but no virus has yet been found that infects Archaea. A. True B. False

B. False

When considering Eukaryotic genomes, one only needs to consider chromosomal DNA A. True B. False

B. False

ssDNA viruses typically begin process of of replication by directly transcribing mRNA fro their genome A. True B. False

B. False

The in vitro alteration of genetic material is known as __________. A. DNA sequencing B. Genetic engineering C. Gene duplication D. Gene amplification

B. Genetic engineering

What is the technique called by which soluble proteins are separated by size, ionic charge, or hydrophobicity? A. SDS-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis B. High pressure liquid chromatography C. Mass spectrometry D. 2D electrophoresis

B. High pressure liquid chromatography

The intensity of a signal in Northern blotting tells one ____________. A. How much DNA is present in the sample B. How much RNA is present in the sample C. How much protein is present in the sample D. how much amplification has occurred

B. How much RNA is present in the sample

How does phage Mu replicate? A. It does not replicate B. It replicates by transposition C. It replicates by the rolling circle mechanism D. It replicates by generating a replicative form

B. It replicates by transposition

All of the following viruses have virion structures white head and tail except __________. A. Phage Mu B. M13 C. Phage lambda D. Phage T7

B. M13

polyoma viruses cause cancer in ________. A. stem cells B. Nonpermissive cells C. Permissive cells D. competent cells

B. Nonpermissive cells

Which bacteriophage has been used extensively for DNA clinging and sequencing? A, Phage sigma 174 B. Phage M13 C. Phage Mu D. Phage T7

B. Phage M13

agarose gel electrophoresis is used to ___________. A. Separate proteins by charge B. Separate DNA fragments by size C. Separate DNA fragments by charge D. Separate RNA fragments by charge

B. Separate DNA fragments by size

DNA molecules that have short, single stranded overhangs are said to have ____________. A. cohesive ends B. Sticky ends C. processed ends D. Blunt ends

B. Sticky ends

a recombinant cell A. is a result of cell dividing B. Donates DNA into a new cell C. Is a cell that receives DNA from an outside source and incorporates it into its own

C. Is a cell that receives DNA from an outside source and incorporates it into its own

Gene duplication is thought to have a significant influence on the evolution of microbes because________________. A. the duplication gene can serve as a "back up" copy B. The duplicated gene can be mutated, possibly leading to useful new gene function or product, while the original copy can still perform its original (and possibly essential) genetic function C. The duplication gene can allow for increased transcription and synthesis of gene product D. The duplicated gene can be given away to another organism by conjugation

B. The duplicated gene can be mutated, possibly leading to useful new gene function or product, while the original copy can still perform its original (and possibly essential) genetic function

What is the gene for the carbon fixation protein that is always encoded within the chloroplast genome? A. cytochrome B B. The large subunit of RUbisCO C. NADH dehydrogenase D> the small subunit of RubisCO

B. The large subunit of RUbisCO

For living cells and for some viruses, genome replication is semiconservative. However, some viruses use rolling circle replication to generate new copies of their genomes. If replication occurs in the presence of radioactive nucleotidesm you can distinguish the old strands (not radioactive) from the new strands (radioactive). Which pattern would you expect to see after several rounds of DNA genome replication using rolling circle replication. A. All of the DNA strands would contain radioactive nucleotides B. The new DNA molecules would only contain radioactive nucleotides; the only DNA strand used as a template would have no radioactive nucleotides but its complementary strand would now be radioactive C. All of the DNA molecules would have one radioactive strand and one non-radioactive strand D. Non of the strands would contain radioactive nucleotides

B. The new DNA molecules would only contain radioactive nucleotides; the only DNA strand used as a template would have no radioactive nucleotides but its complementary strand would now be radioactive

which class of restriction enzymes is most useful in gene cloning? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III D. modifying enzymes

B. Type II

Prions cause disease by ________. A. Transforming the host cell into a cancer cell B. forming insoluble aggregates in neural cells C. Using cell enzymes to replicate D. replicating host cells DNA

B. forming insoluble aggregates in neural cells

What proof can be used to demonstrate that organisms such as bordetella pertussis exist in a stable evolutionary niche? A. Absence of mobile elements B. high number of insertion sequences C. small genome D. low number of gene translocations

B. high number of insertion sequences

Genes isolated and cloned directly from the environment are used to create___________. A. genomic libraries B. metagenomic libraries C. genetic libraries D. proteomic libraries

B. metagenomic libraries

What is the analysis of pooled environmental DNA or RNA called? A. microarray analysis B. metagenomics C. megagenomics D. clonal genomics

B. metagenomics

Which of the following would best describe a group of genes found in one organism that are similar due to gene duplication? A. gene families B. paralogs C. homologs D. orthologs

B. paralogs

Metabolomics has been used on which type of organisms to study their secondary metabolites? A. animal cells B. plants C. bacteria D. archaea

B. plants

A shuttle vector that can be used in both bacteria and yeast should be able to _____________. A. replicate only in bacterial cells B. replicate in both bacterial and yeast cells C. replicate only in yeast cells D. replicate in both mammalian and bacterial cells

B. replicate in both bacterial and yeast cells

Northern blots are used to identify ___________. A. small target molecules such as ATP B. targe mRNA molecules C. target proteins D. target DNA molecule

B. targe mRNA molecules

Which of the following is NOT an indication of horizontal gene transfer? A. the presence of genes that encode proteins typically found only in distantly related species B. the presence of a stretch of DNA that is nearly identical to another chromosomal location C. the presence of a stretch of DNA whose GC content differs slightly from that of the rest of the genome D. The presence of a stretch of DNA whose codon usage differs slightly from that of the rest of the genome

B. the presence of a stretch of DNA that is nearly identical to another chromosomal location

Which of the following choices can indicate horizontal gene transfer? A. the presence of gene duplications B. the presence of genes that encode proteins typically found only in distally related species C. the location of genes in different operons than found in closely related bacteria D. the presence of regulatory gene segments

B. the presence of genes that encode proteins typically found only in distally related species

what do scientists call the entire complement of RNA produced under a given set of conditions? A. gene profile B. transcriptome C. proteome D. RNAome

B. transcriptome

What is unique about DNA replication in adenoviruses? A. it utilizes transposes to incorporate its DNA into the host genome B. it utilizes reverse transcriptase to produce DNA C. It does not produce a lagging strand during DNA replication D. It replicates its DNA in the cytoplasm

C. It does not produce a lagging strand during DNA replication

What si the approximate gene content of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae? A. 2000-2600 B. 3500-4000 C. 5800-6600 D. 20000-26000

C. 5800-6600

which of the following describes a polyprotein, such as the Zika virus? A. The poliovirus has a linear positive strand RNA genome with a polyA tail similar to those found in eukaryotes B. During antigenic shift, hybrid influenza viruses show new combinations of proteins that are no easily recognized by immune system C. An HIV virus produces a large protein that contains multiple structure proteins and a protease D. mRNAfrom different segments of influenza virus produce different proteins

C. An HIV virus produces a large protein that contains multiple structure proteins and a protease

The F plasmid has been used to construct cloning vectors called__________. A. YACs B. pSE420 C. BACs D. pUC19

C. BACs

Which of the following is NOT true about "mobile DNA" elements? A. Bacteria can lose mobile elements rapidly B. Transposons and viral genomes are considered to be "mobile DNA" C. Bacteria always contain only a small number of these mobile DNA sequences D. Mobile DNA often includes genes for antibiotic resistance

C. Bacteria always contain only a small number of these mobile DNA sequences

RNA sequence analysis allows you to measure ____________ A. Which genes are being transcribed B. How many copies of mRNA are being made C. Both A and B are correct D. Neither A nor B are correct

C. Both A and B are correct

While the T=Even (T4) and T-odd (T7) bacteriophage visions look similar these viruses differ in that A. T-even phages have circular chromosomes while T-odd phage have linear chromosomes B. T-odd phage have circular chromosomes while T-even phage have linear chromosomes C. Both T-even and T-odd phage have linear chromosomes but they use different mechanisms to deal with problems of replicating their genomes D. As far as we have seen in class, there are no difference between T-odd and T-even bacteriophage

C. Both T-even and T-odd phage have linear chromosomes but they use different mechanisms to deal with problems of replicating their genomes (Bacteriophage T4 uses rolling circle replication while T7 is semiconservative replication)

The role of restriction enzymes in bacterial cells is to ____________. A. protect the bacterial cell from foreign DNA B. Clone DNA C. Cut DNA at specific sites D. protect the bacterial cell from foreign proteins

C. Cut DNA at specific sites

What types of genes are typically transferred horizontally? A. Genes involved in the basic transcriptional apparatus B. Genes involved in DNA replication C. Genes involved in metabolism of unusual substrates D. Genes involved in translation

C. Genes involved in metabolism of unusual substrates

Transposons are used in research to create random mutations in an organism's genome. Transposons create mutations by _________. A. Creating a point mutation B. Deleting a gene C. Inserting into a gene D. creating a gene duplication

C. Inserting into a gene

Why does a complex transposon often contain an extra piece of DNA between the two insertion elements? A. The insertion elements require a certain distal between them to function properly B. It prevents degradation of the whole transposon C. It is often a gene that confers a survival advantage to the host, such as antibiotic resistance.

C. It is often a gene that confers a survival advantage to the host, such as antibiotic resistance.

David Baltimore, Howard Temin, and Rento Dulbecco shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of ___________. A. RNA viruses B. DNA and RNA viruses C. Retroviruses and reverse transcriptase D. DNA viruses

C. Retroviruses and reverse transcriptase

Integration of phage Mu DNA into the host chromosome requires __________. A. T7 DNA polymerase B. The enzyme integrate C. The enzyme transposes D. DNA polymerase III

C. The enzyme transposes

Segmented double stranded linear RNA genomes are found in__________. A. The rabies virus B. HIV C. The reoviruses D. The hepadnaviruses

C. The reoviruses

What makes an insertion sequence different from other DNA sequences found in the cell? A. They contain inverted repeats B. The can integrate into the cell C. They are capable of effecting their own movement from one location to another DNA

C. They are capable of effecting their own movement from one location to another DNA

which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria? A. Conjugation B. Transformation C. Transduction, conjugation, and transformation D. conjugation and transformation E. Transduction

C. Transduction, conjugation, and transformation

All of the following viruses have the potential to cause tumors in humans except_______. A. Epstein-Barr virus B. HIV C. Vaccinia virus D. Hepatitis B virus

C. Vaccinia virus

Overlapping genes are found in__________. A. the genomes of small protists B. viruses with large genomes C. Viruses with small genomes D. bacterial genomes

C. Viruses with small genomes

Which of the following choices is a typical target for the integration of chromosomal islands? A. a large gene encoding for a special toxin B. an rRNA gene C. a tRNA gene D. a pillin gene

C. a tRNA gene

In the sanger method of DNA sequencing, how are DNA chains randomly terminated in reactions using DNA polymerase? A. by having a limited amount of a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction B. by altering the concentration of DNA polymerase in the reaction C. by having a small amount of dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction D. By stopping the relations on ice at predetermined time intervals

C. by having a small amount of dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate in the reaction

A genomic library from a specific environment contains ____________. A. different genes from any bacterial sources B. different mRNA from many bacterial sources C. different genes from a single bacterial source D. different mRNAs from a single bacterium source

C. different genes from a single bacterial source

Arrange the following genetic components in the correct order A. genome, proteome, transcriptome, metabolome B. genome, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome C. genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome D. genome, metabolome, transcriptome, proteome

C. genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome

What terminology is used to describe how a transcription factor, RNA, and an enzyme associate to move an organism towards a nutritional source? A. transcriptome B. epigenome C. interactome D. Proteome

C. interactome

Cosmic vectors are derived from ___________. A. BACs B. Phage M13 C. phage lambda D. pUC19

C. phage lambda

what are short DNA fragments called that are used to initiate DNA synthesis in the Sanger didexoy sequencing methods? A. Dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphate B. DNA polymerase C. primers D. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate

C. primers

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans is caused by _________. A. viruses B. bacteria C. prions D. fungi

C. prions

Which of the following is NOT included in the genome? A. noncoding regions of DNA B. Genes that encode RNAs C. proteins D. coding regions of DNA

C. proteins

What is the genome wide study of structure, function, and regulation of an organisms proteins called? A. genomics B. translatiomics C. proteomics D. transcriptomics

C. proteomics

Which of the following is NOT a positive strand RNA virus? A. coronavirus B. Bacteriophage MS2 C. rabies virus D. poliovirus

C. rabies virus

DNA can by synthesized from RNA samples using ________. A. Taq polymerase B. DNA polymerase C. reverse transcriptase D. restriction enzymes

C. reverse transcriptase

Viroids are made up of __________. A. DNA and protein B. RNA and protein C. small, circular, single stranded RNA D. small, double-stranded, circular RNA

C. small, circular, single stranded RNA

of the following choices, what does mass spectrometry unambiguously determine? A. the sequence of a gene B. global gene expression C. the molecular formula of any small molecule D. the identity of microorganisms

C. the molecular formula of any small molecule

In poliovirus, cleavage of the polyprotein is accomplished by _______. A. multiple host cell proteases B. A host cell protease C. host cell proteasome D. A virus encoded protease

D. A virus encoded protease

In bioinformatics Open Reading Frames (ORFs) are comprised of _________________. A. A coding sequence B. an in fram start and stop codon C. a ribosome binding site D. All of the above are required before the section of DNA is classified an ORF

D. All of the above are required before the section of DNA is classified an ORF

A cloned gene expressing its protein product can be identified using ___________. A. Primers for the protein gene B. Southern blots C. Nucleic acid probes D. Antibodies to the protein

D. Antibodies to the protein

which of the following statements about retroviruses and hepadnaviruses is FALSE? A. both classes of viruses cause serious disease in humans B. Both classes of viruses contain reverse transcriptase C. Both classes of viruses integrate their genome into the host genome D. Both classes of viruses contain DNA genomes

D. Both classes of viruses contain DNA genomes

The genes of phage T7 that are first injected in the bacterial cell are transcribed by ________. A. retroviral reverse transcriptase B. Host cell DNA polymerase C. Viral RNA polymerase D. Host RNA polymerase

D. Host RNA polymerase

How would you be able to determine if the Tn5 transposon you put into a bacterium integrated into the host genome? A. The cells would grow at a faster rate than without the transposon B. The cells would become longer due to the extra DNA in them C. If the TN5 transposon integrated into the host genome, the cells would not be able to take in any new transposons D. IF the Tn5 transposon integrated into the host genome, the cells would show resistance to antibiotic kanamycin

D. IF the Tn5 transposon integrated into the host genome, the cells would show resistance to antibiotic kanamycin

Transcriptome analysis is useful in relation to genome analysis because A. It reveals interaction between molecules and thus, provides more information than genome analysis B. It is NOT dependent on nucleic acid sequence technology C. it results in amino acid sequence that is, thus, easier to analyze D. It analyzes RNA, thus it reveals which genes are expressed under different conditions

D. It analyzes RNA, thus it reveals which genes are expressed under different conditions

which method is most commonly used in metabolomics? A, ion torrent semiconductor sequencing B. 2D polyarylamid gel electrophoresis C. Sanger method D. Mass spectrometry

D. Mass spectrometry

Which of the following DNA viruses replicates its DNA in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus? A. Herpesvirus B. SV40 C. Adenovirus D. Pox virus

D. Pox virus

Spindle shaped viruses infect ___________. A. Halobacterius and Methanoccus B. Escherichia coli and klebsiella C. Chlorella and Cyanidium D. Pyrococcus and acidianus

D. Pyrococcus and acidianus

Phage Mu is a temperate phage, which means that __________. A. It infects and lysis the host cell B. It buds out from the host cell C. It replicates by transposition D. it integrates its DNA genome into the host cell chromosome

D. it integrates its DNA genome into the host cell chromosome

Based on your knowledge of other viral life cycles and the information provided, which of the following do you think describes the Zika virus life cycle? A. RNA replicase is used to replicate the RNA genome. The RNA genome may be copied to make a complementary strand that can be transcribed. Polyproteins are not used. B. Reverse transcriptase is used to make a DNA copy of the genome. The DNA is then replicated and transcribed to make viral products. Polyproteins are cut by proteases to form functional proteins. C. The RNA genome must be copied to make a complementary strand that can be transcribed. It is replicated through a DNA intermediate. D. RNA replicase is used used to replicate the RNA genome. The RNA genome may be transcribed directly. Polyproteins are cut by proteases to form functional proteins

D. RNA replicase is used used to replicate the RNA genome. The RNA genome may be transcribed directly. Polyproteins are cut by proteases to form functional proteins

The CRISPR system A. Facilitates homologous recombination through a complex system of proteins and clustered repeats B. synthesizes gene transfer agents during stationary phase C. Repairs DNA and increase DNA damage tolerance during times of stress D. Recognizes foreign DNA sequences that have previously entered the cell and directs Cas proteins to destroy them

D. Recognizes foreign DNA sequences that have previously entered the cell and directs Cas proteins to destroy them

How does replicative transposition differ from cut and past transposition? A. Replicative transposition makes use of the enzyme transposes; cut and paste transposition does not B. Replication transposition integrate into the hose genome; cut-and-paste does not C. Replicative transposition is faster than cut and past transposition D. Replicative transposition results in the transposons being copied to a new location; in cut and past transposition, the entire transposition moves to a new location

D. Replicative transposition results in the transposons being copied to a new location; in cut and past transposition, the entire transposition moves to a new location

An event that takes place after infection with phage T7 is the inactivation of the host restriction system. This is under the control of _____________. A. The late genes B. T7 DNA polymerase C. The middle genes D. The early genes

D. The early genes

IF the gene that codes for transposase is mutated so that it will no longer process the fully functional enzyme, how will the insertion sequence be affect? A. The insertion sequence would randomly insert itself into new locations in the DNA B. The transposes enzyme would cut randomly in the host genome, effectively killing the cell C. Nothing: the transposes gene has no known role for mobilizing insertion sequences D. The insertion sequence would lose the ability to effect its own movement

D. The insertion sequence would lose the ability to effect its own movement

A modern cloning vector contains _____________. A, an antibiotic resistance gene B. multiple restriction sites C. a selectable marker gene D. a moder cloning vector contains all of the above

D. a moder cloning vector contains all of the above

Genetic engineering refers to ____________. A. building genomes B. selective breeding C. animal breeding D. altering genetic material using in vitro methods

D. altering genetic material using in vitro methods

Which genetic material is most closely related to the nuclear encoded mitochondrial genes that are required for translation and energy generation? A. archaea genes B. protozoan nuclear genes C. plasmid genes D. bacterial genes

D. bacterial genes

A chacteractistic shared by eukaryotes and some viruses is they both have____________. A, double stranded RNA genomes B. single stranded DNA genomes C. Single stranded RNA genomes D. double stranded DNA

D. double stranded DNA

An organisms entire complement of genetic information, including non-coding DNA is known as the ___________. A. metabolome B. proteome C. transcriptome D. genome

D. genome

Where is most DNA found in the ocean? A. in prokaryotic organisms B. suspended in the water column C. in eukaryotic organisms D. in deep=sea sediments

D. in deep=sea sediments

Which viruses contain two of the largest viral genomes? A. Phages T4 and T7 B. Herpesviruses and hepadnaviruses C. retroviruses and reoviruses D. mimiviruses and phycodnaviruses

D. mimiviruses and phycodnaviruses

What can DNA chips be used for? A. Genomic sequence analysis B. Characterization of an organism's proteome C. protein sequence determination D. monitoring global gene expression

D. monitoring global gene expression

Which of the following group of viruses first has doc copy its RNA to form mRNA? A, retroviruses B. double stranded DNA viruses C. Positive strand RNA viruses D. negative strand RNA viruses

D. negative strand RNA viruses

The particle gun has been used to successfully transfer DNA to __________. A. viruses B. animal cells C. bacterial cells D. plant cells

D. plant cells

Viroids move from one cell to another of the same plant using __________. A. the plant cell cytoskeleton B. Flagella C. stomata D. plasmodesmata

D. plasmodesmata

The pan genome of a species is the genomic content that is A. shared with all other prokaryotes B. hypothetical or uncharacterized genome content of a species C. common in one or more strains of the same species D. present in one or more strains of the same species

D. present in one or more strains of the same species

Which technique would you use to change the amino acid serine to the amino acid arginine? A. Southern hybridization B. DNA amplification C. Gel electrophoresis D. site directed mutagenesis

D. site directed mutagenesis

All of the following characteristics that often make plasmids ideal cloning vectors EXCEPT that ___________. A. they contain a region with single cut sites for many restriction endonuclease so foreign material can be easily inserted B. they are composed of relatively few base pairs, which make the DNA easy to isolate and manipulate C. they are stably maintained in host cells and in high numbers so large quantities of product can be manufactured D. they can be recombined with large fragments of DNA and still be extremely stable

D. they can be recombined with large fragments of DNA and still be extremely stable

In the food industry, microarrays are commonly used to assess food purity. How many oligonucleotides would be required on such an array? A. 10 B. 50 C. Hundreds D. thousands

D. thousands

During gene cloning, the gene of interest is moved from its original location to a(n) _____________. A. Bacterium B. plant C. animal D. vector

D. vector