BSC2085L Final
The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
Longitudinal fissure
Neurofibrils
Made of neurofilaments that are responsible for intracellular transport
Functions of the astrocytes
Maintaining blood-brain barrier Responding to neural tissue damage Guiding neuron development Forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS
The ______ is the strongest jaw muscle
Masseter (elevates the mandible)
Which muscle is involved in mastification?
Masseter (elevates the mandible)
Muscles of mastification
Masseter and temporalis (elevate the mandible) Medial pteregoid (elevates the mandible or closes the jaws and moves mandible laterally) Lateral pteregoid (depresses mandible or opens the jaws and moves mandible forward & side to side)
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate and digestion are located in the
Medulla Oblongata
All of these are functions of the neuroglia EXCEPT -Phagocytosis -Memory -Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -Maintenance of blood-brain barrier -Support
Memory
The third and fourth ventricles are linked by a slender canal designated as the
Mesencephalic aquaduct
They are star-shaped cells with numerous processes extending from the cell body but without a main axon (anaxonic). They help to maintain the blood-brain barrier, nutrient, ion, gas balance; they provide structural support; help in repair and scarring after injury; and recycle neurotransmitters.
Astrocytes
The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the
Auditory tube
The axon is connected to the soma at the
Axon hillock
Telondendria
Axons terminate in a series of fine extension known as
Which muscles are found on the pelvic floor?
Bulbospongiosus Perineal group Ischiocavernosus Coccygeus
All of these are functions of the astrocytes EXCEPT -Maintaining blood-brain barrier -Responding to neural tissue damage -Guiding neuron development -Conducting action potentials -Forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS
Conducting action potentials
Axon hillock
Conical area where the axon attaches to the cell body and the neurofibrils converge. It is the trigger zone for the nerve impulse.
The _____ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye
Conjuctiva
Galea (epicranial aponeurosis)
Connects the frontalis muscle with the occipitalis muscle. It covers the scalp.
They are usually cube-like cells with cilia. They line the cavities in the brain called ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord. They give rise to the epithelial layer of the choroid plexus and help in the production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal cells
The space above and surrounding the dura mater which contains adipose tissue for cushioning and blood vessels. It is the place where an anesthetic injection or epidural block are delivered.
Epidural space
The dense layer of tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
Epimysium
Muscle fibers in order from superficial to deep
Epimysium Perimysium Fascicle Endomysium Muscle fiber Myofibril
The outermost connective tissue covering the nerves is the
Epineurium
Group of muscles which mostly extend or erect the vertebral column
Erector spinae
Synaptic knob or axon terminals
Expanded ends of the telodrendria containing synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters which carry a chemical signal to the other cell.
It is a wide tube lined with ceruminous glands and hair. It directs and delivers the sound waves to the ear drum.
External Acoustic Meatus or Auditory Canal
Which of the following compresses the prostate gland in males, and vagina in females?
External urethral sphincter
The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the
Falx cerebri
Enlargements of the spinal cord can occur
In those spinal segments that control the limbs
The senses of equillibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the
Inner ear
They are located in the CNS usually between sensory and motor neurons. They analyze sensory input and coordinate motor output. They carry information between the sensory and motor neurons.
Interneurons or association neurons
The part of the eye that determines eye color is the
Iris
Functions of Smooth muscle tissue
It moves substances in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts. It controls diameter of respiratory passageways and blood vessels.
Ligaments
Join bone to bone
Abdominal
Joins muscles of the abdomen.
Lumbar
Joins the muscles of the back
1. Axon Hillock 2. Dentrites 3. Soma (cell body) 4. Initial segment of axon 5. Axon
Label the following structures
1. Dentric Branches 2. Soma (cell body) 3. Axon 4. Telondendria 5. Synaptic terminals
Label the following structures
A muscle that adducts the humerus is the
Latissimus dorsi
They are the smallest glial cell and do not have a main axon (anaxonic) but several processes extending from the cell body. They are phagocytes cells that move and are active in removing debris, wastes, and pathogens in the CNS. They are present in sites of neural damage or/and inflammation.
Microglia
They are part of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and carry information away from the central nervous system (CNS). They stimulate or modify the activities of cells or effectors.
Motor or efferent neurons
Functions of cardiac muscle
Movement of circulation of the blood Maintenance of the blood (hydrostatic) pressure
Neurons that have dentrites and a single axon are called
Multipolar
Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sacromere are responsible for
Muscle contraction
Muscle tissue, one of the 4 basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly responsible for
Muscle contraction
1. Auricle/Pinna (the visible fleshy cartilagenous structure which collects and directs the sound waves toward the eardrum.) 2. Elastic cartilage
Name the following *External ear* structures 1 2
The _____ carries information back and forth from sensory receptors and motor effectors to the _____.
PNS; CNS
Appendicular skeleton includes which bones?
Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs
The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neutron is called a
Perikaryon
The ____ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm
Phrenic
It is the thin innermost spinal meninge which adheres tightly and directly to the surface of the spinal cord and the brain. It contains numerous capillaries that supply nourishment.
Pia Mater
The ___ covers the anterior surface of the neck
Platysma
Functions of skeletal muscle
Produce movement Maintain posture Guard body entrances and exits Maintain body temp
Axial skeleton includes which bones?
Skull (face, cranium) Thoracic cage (sternum, ribs) Vertebral column (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
The type of muscle that is most resistant to fatigue is the _____ fiber
Slow
Which type of muscle fibers are best adapted for prolonged contraction such as standing all day?
Slow
The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the
Spinal meninges
It is the space below the arachnoid mater which in a live person is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid serves as a shock absorber and is a medium for diffusion of nutrients, gases, waste, and other chemicals.
Subarachnoid space
It is the space below the dura mater, and it separates the dura mater from the other meninges.
Subdural space
The structure that overlies the Organ of the Corti is the
Tectorial membrane
which of the following does NOT latterly rotate the thigh? -Gluteus maximus -Piriformis -Obturator externus -Obturator internus -Tensor fasciae latea
Tensor fasciae latea (flexes and medially rotates the thigh at the hip and tenses the fascia lata to support the knee laterally)
Neuromuscular Junction
The area where the nerve cell and muscle cell connect.
Axon Terminal
The end part of the axon of the motor neuron. It functions to release the neurotransmitter to communicate with the muscle cell.
Muscles of the posterior arm and forearm
The highlighted nerve innervates the
Diameter
The highlighted structure controls the ____ of the pupil
Vibratory waves
The highlighted structure converts sound waves in the external acoustic meatus into____
Diencephalon
The highlighted structure develops from which brain vesicle?
Ventral roots and dorsal roots
The highlighted structures are formed by
Epimysium
The layer of connective tissue with collagen fibers that surrounds and covers the entire muscle. It separates the muscle from other tissues.
Dendrites
They are short cytoplasmatic projections that extend from the cell body and receive information form other cells and transmit it toward the cell body.
Muscle cells or fibers
They function to contract or shorten the whole muscle.
How many cranial nerves are responsible for eye movements?
Three: III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), and VI (Abducens).
A ______is a collection of myelinated axons in the CNS.
Track Tracts carry sensory information that form the sensory receptors of the PNS to the brain and motor signals from the brain to motor effectors, such as muscles and glands
The muscle that extends the arm while doing pushups is the
Triceps
The cranial nerve that has three major branches is the
Trigeminal
Calcium ions bind to the ____ molecule in skeletal muscle cell
Troponin
It is a thin fibrous connective tissue membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. It vibrates when the sound waves arrive and transmit the sound to the middle ear ossicles.
Tympanic membrane (tympanum) or Eardrum
They are the ventral or anterior extensions of the spinal nerves made of fine nerve filaments. They contain the axons of motor neurons carrying motor information from motor neurons in the CNS to the effectors.
Ventral Roots
Eye movement (Oculomotor III)
What is the function of the nerve labeled 10?
Biceps brachii (flexes at elbow and shoulder and supinates the hand)
What muscle is highlighted?
Brachioradialis (flexes the forearm at the elbow)
What muscle is highlighted?
Rectus femoris (extends the leg at the knee and flexes the lower limb at the hip)
What muscle is highlighted?
Trapezius (depending on what part of the muscle is activated, it can elevate, depress, or rotate the scapula upward, and it can elevate the clavicle and extend the neck)
What muscle is highlighted?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What type of tissue is this?
Smooth muscle tissue
What type of tissue is this?
Pectoralis major
Which muscle is highlighted?
Tibial nerve
Which nerve is highlighted?
3. Axon 4. Telondendria
Which of the following can conduct action potentials?
11: Cochlea -Organ of the Corti: sensory receptor inside the Cochlea. Holds the hair cells, the nerve receptors for hearing
Which structure contains the receptors for hearing?
Buccinator (compresses the cheeks, ex blowing)
Which structure is highlighted?
Central Canal
Which structure is highlighted?
Central sulcus
Which structure is highlighted?
Cerebellum
Which structure is highlighted?
Cerebral aquaduct
Which structure is highlighted?
Cornea
Which structure is highlighted?
Dorsal horns
Which structure is highlighted?
Frontal lobe
Which structure is highlighted?
Frontalis (raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead)
Which structure is highlighted?
Lateral horns
Which structure is highlighted?
Mammilary bodies
Which structure is highlighted?
Mentalis (elevates and protrudes lower lip)
Which structure is highlighted?
Olfactory bulb
Which structure is highlighted?
Scalenes
Which structure is highlighted?
Semicircular canals
Which structure is highlighted?
Stapes
Which structure is highlighted?
Superior Oblique
Which structure is highlighted?
Superior colliculus
Which structure is highlighted?
Superior sagittal sinus
Which structure is highlighted?
Zygomaticus major (retracts and elevates the corners of the mouth)
Which structure is highlighted?
Zygomaticus minor (retracts and elevates upper lip)
Which structure is highlighted?
6: Vestibule It consists of two sacs, the utricle and the saccule. They are part of the membranous labyrinth. Each one of them contains receptors clustered in a structure called maculae.
Which structure is known as the Vestibule?
Axons transmit or carry information in the form of ______ away from_______ and _______ which is the site of communication with another cell.
a nerve impulse; the cell body; toward the synapse
Muscles that insert on the olecranon process of the ulna can act to
extend the forearm
Damage to the ependymal cells would most likely affect the
formation of CSF
A neuron carrying a nerve impulse toward the synapse is called the ______neuron and the neuron receiving the signal is called the _______neuron. The space between the two neurons is called the ________.
presynaptic; postsynaptic; synaptic cleft
The connective tissue coverings of _________ unite to form tendons and aponeuroses and attach them to bones.
skeletal muscles
The spinal cord is enclosed in by three layers of protective membranes called the
spinal meninges
Neurons can process information and produce automatic responses called
spinal reflexes
The three structures of the inner ear are named according to their shape: ________ These structures are continuous with each other, and they contain the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.
the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
Axon
which structure is highlighted?
Perimysium
Identify the highlighted structure (all the same)
the "kissing muscle" that purses the lips is the
Orbicularis oris
Functions of neuroglia
-Phagocytosis -Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -Maintenance of blood-brain barrier -Support
The nervous system is divided into two major parts: the _______ (composed of the ____ and the ____) And the ______ (composed of the _____ and _____nerves and associated ______)
-Central Nervous System or CNS (composed of the brain and the spinal cord) -Peripheral Nervous System or PNS (composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and associated ganglia)
Characteristics of smooth muscle
-Neurons that innervate smooth muscles are under involuntary control -Uninucleate -Do not contain sarcomeres -Thin filaments are attached to dense bodies
Muscles of the hamstring group
-Semitendinosus (flexes the leg at the knee and extends and medially rotates the thigh at the hip) -Semimembranous (flexes the leg at the knee and extends and medially rotates the thigh at the hip) -Biceps femoris (flexes the leg at the knee and extends and *laterally* rotates the thigh at the hip)
Muscles of pectoral girdle Anterior view
-Serratus anterior (protracts the shoulder and rotates the scapula upwards) -Pectoralis minor (depresses and protracts the shoulders and rotates the scapula downward)
Muscles of the pectoral girdle Posterior view
-Trapezius: Depending on what part of the muscle is activated, it can elevate, depress, or rotate the scapula upward, and it can elevate the clavicle and extend the neck. -Rhomboids (minor and major): They adduct and rotate the scapula downward.
Functions of the hypothalamus
-controls autonimic centers -regulates body temp -secretes oxytocin -produces ADH
Functions of the vascular tunic of the eye
-regulates the amount of light entering the eye -provides a route for blood vessels and lymphatics that supply tissues of the eye -secretes and reabsorbs the aqueous humor -controls the shape of the lense
1. They present one main process extending from the cell body. 2. They do not present an axon.
1. Unipolar neurons 2. Anaxonic neirons
The spinal cord cinsists of 5 regions and __ segments
31
Perimysium
A continuation of the epimysium that penetrates the interior of the muscle dividing into groups or bundles of the skeletal muscle fibers called fascicles.
Endomysium
A continuation of the perimysium that penetrates the interior of the fascicle and surrounds each individual cell or muscle fiber. It covers the cell membrane of the muscle cell.
The skeletal muscle complex known as a Triad consists of
A transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae
Creatine phosphate
Acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue
Glycosis
An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATP per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is
Acetycholine
An excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by neurons innervating skeletal muscle
_____neurons are small and have no anatomical features that distinguish dentrites from axons
Anaxonic
It is the thin second meningeal layer.
Arachnoid Mater
Tendons
Are located at the end of the muscle. They join muscles to bones and interlace with the periosteum of the bone.
Neurons that have one axon and one dentrite, with a soma in between are called
Bipolar
Spinal nerves are -inerneuronal -involuntary -purely sensory -purely motor -both sensory and motor
Both sensory and motor
In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?
Brachial
The cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
CN III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), and VI (Abducens).
It is formed by the most caudal spinal nerves
Cauda equina
The dorsal root ganglia may contain
Cell bodies of sensory neurons
Cardiac muscle tissue
Cells are short, branched, striated and most have a single nucleus Are interconnected by intercalated discs. Found only in the heart, forming the walls of the heart and pumping blood through the blood vessels
Smooth muscle tissue
Cells are short, spindle shaped, without striations, and with a single central nucleus. Found in the walls of the blood vessels and of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts and some of their organs.
Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance an equilibrium are functions of
Cerebellum
The tentorium cerebelli separates which two brain hemispheres?
Cerebellum and cerebrum
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the
Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
They produce a waxy substance that protects other parts of the ear from dust, debris, bacteria, insects, and other materials.
Ceruminous Glands
A muscle that inserts on the body of the mandible is probably involved in
Chewing
What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?
Ciliary body
Branches that may occur along an axon are called
Collaterals
In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as
Columns
Endomysium
Identify the highlighted structure (all the same)
Which of the following is NOT primarily a muscle of facial expression? A. mentalis B. orbicularis oris C. risorius D. masseter E. buccinator
D. masseter
The powerful abductor muscle of the upper arm is the
Deltoid
Which of the following does NOT move the shoulder girdle? -Deltoid -Rhomboid -Serratus anterior -Trapezius -Pectoralis major
Deltoid -When the whole muscle is active, it abducts the arm -If only the anterior part is active, it flexes and medially rotates the arm; -If only the posterior part is active, it extends and laterally rotates the arm.
They are strands of fibrous connective tissue that anchor the spinal cord laterally. They originate at either side of the spinal cord and prevent lateral movement of the spinal cord.
Denticulate Ligaments
Which muscle is the main muscle of respiration?
Diaphragm
Which muscles compress the abdomen?
Diaphragm External and Internal obliques Rectus abdominis
It is the posterior branch of a spinal nerve that reflects to the back and innervates the skin and muscles of the back.
Dorsal Ramus
It is a swelling of the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons.
Dorsal Root Ganglion
They are the dorsal or posterior extensions of the spinal nerves made of fine nerve filaments. They contain the axons of sensory neurons carrying sensory information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord.
Dorsal Roots
It is the outermost meninge made of tough pearl-white fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It divides the space surrounding the spinal cord into epidural and subdural spaces. It provides physical stability or support and shock absorption.
Dura Mater
Epimysium
Identify the highlighted structure (all the same)
It is a strand of fibrous connective tissue that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx and prevents vertical movement of the spinal cord.
Filum terminale
The ____ is a strand of fibrous tissue that provides longitudinal support as a component of the coccygeal ligament
Filum terminale
Aponeuroses
Flat sheets of connective tissue that usually join muscle to muscle.
Anterior superior iliac spine
From where does this muscle originate
Brachial
From which plexus does the highlighted nerve arise?
What muscles raise the eyebrows? Which muscle tenses and retracts the scalp?
Frontalis Occipitalis
The ________ are the supporting cells of the nervous system and they are the most abundant cells. They help to support, protect, and anchor neurons
Glial cells or neuroglia
Satellite cells
Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are
Myoglobin
Holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells
The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called
Horns (Dominated by cell bodies of neurons, glial cells, and unmyelinated fibers.)
25: Satorius (flexes the leg at the knee and flexes and laterally rotates the lower limb at the hip) 11: Tibialis anterior (flexes -dorsiflexion- and inverts the foot at the ankle)
Identify the following muscles: 25 11
6: Latissimus dorsi (extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm at the shoulder) 12: Gastrocnemis (flexes the leg at the knee, extends the foot at the ankle -plantar flexion- and inverts the foot)
Identify the following muscles: 6 12
5. Arachnoid mater 6. Subarchnoid space 7. Dura mater 8. Arachnoid granulation 10. Central canal 11. Spinal cord 12. Filum terminale
Identify the following structures: 5 6 7 8 10 11 12
3: Tympanic Membrane 7: Auditory Tube (connects the middle ear with part of the throat called the nasopharynx. It functions to equalize the pressure between the external air and the air in the middle ear to prevent the rupture of the tympanic membrane) 8: Auditory Ossicles (the three smallest bones of the body which transmit the vibrations from the external ear to the inner ear)
Name the following *Middle ear* structures 3 7 8
1. Ventral root 2. Dorsal root 3. Pia Mater 4. Arachnoid mater 5. Dorsal root ganglion 6. Dura mater
Name the following structures
1. Anterior chamber (part of the Anterior Cavity) 2. Posterior chamber (part of the Anterior Cavity) ---1&2 contains a fluid called the aqueous humor 3. Ciliary Body (changes shape of lens for far/near vision) 4. Ora Serrata
Name the following structures: 1 2 3 4
13. Posterior cavity (It is filled with vitreous humor. Due to the presence of proteoglycans it has a gelatinous consistency. This material is not replaced) 14. Fovea (a shallow depression in the center of the macula lutea with the highest concentration of cones which provides us with the sharpest vision)
Name the following structures: 13 14
5. Optic disc (where the optic nerve exists the eyeball and there are no photoreceptors so it is considered a blind spot) 6. Optic nerve 7. Cornea (part of the fibrous tunic - allows light to enter the eye) 8. Iris (contains the constrictor and dilator muscles for regulating the size of the pupil called the pupillary muscles)
Name the following structures: 5 6 7 8
9. Suspensory ligament of lense 10. Sclera (portion of the fibrous outer layer covering all but the front portion of the eyeball protects the inner parts of the eyeball) 11. Choroid (part of the vascular tunic) 12. Retina (contains photoreceptors and other two types of sensory supporting cells, the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells) AKA Neutral tunic
Name the following structures: 9 10 11 12
Ananxonic
Name this type of neuron
Bipolar
Name this type of neuron
Mulitpolar
Name this type of neuron
Unipolar
Name this type of neuron
A ______is a bundle of axons of the PNS wrapped in a series of layers of connective tissue. The outermost covering is called the _______. Enclosed in the epineurium there are separate bundles of axons or fascicles surrounded by another layer of connective tissues called the _________. Each individual axon in the fascicle is surround by a third layer of connective tissue called the ________. Each nerve has it own blood vessel supply.
Nerve; epineurium; perineurium; endoneurium
Nissl bodies
Network of rough endoplasmic reticulum with free and attached ribosomes where protein synthesis takes place
The outer layer or plasma membrane of the Schwann cell is called the
Neurilemma
A ________is a cell of the nervous system that can receive, transmit, and interpret information in the form of electrical signals or nerve impulses.
Neuron
a _____ is a cell of the nervous system that can receive, transmit, and interpret information in the form of electrical signals or nerve impulses. What are three main parts in a _____?
Neuron 3 parts: the cell body (or soma) dendrites, and an axon.
The nervous system is composed of two types of cells:
Neurons (communicating) cells Glial (supporting) cells
The spinal cord contains
Neurons, glial cells, and tracts.
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called
Nissal bodies
The visual cortex is located in the
Occipital lobe
They have small cytoplasm and several processes that wrap around the axons to form an insulating sheath. They produce a fatty cover called the myelin sheath that wraps around the entire length of the axons in the CNS. They provide insulation and structural support for the axons of neurons.
Oligodendrocytes
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
Oligondendrocytes
All of the following are true of the fibrous tunic of the eye except that it -provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye -consists of the sclera, limbus and cornea -produces aqueous humor -is where the extrinsic eye muscles insert -contributes substantial focusing power
Produces aqueous humor
The muscle that pronates the forearm and opposes biceps brachii is the
Pronator quadratus
Which of the following is not recognized as a structural classification of neurons? -bipolar -unipolar -pseudopolar -multipolar -anoxic
Pseudopolar
A muscle that flexes the spinal column is the
Rectus abdominis
When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
Refractory
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to
Regulate intracellular calcium concentration
The functional role of T-tubules is to
Relay the action potential to the interior of muscle fiber
The muscle that adducts and rotates the scapula laterally is the
Rhomboid
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called a The functional unit of skeletal muscle is the
Sarcolemma Sarcomere
A type of Glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Satellite cells
They are flattened cells with very small cytoplasm. They are found surrounding the exterior surface of the cell bodies of neurons in the ganglia of the PNS. They provide support and protection to neurons and help to balance gases, nutrients, and ions. They help to regulate neurotransmitters around the neurons in the ganglia.
Satellite cells
They are flattened cells that wrap around segments the axons of the PNS. They produce the myelin sheath to insulate the axon and help to clean debris. They are also involved in the processes of development and regeneration when axons or nerves are damaged.
Schwann cells
______ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS
Sensory
They are part of the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and carry information toward the central nervous system (CNS). They receive information from sensory receptors.
Sensory or afferent neurons
Protracts the shoulder, abducts and medially rotates the scapula
Seratus anterior
The spinal cord is a long, cylindrical structure encased within the vertebral column. It is connected to the brain by way of the _____ and to the PNS by way of ________. It passes through the vertebral _______that form the spinal cavity.
brain stem; spinal nerves; foramina It extends to down to lumbar vertebrae L1 to L2.
The white matter of the spinal cord contains
bundles of axons with common origins, destinations and functions
The vitreous body
helps stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina
Axons transmit or carry information in the form of a _____ away from the cell body and toward the synapse which is the site of communication with another cell
nerve impulse
