BUAD 160 Final Exam
Balanced Scorecard
A management system that focuses on all the elements that contribute to organizational performance and success, including financial, customer, market, and internal processes
Balanced scorecard
A management system that focuses on all the elements that contribute to organizational performance and success, including financial, customer, market, and internal processes is defined as the
Idealism
A moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind
Which of the following is a correct statement?
A moral virtue represents an acquired disposition that is valued as a part of an individual's character
Formal controls
includes input controls such as proper selection of employees, effective ethics training, and strong structural systems (including communication systems)
Political institutions
influence the development of values as organizations most comply with these types of institutional norms and belief systems to succeed
Affirmative Action Programs
involve efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote qualified individuals from groups that have traditionally been discriminated against into employment positions
What is the responsibility for a moral agent?
is a person who has the ability to discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for his or her own actions.
A cultural audit is
is an assessment of an organization's values
Global warming...
is associated with the ozone layer
Egosim
is right or acceptable behavior in terms of the consequences for the individual.
The stage of universal ethical principles
is the final stage of cognitive moral development, according to Lawrence Kohlberg
The MOST important attribute for effective leadership is
leading by example
Keys to successful ethics training include all but
leaving clear opportunities for employees to engage in unethical behaviors
What kind of power stems from a belief that a certain person has the right to exert power over others?
legitimate power
When a foreman orders an assembly-line employee to carry out a task that the employee perceives as unethical, yet the employee feels compelled to do it because of the foreman's position, the foreman is exercising
legitimate power
To ensure that an ethics program addresses the needs of the average employee, it should include all of the following except
lengthy legal documents
A ___________ business attempts to avoid dealing with environmental issues and hopes nothing bad happens or no one ever finds out about an environmental accident or abuse.
low-commitment
All of the following are responsibilities of an ethics officer EXCEPT
making government laws related to business ethics
Management's sense of the organization's culture
may be quite different from employees' perceptions
The most controversial form of alternative energy is
nuclear power
Both ethics auditing and financial auditing employ
objective reporting
What is reputation?
one of an organizations greatest intangible assets with tangible value. The value of a pos. reputation is difficult to quanify, but is very important
What is age discrimination in Employment act requiring?
outlaws hiring practices that discriminate against people 40 years of age or older as well as those that require employees to retire befotre the age of 70. PAGE 68
Because genetically modified seeds are _______, farmers cannot keep any of the seed themselves but must purchase seeds each year from companies such as Monsanto.
patented
What are three categories of institutions? How are they affecting the ethical decision making? They affect the individual factors
political, economic, social .....
The power inequality between superiors and subordinates is referred to as
power distance dimension
The growth of the Internet and differing security laws between countries has led to an increase in concern for the human right of
privacy
Which of the following is based on the assumption that people are predictable and will seek to maximize the utility of their choices relative to their needs and wants?
rational economics
What type of power is being used when one person perceives that his or her goals or objectives are similar to another's and the second person attempts to influence the first to take actions allowing both to achieve their objectives?
referent
What is ethical issue intensity?
relevance or importance of an event or decision in the eyes of the individual, work group, and or organization
The process of verifying the results of an audit should involve standard procedures that control the _____ of the information.
reliability and validity
A values-based ethics culture
relies upon an explicit mission statement that defines the core values of the firm
When various profit centers within corporations become unaware of the overall consequences of their actions on the firm as a whole it is called
risk compartmentalization
Ethics audits can help companies identify potential _____ so they can implement plans to eliminate or reduce them before they reach crisis dimensions.
risks and liabilities
Which of the following is a means of measuring process variations that cause defects considered as unacceptable deviations from the mean or target?
six sigma
The world's forests are being destroyed at a rate of 58,000 square miles annually. The reasons for this wide-scale destruction are varied and include all except
soil that is great for farming.
The first Earth Day, which increased stakeholder awareness of environmental concerns and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, brought ________ to the forefront.
sustainability
An ethics audit is a
systematic evaluation of an organization's ethics program and/or performance to determine its effectiveness
The types of moral philosophy discussed in the text include
teleology, deontology, relativist perspective, virtue ethics, and justice
A central problem with relativism is
that it emphasizes people's differences, not similarities.
Why U.S. has so many wind farm?
the U.S. has natural conditions for wind farms
national culture
A much broader concept than organizational culture and includes everything in our surroundings made by people—both tangible items, such as artifacts, and intangible entities, such as concepts and values
Facilitation
A payment made to obtain or retain business and is not considered a bribe within the US
reward power
A person's ability to influence the behavior of others by offering them something desirable
Which of the following describes a dual relationship
A person, loving, and or sexual relationships with someone with whom you share professional responsibilities
Triple bottom line
A perspective that takes into account the social, environmental, and financial impacts of decisions made within an organization
global business
A practice that brings together people from countries with different cultures, values, laws, and ethical standards
Adam Smith
A professor of logic and moral philosophy during the late eighteenth century who developed critical economic ideas still considered important today
Global Reporting Initiative
A prominent framework that companies have adopted to report their social and sustainability progress
collusion
A secret agreement between two or more parties for a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose
United Nations Global Compact
A set of 10 principles that promote human rights, sustainability, and the eradication of corruption
green marketing
A strategy involving stakeholder assessment to create meaningful long-term relationships with customers, while maintaining, supporting, and enhancing the natural environment
Ethics Audit
A systematic evaluation of an organization's ethics program and performance to determine effectiveness
What is Ethical Culture?
Acceptable behavior as defined by the company & industry that captures the values & norms of the company - encourages the use of principles for ethical reasoning (think about smoking)
Ethical culture
Acceptable behavior as defined by the company and industry
laissez-faire
Adam Smith's idea of the "invisible hand," which is critical to capitalism because it assumes the market, through its own inherent mechanisms, keeps commerce in equilibrium
World Trade Organization
Administers its own trade agreements, facilitates trade negotiations, settles trade disputes, and monitors the trade policies of member nations
What are the causes for air pollution?
Air pollution typically arises from three different sources: stationary sources such as factories and power plants; mobile sources such as cars, trucks, planes, and trains; and natural sources such as windblown dust and volcanic eruptions.
social democracy
Allows private ownership of property and also features a large government equipped to offer such services as education and health care to its citizens
made-to-break
Also known as planned obsolescence, products repeat the consumption process and consumers return to buy more
One of the biggest factors in land pollution is the dumping of waste into landfills. _______ consumers are by far the world's biggest wasters.
American
Formal group
An assembly of individuals with an organized structure that is explicitly accepted by the group
cultural audit
An assessment of an organization's values
Positive relationship between...
An ethical culture and a good business performance
Verification
An independent assessment of the quality, accuracy, and completeness of a company's social report
International Monetary Fund
An international body that regulates monetary relationships between national economies
Kyoto protocol
An international treaty meant to curb global greenhouse gas emissions by having countries voluntarily reduce national outputs
What are four organizational cultures?
Apathetic, Caring, Exacting, Integrative cultures
What is the core value based ethical culture?
Approach to Ethical Corporate Culture that relies upon an explicit mission statement that defines the core values of the firm and how customers and employees should be treated. Compliance element required with this type.
Ethical Disasters
Are the discovery of large-scale unethical activity and follow recognizable phases of escalation, from ethical issue recognition and the decision to act unethically to the organization's discovery of and response to the act
Rule utilitarians
Argue that general rules should be followed to decide which action is best
John Maynard Keynes
Argued that the state could stimulate economic growth and improve stability in the private sector through, for example, controlling interest rates, taxation, and public projects during the 1930s
Virtue ethics
Argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standard but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation
Economic and value orientation
Associated with values quantified by monetary means; according to this theory, if an act produces more economic value for its effort, then it should be accepted as ethical
behavioral economics
Assumes humans act irrationally because of genetics, emotions, learned behavior, and heuristics, or rules of thumb
any attempt to verify outcomes and to compare them with standards can be considered a(n) _____ activity, although many smaller firms do not use this word.
Auditing
A management system that focuses on all the elements that contribute to organizational performance and success, including financial, customer, market, and internal processes is defined as the
Balanced scorecard
To be effective, ethics training must start with a foundation that includes
Code of ethics
What are formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees in terms of ethical behavior
Codes of Conduct
Which power is likely to be effective in the short run but not in the long run?
Coercive power
At which stage of the ethics-auditing process would a hospital conduct focus groups with management, doctors, nurses, related health professionals, support staff, and patients?
Collect and analyze relevant information
integrative culture
Combines a high concern for people and performance
Relativist perspective
Definitions of the ethical behavior are derived subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups
What is corporate citizenship?
Degree to which businesses strategically meet the economic, legal, ethical & philanthropic responsibilities placed on them by their stakeholders
Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons
Deontology
expert power
Derived from a person's knowledge and usually stems from a superior's credibility with subordinates
Chapter 5: What is the first step for the ethical decision making?
Determine the facts
First step toward understanding business Ethics is to...
Develop ethical issue awareness
Which of the following is a common mistake made in implementing an ethics program?
Developing materials that are not understandable by the average employee
What is the relationship between business ethics and organizational performance?
Development of an ethical culture leads to employee retention & loyalty which increases employee performance
The primary objective of the US anti trust laws is to
Distinguish competitive strategies that enhance consumer welfare from those that reduce it
What is core practice?
Documented best practices, often encouraged by legal and regulatory forces and trade associations.
What are the four levels of social responsibility?
Economic, legal, ethical, philanthropic
This philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize a particular person's self-interest as defined by the individual.
Egoism
Which of the following is not an aspect of the institutionalization of social responsibility
Familial responsibilities Other choices: Legal responsibilities, strategic philanthropy, core practices, voluntary practices
Which is not a benefit of a firm "going green"?
Firms can focus more upon their own efforts as a distinct unit rather than on the entire supply chain
Goodness theories
Focus on the end result of actions and the goodness or happiness created by them
Descriptive Approach
Focuses on the actual behavior of the firm and usually addresses how decisions and strategies are made for stakeholder relationships
Codes of Conduct
Formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees
What is code of conduct?
Formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees.
Chapter 2: Corporate governance
Formal systems of accountability, oversight, and control
Duplicity
Fraudulent activity that could involve a consumer staging an accident to seek damages
Which organization was developed by the UN and asks businesses to adhere to human rights and labor standards defined in international treaties?
Global Compact
All of the following generate discussion about the ethical nature of a decision except
Government agency Other choices: special interest groups, individuals in the business, mass media, blogs and podcasts
What is green washing and green marketing?
Green washing : The act of misleading consumers or being untruthful about the environmental practices of a company, or the environmental benefits of a product or service Green Marketing : marketing efforts to produce, promote, and reclaim environmentally sensitive products
involves misleading a consumer into thinking that a product or service is more environmentally friendly than it really is. It can range from making environmental claims that are required by law and are therefore irrelevant (CFC-free) to puffery, or exaggerating environmental claims, to fraud.
Greenwashing
Which of the following statements about group norms is false?
Group norms never conflict with the overall organization's culture.
What activity has become a major global business ethics issue only recently?
Hacking
Good personal values
Have been found to decrease unethical practices and increase positive work behavior
What are the problems for GM seeds?
Haven't found harm problem: pattern issue will be hurt
Many people wrongly assume that a company will be ethical if it simply...
Hires ethical employees
Act deontologists
Hold that actions are the proper basis to judge morality or ethicalness
What serve as a central contact point where critical comments, dilemmas, and advice can be assigned to the person most appropriate for handling a specific case.
Hotlines
Which renewable energy is the largest?
Hydropower system
Social responsibility
Idea that businesses might partner with outside stakeholders to address environmental concerns
Abusive behavior
Identified by the Ethics resource center as being one of the leading forms of observed misconduct in organizations
Categorical imperative
If you feel comfortable allowing everyone in the world to see you commit an act and if your rationale for acting in a particular manner is suitable to become a universal principle guiding behavior, then committing that act is ethical
Chapter 4: institutionalization Criminal law
Imposes fines of imprisonment as punishment for breaking the law
self-reference criterion
In business, the idea that "we" differ from "them" and an unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge
Formal Controls
Include input controls such as proper selection of employees, effective ethics training, and strong structural systems (including communication systems)
Process Controls
Include management's commitment to the ethics program and the methods or system for ethics evaluation
What issue did Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring address that sparked the environmental movement?
Indiscriminate use of pesticides
Chapter 5: Locus of control
Individual differences in relation to generalized belief about how one is affected by internal versus external events or reinforcements is known as
Which of the following cultures combines high levels of concern for people and performance?
Integrative culture
Chapter 3: What are three foundational values for identifying ethical issues? What is the definition for each value?
Integrity - refers to being whole, sound, & in an unimpaired condition. In an organization it means uncompromising adherence to ethical values. Honesty - refers to truthfulness or trust worthiness. Issues related to honesty also arise because business is sometimes regarded as a game geverned by its own rules rather than by those of society. - dishonesty, lying Fairness- the quality of being just, equitable, & impaired - equality, reciprocity, optimization
The _____ was a result of a meeting in which international leaders decided that primary responsibility for the regulation of monetary relationships among nations should rest in an external body.
International Monetary Fund
Which of the following is the international coordinator of regulatory policy for the world and makes short-term loans to member countries with deficits and provides foreign currencies to its members?
International Monetary Fund
Output Controls
Involve comparing standards with actual behavior
Obedience to authority
Involves subordinates simply following the directives of a superior without question. It demonstrates the influence that significant others can exert in the workplace
Corporate culture
Is an organizational factor that gives a company specific characteristics. Over time, stakeholders begin to see the company as like a living organism with a mind and will of its
Trust
Is essential in building long term relationships between businesses and consumers
Sustainability
Is the potential for the long-term well-being of the natural environment, including all biological entities, as well as mutually beneficial interactions among nature and individuals, organizations, and business strategies
Chapter 1: What is the definition for Business Ethics?
Is the study of business situations, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed
Which of the following statements about training is false?
It can dictate personal ethics on the job so employees no longer have differences in beliefs
Which of the following is true about the U.K. Bribery Act?
It classifies bribes among business people to be illegal.
which of the following best describes an ethics audit?
It is a major component of an ethics program.
What is a major role of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
It makes short-term loans to member countries that have deficits and provides foreign currencies for its members.
Those who have influence in a work group are referred to as significant others
Peers, managers, coworkers, and subordinates
coercive power
Penalizes actions or behavior coercive power
Abusive of intimidating behavior is the most common ethical problem for employees. Which of the following is NOT related to this concept?
Performance probation Other choices: Being annoying, false accusations, physical threats and profanity
Moral dilemma
Person is faced with multiple choices all undesirable defined by the person
What is the difference between monists and pluralists?
Pluralists: non-hedonists, no one thing is intrinsically good. Pluralists might view beauty, aesthetic experience, knowledge, and personal affection as ultimate goods. Believe TWO or more things are good. Monists: believe only ONE thing is intrinsically good.
Bribery
Practice of offering something in order to gab an illicit advantage
have lower ethical issue sensitivity, meaning they are less likely to detect ethical issues. They may be more committed to completing projects and more dedicated to group values and objectives.
Relativists
values-based ethics culture
Relies on an explicit mission statement that defines the core values of the firm and how customers and employees should be treated
Which of the following is not a step in the ethics auditing process?
Report the results to the U.S. Sentencing Commission.
Sarbanes-Oxley 404
Requires firms to adopt a set of values that forms a portion of the company's culture
Ethics officers
Responsible for managing their organizations' ethics and legal compliance programs
Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of principles or rules designed to promote the greatest overall utility rather than by examining situations individually?
Rule utilitarianism
Growth needs
Satisfied by creative or productive activities
relatedness needs
Satisfied by social and interpersonal relationships
What is secondary stakeholders and who are considered as secondary stakeholders? Why are they important?
Secondary stakeholders: more removed and indirect influence. do not engage directly in transactions with a company. not essential to firms survival - include the media and trade associations
Utilitarianism
Seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people
statement of values
Serves the general public and also addresses distinct groups such as stakeholders
Corporate culture
Set of values, beliefs, goals, norms and ways to solve problems that employees of an organization share
What do values orientation strives to develop?
Shared values
According to the World Trade Organization, which of the following products and services are most vulnerable to protectionism?
Shoes, cars, and steel
exacting culture
Shows little concern for people but a high concern for performance
apathetic culture
Shows minimal concern for either people or performance
Mandated boundaries of conduct are imposed by the legal system
Social entrepreneur desires to find a solution to a social problem rather than to simply earn profits a
Voluntary responsibilities
Social responsibility refers to business's contributions to society
An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?
Social system and conscience maintenance
The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except
Society's view of the decision Other choices: Ethical issue intensity, organizational factors, opportunity, individual factors
Principles
Some Examples of what concept can include human rights, freedom of speech, and fundamentals of justice
group norms
Standards of behavior groups expect of their members
Which document serves the general public and also addresses distinct groups such as stakeholders?
Statement of values
values orientation
Strives to develop shared values
includes the assessment and improvement of business strategies, economic sectors, work practices, technologies, and lifestyles while maintaining the natural environment.
Sustainability
Chapter 9: What is ethics audit?
Systematic evaluation of an organization's ethics program and performance to determine effectiveness.
Consequentialism
Teleological philosophies that assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences
What is the definition of corporate culture?
The shared beliefs top managers in a company have about how they should manage themselves and other employees, and how they should conduct their business
strategic philanthropy
The synergistic and naturally beneficial use of ab organizations core competencies and resources to bring about organizational and societal benefits
Which of the following is true about a compliance orientation?
The use of legal terms, statutes, and contracts teach employees the rules and penalties for noncompliance
Which of the following statements about corporate culture is false?
The values and ethical beliefs that actually guide the firm's employees tend not to be the same ones that management states as defining the firm's culture.
Realism
The view that an external world exists independent of our perceptions
Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development (CMD)
Theory in which people make different decisions in similar ethical situations because they are in different moral development stages
Why is the public more tolerant of consumer misconduct than business misconduct?
There are big differences in wealth and success between businesses and consumers
Which of the following is true about business Ethics?
There is no conflict between profits and business Ethics
If the employee is scared about the retaliation,
They will keep silent because they are afraid of retaliation.
Kant's Categorical Imperative
This famous statement, "Act as if the maxim of the action were to become by will a universal law of nature," is called
Virtue Ethics
This philosophy assumes what is moral in a given situation is not only what conventional morality requires but also what the mature person with a "good" moral character deems appropriate
utilitarianism
This philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize total utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number of people
relativism
This philosophy evaluates ethicalness subjectively on the basis of individual and group experiences
deontology
This philosophy focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than on its consequences
Teleology
This philosophy stipulates acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as realization of self-interest or utility.
Qualitative hedonists
Those who believe it is possible to get too much of a good thing
Quantities hedonists
Those who believe more pleasure is better
cause-related marketing
Ties ab organizations products directly to s social concern through a marketing program
may be more inclined to engage in unethical organizational conduct because of social isolation that creates insensitivity and a lower level of motivation to regulate ethical decision making.
Top managers
informal group
Two or more individuals with a common interest but without an explicit organizational structure
Why we have urban sprawl? Who will be hurt, if the city is against urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl began in the United States with the post-World War II building boom. This boom transformed the nation from primarily low-density communities designed to accommodate one-car households, bicyclists, and pedestrians to large-scale suburban developments at the edges of established towns and cities. Destroyed wildlife. The Oil Company and Auto Company will be hurt.
compliance culture
Use a legalistic approach to ethics
In the long run, a(n) ______ orientation may be better for companies, perhaps because it increases employees' awareness of ethics issues at work
Values
What are the elements of an ethical culture?
Values, norms, artifacts, behavior
is one of the biggest contributors to illnesses in developing countries.
Water pollution
Interactional
What type of justice exists if employees are being open, honest, and truthful in their communications at work?
qui tam relator
When an employee provides information to the government about a company's wrongdoing under the Federal False Claims Act
Of the following statements, which is correct?
When companies charge high prices for products sold in their home markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices that do not cover all the costs of exporting the products, the practice is known as dumping.
referent power
When one person perceives that his or her goals or objectives are similar to another's
risk compartmentalization
When profit centers within corporations are unaware of the overall consequences of their actions on the firm as a whole
Which of the following scenarios is unethical but not illegal?
While having a latte at Starbucks, you run into a friend who works as a salesperson at a competing firm. Your friend winds up chatting about how there is going to be a change in management at her firm. When you get back to your office, you tell your supervisor what you heard.
Which of the following has the power to enact legally binding ground rules for international commerce and trade policy?
World Trade Organization
Which of the following provides legally binding ground rules for international commerce and trade policy?
World Trade Organization
A strong ethics program includes all of the following elements except
a clause promising good stock market performance
Motivation is defined as
a force within the individual that focuses his or her behavior on achieving a goal.
Teleology is a philosophy that states that
an act is morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result
What is corporate social responsibility?
an organizations obligation to maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and minimize its negative impact.
Fraud
any purposeful communication that deceives, manipulates, or conceals facts in order to create a false impression
s defined within the chapter, global common values
are all derived from the major religions
Codes of conduct and codes of ethics
are formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees
The strategic importance of ethics auditing includes all of the following EXCEPT
avoidance of fines in case of an infraction
Monists
believe only one thing is intrinsically good
Companies such as Coca-Cola, Hewlett-Packard, and Walmart support a globally based resource system called __________, which tracks emerging issues and trends, provides information on corporate leadership and best practices, conducts educational workshops and training, and assists organizations in developing practical business ethics tools.
business for social responsibility
A high concern for people but minimal concern for performance can best describe the _____ culture.
caring
The famous statement "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become by thy will a universal law of nature" is called
categorical imperative
A _____ organizational structure is best for organizations in which processes are routine and the division of labor is very well-defined. These organizations have a lot of formal rules, policies, and procedures
centralized
The _____ leader demands instantaneous obedience and focuses on punishing wrong behavior, achievement, initiative, and self-control.
coercive
The Better Business Bureau's International Torch Award for Marketplace Ethics may be useful to help what type of companies with their ethics audit?
companies with fewer resources
Economic institutions
competition affects how a company operates as well as the risks employees take for the good of the firm
When developing an ethical culture, there has to be a(n) _____ element because every organization has employees that will try to take advantage if there is an opportunity for misconduct
compliance
Which of the following utilizes a legalistic approach to ethics and uses laws and regulations to create its codes and requirements
compliance
In Kohlberg's model, the stage of mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (stage 3) differs from the stage of individual instrumental purpose and exchange (stage 2) in terms of the individual's motives in
considering fairness to others.
job performance
A function of ability and motivation and can be represented by the equation (job performance = ability × motivation)
Business for Social Responsibility
A globally based resource system that endorses following responsible business practices abroad
Enlightened egoism
A long range perspective and allows for the well being of others although their own self interest remains paramount
Which of the following is the most comprehensive?
Code of Ethics
Civil law
Defines the rights and duties of individuals and organizations (including businesses)
What are the top two types of controversial renewable energy?
#1 : Nuclear Power (potential damage on humans) #2 : Ethanol and biofuel nature (causes problems with global hunger)
What is whistle blowing? In order to have a whistle blower, who need to protect whistle blower?
- Exposing an employers wrongdoing to outsiders such as the media or government regulatory agencies. - Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) directly protects whistle-blowers who report violations of the law and refuse to engage in any action made unlawful. -The Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability Act (CCFA) protects employees of publicly traded firms from retaliation if they report violations of any rule or regulation to the Securities and Exchange Commission, or any provision of federal law relating to fraud against shareholders.
Working more hours than reported
- NOT one of the types of observed misconduct Other choices: Abusive behavior, internet use abuse, lying to employees, etc.
What are the goals and responsibilities of EPA? (Environmental Protection Agency)
- Protecting Americans from significant health and environmental risks. -Managing environmental risks based on empirical information. - Ensuring the fairness and effectiveness of laws protecting human health and the environment. -Ensuring environmental protection is an integral consideration in U.S. policies. -Making available access to accurate information that allows participation in managing health and environmental risks. -Making sure environmental legislation contributes to diverse, sustainable, and economically productive communities and ecosystems. GOALS: -Reduce air pollution -Improve access to clean and safe water -Promote materials management, waste management, and clean sites -Enhance joint preparedness for environmental response -Enhance compliance assurance and environmental stewardship
What are water pollution and water quantity issue? How did corporation to fight against water pollution and quantity issue?
- Water pollution is one of the biggest contributors to illnesses in developing countries. Chemicals found in commonly used fertilizers and pesticides can drain into water supplies with each rainfall. - For some corporations the sustainability of water has become a major consideration. For example, Unilever is developing products that require 50 percent less water associated with consumer usage. Levi's manufactured 100,000 women's jeans using 100 percent recycled water. Even energy companies are investigating new ways to reduce water usage. - Starbucks installed a manually operated pump faucet to replace regular turn-on fixtures in their stores, estimated to save approximately 100 gallons of water per store each day. For instance, Unilever's Water Reduction goal is to reduce water associated with its company by 50 percent. They segmented their strategy into three areas: products, water use in agriculture, and water use in manufacturing. The results for products can be seen in their Comfort One Rinse brand that uses less water in the laundry.
What are the organizational factors? Organizational factors will affect the individual factors
- corporate culture - significant others - ethical culture - obedience to authority
What are the reasons to study Business Ethics?
- improves individuals ethics - helps in addressing business strategy decisions that are complex and detailed - Ensures collective agreement of organization ethics - Helps people with limited experience in making organizational decisions. - Helps one identify & resolve ethical issues in quick manner
What are the individual factors and how do they on average affect the ethical decision making?
- locus of culture - gender - age - education - nationality on average, the factors affect ethical decision making .....
What is abusive or intimidating behavior?
- physical threats and false accusations, profanity and insults - wage theft: subway and mcdonalds - Bullying: hostile workplace. sing: sleep disturbance, physical symptoms. healthy workplace bill
What is the anti-trust law trying to regulate?
- regulation of competition - protection of consumers - promotion of equity & safety - protection of natural environment - incentives to encourage organizational compliance programs to deter miscoonduct
What is misuse of company time and resource?
- time theft - using company software and internet services for personal business
What is fraud, accounting fraud, marketing fraud, puffery, and implied falsity and labeling issues?
- types : accounting fraud & marketing fraud - categories of false or misleading advertisement - puffery, implied falsity & literally false - labeling issues & ambiguous statements .....
What is motivation?
A force within the individual that focuses his or her behavior toward achieving a goal.
What is sexual harassment?
- unwanted sexual approaches - repeated remarks with the implied suggestion that the target's employment status or favorable treatment depend on a positive response and or cooperation
What are the differences among egoist, deontologists, utilitarian, relativist, hedonist, justice and virtue ethics?
-Deontology (from the Greek word for "ethics") refers to moral philosophies that focus on the rights of individuals and the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than its consequences. - Rule deontologists believe conformity to general moral principles based on logic determines ethicalness. -Act deontologists, in contrast, hold that actions are the proper basis to judge morality or ethicalness. -Justice is Fair treatment and due reward in accordance with ethical or legal standards, including the disposition to deal with perceived injustices of others. -Virtue Ethics Argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation. -Utilitarian Seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people. -Hedonism is The idea that pleasure is the ultimate good, or the best moral end involves the greatest balance of pleasure over pain. -Realism is The view that an external world exists independent of our perceptions. - Egoism defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual
What is the land pollution and deforestation?
-Land pollution results from the dumping of residential and industrial wastes, strip mining, and poor forest conservation. -The world's forests are being destroyed at a rate of 46,000 to 58,000 square miles annually. The reasons for this wide-scale destruction are varied. Because of the boom in biofuels, Southeast Asia and the Pacific regions cut down trees to make room for palm oil plantations.
what is global warming and Kyoto protocol?
-a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants. - One attempt at addressing global warming was the Kyoto Protocol. This international treaty was meant to curb global greenhouse gas emissions by having countries voluntarily reduce national outputs.
How do stakeholders interact with each other?
.....
What are the laws to promote equity and safety?
.....
What are the responsibilities for Ethics officers?
1. Assess the needs and risks of an organization - wide ethics program 2. Develop and distributes a code of conduct or ethics 3. Conduct training programs for employees 4. Establish and maintain a confidential service to answer employees' questions about ethical issues
What at re the six stages for Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development?
1. Punishment and Obedience 2.Individual (punish me, I will revenge) 3.Mutual interpersonal expectations 4. social system and conscience maintenance (respect law) 5.Prior Rights, social contract, or utility (keep the law) 6.universal ethical principles (sacrifice for the world)
What are five power bases identify each one of them
1. Reward power 2. Coercive power 3. Legitimate power 4. Expert power 5. Referent power
What are the 7 steps for ethical auditing? What are the primary objective of each step?
1. Secure the commitment of top managers and board of directors. 2. Establish a committee to oversee the ethics audit. 3.Define the scope of the audit process, including subject matter, areas important to the ethics audit. 4.Review the organization's mission, policies, goals and objectives and define its ethical priorities. 5. Collect and analyze relevant information in each designated subject matter area. 6. Have the results verified by an independent agent. 7. Report the findings to the audit committee and, if approved, to managers and stakeholders.
What are the six steps to be effective in utilizing stakeholder framework? How to apply them?
1. accessing the corporate culture 2. identifying stakeholder groups 3. identifying stakeholder issues 4. assessing organizational commitment to social responsibility 5. identifying resources and determining urgency 6. gaining stakeholder feedback
Which of the following is not a benefit of genetically-modified seeds?
?????? -They have not been shown to negatively impact consumer health. -They are unable to cross-pollinate with other plants. -They could lead to food that lasts longer.
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED)
A certification program that recognizes sustainable building practices and strategies
vertical system
A channel member (manufacturer, wholesaler, distributor, or retailer) has control of the entire business system, via ownership or contract, or through its purchasing ability
What is the difference between a code of ethics and a code of conduct
A code of ethics is more comprehensive than a code of conduct
What is stakeholder orientation?
A degree to which a firm understands and addresses stakeholder demands. involves : activities and processes within a system of social institutions that facilitate and maintain value through exchange relationships with multiple stakeholders."
motivation
A force within the individual that focuses his or her behavior toward achieving a goal
What are the differences between balanced scorecard, 6 sigma and triple bottom line (3 dimensions)
Balanced scorecard: A management system that focuses on all the elements that contribute to organizational performance and success, including financial, customer, market, and internal processes. 6 sigma: is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their business processes. This increase in performance and decrease in process variation lead to defect reduction and improvement in profits, employee morale, and quality of products or services. Triple bottom line: A perspective that takes into account the social, environmental, and financial impacts of decisions made within an organization.
rational economics
Based on the assumption that people are predictable and will maximize the utility of their choices relative to their needs and wants
Distributive justice
Based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results of a business relationship
Interactional justice
Based on the relationships between organizational members, including the way employees and management treat one another
Chapter 4: What is voluntary practice?
Beliefs, values, and voluntary contractual obligations of a business
John Rawls
Believed justice principles were beliefs that everyone could accept
Interlocking directorate
Board of members being linked to more than one company
What is bribery, active bribery, and passive bribery? Is bribery always illegal? why?
Bribery- The practice of offering something in order to gain an illicit advantage Active Bribery - The person who promises or gives the bribe commits the offense Passive bribery - an offense committed by the official who receives the bribe Not always illegal because bribery is an accepted way of doing business in other countries, which creates challenging situations for global businesses. it is legal in the U.S. under the FCPA to bribe a foreign official. PAGE 66
If you experience bully, what will you experience physically and psychologically?
Bullying: hostile workplace. sign: sleep disturbance, physical symptoms. (healthy workplace bill)
What are the differences between Business Ethics and Morals?
Business Ethics: is a complicated & controversial topic. Highly visible business ethics issues influence the public's attitudes towards business and can destroy trust. (Food industry) Morals: Organizational principles, values, & norms that originate from individuals, organization statements, or from the legal system.
cause-related marketing
Can affect consumer buying pattern, if consumers are sympathetic to the cause and the brand and cause are seen as a good fit
Abuse or intimidating behavior...
Can differ from person to person
If a company determines its ethical performance has been less than satisfactory
Centralization may reduce the opportunities lower-level managers and employees have to make unethical decisions
What are centralized and decentralized organization?
Centralized: decision making authority is concentrated in the hands of top-level managers, and little authority is delegated to lower levels. Decentralized: Decision making authority is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible. (few formal rules)
global common values
Certain values broadly accepted worldwide
Which two developing countries are expected to generate some of the largest increases in consumption in the future?
China and India
What is committee, work group and team?
Committee: a formal group of individuals assigned to a specific task. Work group: are used to subdivide duties within specific function areas of a company. Team: bring together the expertise of employees from several different areas o organization such as finance, marketing, and production... on a single project.
What is the difference between compliance ethical culture and values-based ethical culture? Which one is more likely to cause misconduct in the corporation? Why?
Compliance Ethical Culture: Uses laws and regulatory rules to create compliance codes and requirements. Ex. Accounting Values-based ethical culture: Relies on a mission statement that defines the core values of the firm and how customers and employees should be treated. Compliance Ethical Culture is more likely to cause misconduct in the corporation because......................................
What is the difference between compliance orientation and value orientation? Advantage?
Compliance Orientation: Requires employees to identify with and commit to specific required conduct. Uses legal terms, statues and contracts. Value orientation: Focuses on developing abstract and shared values such as accountability and commitment. Advantages: ........
Which of the following strives to create order by requiring that employees identify with and commit to specific required conduct
Compliance orientation
code of ethics
Comprehensive and consists of general statements, sometimes altruistic or inspirational, that serve as principles and as the basis for rules of conduct
Values
Concept centers around enduring beliefs and ideals that are socially enforced such as teamwork, trust, and integrity
Accountability
Concept refers to how closely workplace align with a firm's stated strategic direction and its compliance with an ethical and legal considerations
What is opportunity? What is "carrots and sticks" meaning?
Conditions in an organization that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior. Carrots - Government incentive to get you to do something Sticks - Government incentive to get you NOT to do something
Rule deontologists
Conformity to general moral principles based on logic determines ethicalness
Procedural justice
Considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome
What are the laws to protect consumers?
Consumer Protection Laws- require businesses provide accurate information about products and services and follow safety standards. Dodd-Frank Act - • The most sweeping consumer protection legislation since the Great Depression • Seeks to improve financial regulation, increase oversight, prevent excessive risk taking and deceptive practices. • Created new offices: • The Office of Financial Research, the Financial Stability Oversight Council, The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) • Increased Whistle-blower protections (Whistle Blower bounty program) Enacted in 2010
What is consumer fraud? Identify different types of consumer fraud
Consumer fraud - term for identity theft. example of fraudulent activities. types - shoplifting, collusion or duplicity & guile .....
genetically modified (GM) organisms
Created through manipulating plant and animal DNA to produce a desired effect like resistance to pests and viruses, drought resistance, or high crop yield
Chapter 8: compliance orientation
Creates order by requiring employees to identify with and commit to specific required conduct
Related to lying by commission
Creating a perception or belief by words that intentionally deceive someone
White-collar crime (WCC)
Crimes perpetrated every year by nonviolent business criminals
Which is NOT a characteristic of culture?
Culture can be changed easily and quickly.
centralized organization
Decision-making authority is concentrated in the hands of top-level managers, and little authority is delegated to lower levels
decentralized organization
Decision-making authority is delegated as far down the chain of command as possible
Duty of loyalty
Decisions should be in the best interest of the corporation and stakeholders
Corporate culture
Defined as a set of values, norms, and artifacts, including ways of solving problems shared by members of an organization
Human rights
Defined by the United Nation as an inherent dignity with equal and inalienable rights and the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world
Egoism
Defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual
What is civil law?
Defines the rights and duties of individuals and organizations
What is egoism and enlightened egoism?
Egoism: Defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize a particular person's self-interest as defined by the individual. Enlightened Egosim: take a long range perspective and allow for the well being of others although their own self interest remains paramount. ex. person helping a turtle across a high way because if it were killed the person would feel distressed.
Obligation theories
Emphasize the means and motives by which actions are justified, and are divided into the categories of teleology and deontology
NOT a factor in ethical decision making
Employee benefits package Other choices: Organizational factors Individual factors Opportunity Ethical issue intensity
Which of the following is a possible unintended consequence of an organization focusing more on ethics planning than on implementation?
Employees may come to view unethical conduct as acceptable behavior.
Internal locus of control
Employees who believe they control the events in their lives by their own effort and skill
Chapter 3: Emerging business Ethics Motivate people to be fair...
Equality, reciprocity, optimization
What is the difference between ethical issue and ethical dilemma?
Ethical issue: is a problem, situation, or opportunity that requires an indiv., group, or organization to choose among several actions that must be evaluated as right or wrong, ethical or unethical. Ethical Dilemma is a problem, situation, or opportunity that requires an individual, group, or organization to choose among several actions with negative outcomes.
What is relativist perspective?
Evaluates ethicalness subjectively on the basis of an individual and group experiences.
Veil of Ignorance Laws
Examined how individuals would formulate principles if they were uncertain about their future position in society
What is normative approach?
Examines what the ideal standard should be in ethical decision making
caring culture
Exhibits high concern for people but minimal concern for performance issues
What is conflict interest?
Exists when an individual must choose between his or her own interests and those of the organization or some other group
whistle-blowing
Exposing an employer's wrongdoing to outsiders such as the media or government regulatory agencies
Mandated boundaries
Externally imposed boundaries of conduct such as laws, rules, regulations, and other requirements
Justice
Fair treatment and due reward in accordance with ethical or legal standards, including the disposition to deal with perceived injustices of others
a white-collar crime
John, vice president of operations at We Care, Inc., approves the illegal disposal of toxic waste at his firm's international factory. John has committed
Which program recognizes sustainable building practices and strategies?
LEED
What happens when society deems a business action as wrong or unethical?
Legislation usually follows
1920's business Ethics concern was..
Living wage
Investors are concerned about business Ethics bc they know that misconduct can
Lower stock value and prices
What is the difference between "noise", commission lying and omission lying? Can you find any examples?
Lying - Lying without malice Types- lying by commission and lying by omission - a lie may be unethical based on the context of the statement and its intent to distort the truth commission -Creating a false perception with words that deceive the receiver omission - intentionally not informing channel members of problems relating to a product that affects awareness, intention, or behaviorc
Before anything else, businesses must what to survive?
Make a profit
Employees who view their organizational culture as ethical are more likely to...
Make personal sacrifices for the organization
Term ethical culture associated with everything except...
Maximizing profits and placing shareholders first
Which of the following describes sustainable development?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
What is sustainable development?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
sustainable development
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future, with an emphasis on the natural environment
greenwashing
Misleading a consumer into thinking a good or service is more environmentally friendly than it really is
What is geothermal power?
More dependable energy source than some other forms of alternative energy. Consistent heat source Ex. volcano
What is white collar crime?
Non-violent crime committed at a business level causing monetary damage and emotional loss.
Union affiliation
Not defined as harassment
Criminal law
Not only prohibits specific actions in business such as fraud, theft, or securities trading violators, but also imposes fines or imprisonment as punishment for breaking the law
Social Responsibility
Obligation to maximize the positive impact on stakeholders and minimize the negative impact
bimodal wealth distribution
Occurs when the middle class shrinks, resulting in highly concentrated wealth among the rich and increased numbers of poor people with few resources
Pluralists
Often referred to as nonhedonists, take the opposite position that no one hung is intrinsically good
Integrity
One of the most important and oft-cited elements of virtue, and refers to being whole, sound, and in an unimpaired condition
Integrity
One of the most important oft-cited elements of virtue, and refers to being whole, sound and in an unimpaired condition
Chapter 7: What is the organizational culture?
Organizational cultures include shared values, norms, and artifacts that influence employees and determine behavior, including ways of solving problems that members (employees) of an organization share.
Norms
Organizational principles, values, and norms
Business Ethics
Organizational principles, values, and norms that may originate from individuals, organizational statements, or from the legal system that primarily guide individuals and group behavior in business
Which of the following compares standards with actual behavior?
Output controls
Chapter 2: What is primary stakeholders and who are considered as primary stakeholders?
Primary stakeholders are direct influence and stake in the company's success. People whose support and resources are needed for a firm's survival. - includes employees, customers, & shareholders
Specific or pervasive boundaries for behavior that should not be violated
Principles
What are principles, values?
Principles: Specific Boundaries that should NOT be violated Values: Existing beliefs & ideals that are socially enforced (teamwork, trust, integrity)
When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development?
Prior rights, social contract, or utility (stage 5)
What is criminal law?
Prohibits specific actions and imposes punishments for breaking the law
multinational corporations
Public companies that operate on a global scale without significant ties to any one nation or region
Which of the following is not a technique for collecting evidence during the ethics audit?
Publishing the results of the audit
Meta-ethical relativism
Purposes that people naturally see situations from their own perspectives, and there is no objective way of resolving ethical disputes between different value systems and individuals
What is the important step in measuring the effectiveness of an ethics program?
Receiving feedback from people who take it.
Which of the following is an example of sustainability?
Recycling
_ is one of the country's greatest sustainability success stories
Recycling
is the reprocessing of materials, especially steel, aluminum, paper, glass, rubber, and some plastics, for reuse.
Recycling
All of the following are sustainable business practices that show social commitment EXCEPT
Reducing alternative energy sources
Chapter 1: Morals
Refers to a persons philosophy about what is right or wrong
Socialism
Refers to economic theories advocating the creation of a society when wealth and power are shared and distributed evenly based on the amount of work expended in production
individualism/collective dimension
Refers to how self-oriented members of a culture are in their behavior
Teleology
Refers to moral philosophies in which an act is considered morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result, such as pleasure, knowledge, career growth, the realization of self-interest, utility, wealth or even fame
Deontology
Refers to moral philosophies that focus on the rights of individuals and the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than its consequences
power distance dimension
Refers to the power inequality between superiors and subordinates
Moral philosophy
Refers to the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right and wrong
What is the definition of Moral Philosophy?
Refers to the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right and wrong.
Ethical culture
Reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors
Nonconsequentialism
Regard for certain behaviors as inherently right, and the determination of this tightness focuses on the individual actor, not on society
Instrumentalists
Reject the ideas that (1) ends can be deprecated from the means that produce them and (2) ends, purposes, or outcomes are intrinsically good in and of themselves
Milton Friedman
Rejected the Keynesian conclusion that markets sometimes need intervention to function efficiently and believed deregulation could reach equilibrium without government intervention
_____ are satisfied by social and interpersonal relationships, and _____ are satisfied by creative or productive activities
Relatedness needs; growth needs
Descriptive relativism
Relates to observations of other cultures
What is the difference between teleology and deontology?
Teleology: Stipulates acts are morally right or acceptable if they produce some desired result, such as realization of self-interest or utility. Deontology: Focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than on its consequences.
One attempt at addressing global warming was _______, created in 1997. It was an international treaty meant to curb global greenhouse gas emissions by having countries voluntarily reduce national outputs.
The Kyoto Protocol
he benefit of health care is being debated as to whether it is a right or privilege. Which of the following countries does not consider health care to be a right?
The United States
Ethical awareness
The ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension
Normative relativism
The assumption that one person's opinion is as good as another's
Legitimate power
The belief that a certain person has the right to exert influence and certain others have an obligation to accept it
consumerism
The belief that the interests of consumers, rather than those of producers, should dictate the economic structure of a society
cultural relativism
The concept that morality varies from one culture to another and that "right" and "wrong" are defined differently
Opportunity
The conditions in an organization that limit or permit ethical or unethical behavior
Stakeholder orientation
The degree to which a firm understands and addresses stakeholder demands
Rwals used what he called Veil of ignorance which led him to develop...
The difference principle in that economic and social equalities or inequalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least advantaged members of society
Shared Values
The glue of successful management as well as of business ethics programs
Which of the following is an informal channel of communication?
The grapevine
differential association
The idea that people learn ethical or unethical behavior while interacting with others who are part of their role-sets or belong to other intimate personal groups
Hedonism
The idea that pleasure is the ultimate good, or the best moral end involves the greatest balance of pleasure over pain
Triple bottom line
The measuring of social, financial, and environmental factors (or people, places, and planet) that recognizes business has a responsibility to positively influence a variety of stakeholders, including customers, employees, shareholders, community, and the natural environment is defined as
What is a living wage?
The minimum wage that a worker requires to meet basic needs.
Environmental Protection Agency
The most influential regulatory agency that deals with environmental issues and enforces environmental legislation in the United States
Dumping
The practice of charging high prices for products in domestic markets while selling the same products in foreign markets at low prices, often at below cost
Social Audit
The process of assessing and reporting on a business's performance in fulfilling the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities expected of it by its stakeholders
social audit
The process of assessing and reporting on a business's performance in fulfilling the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities expected of it by its stakeholders is called a
Through time, an act can come to be viewed as unethical under which of the following philosophies and perspectives?
The relativist perspective
recycling
The reprocessing of materials, especially steel, aluminum, paper, glass, rubber, and some plastics, for reuse
Act utilitarians
The rightness of each individual action must be evaluated to determine whether it produces the greatest utility for the greatest number of people
What are corporate culture, ethical culture, significant others, and obedience to authority?
corporate culture - A shared pattern of beliefs, expectations and meanings that influence and guide the thinking and behaviors of the members of that organisation. Significant others - Those who have influence in a work group, including peers, managers, co workers, and subordinates. Ethical culture - Function of many factors, including corporate policies on ethics, top managements leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior. Obedience to Authority - helps to explain why many employees resolve business ethics issues by simply following the directives of a superior.
When morality varies from one culture to another and that "right" and "wrong" are defined differently is referred to as
cultural relativism
In which type of organization is decision making delegated as far down the chain of command as possible?
decentralized
Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of an ethics officer
developing and implementing marketing strategy
The idea that people learn ethical or unethical behavior while interacting with others who are a part of their role-sets is referred to as
differential association
The Clean Air Act
established national air quality standards.
Perhaps the most controversial form of alternative energy after nuclear power is
ethanol
The individual responsible for implementing disciplinary action for violation of a firm's ethics standards is usually the
ethics officer
Puffery
exaggerated advertising, blustering, and boasting upon which no reasonable buyer would rely and is not actionable under the Lanham Act
Which is NOT a criticism of MNCs
exploitation of labor markets of home countries
Sustainability
falls into the social responsibility domain of maximizing positive and minimizing negative impacts on stakeholders
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a centralized organization?
few and informal rules
What is sustainability? Interaction among who?
from a business perspective, is the potential for the long-term well being Interaction among humans, animals, and environment including all biological entities as well as mutually beneficial interactions among nature and individuals, organizations, and business strategies.
During the data-collection phase of the audit, the primary objective is to generate a variety of opinions about how the company is perceived and whether it is
fulfilling stakeholders' expectations.
Alternative sources of energy include all of the following EXCEPT
gas power
When measuring the effectiveness of an ethics program, it is important to
get input from employees
Sustainable development...
has become a top concern for many businesses as it involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Stakeholder assessment is an important part of a ______________ approach to environmental issues.
high-commitment
What is one of the greatest organizational benefits of conducting an ethics audit?
improved relationships with stakeholders who desire transparency
Social institutions
include religion, education, and individuals such as the family unit
What are the responsibilities for corporate governance?
the formal system of accountability and control of ethical and socially responsible behavior. Includes three areas: Accountability Oversight Control accountability refers to how closely workplace decisions align with a firm's stated strategic direction and its compliance with ethical and legal considerations. Oversight provides a system of checks and balances that limit employees' and managers' opportunities to deviate from policies and strategies aimed at preventing unethical and illegal activities. Control the process of auditing and improving organizational decisions and actions. - preventing and detecting misconduct - investigating and disciplining - recovery and continuous improvement
Which of the following items do NOT have a strong impact on whether an ethics program is successful?
the level of employee compensation
The unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge is called
the self-reference criterion
With regard to ethics, training and communication initiatives should reflect
the unique characteristics of an organization
According to Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, different individuals make different decisions in similar ethical situations because
they are in different stages of cognitive moral development
The measuring of social, financial, and environmental factors (or people, places, and planet) that recognizes business has a responsibility to positively influence a variety of stakeholders, including customers, employees, shareholders, community, and the natural environment is defined as the
triple bottom line
How members of a society respond to uncertainty or ambiguity is referred to as
uncertainty avoidance
Ethical concerns in centralized structures can occur because of very little
upward communication.
A compliance culture
uses a legalistic approach to ethics
Which of the following is not part of the framework for an ethics audit?
verify the results yourself or by a coworker
The elements of ____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness
virtue
What are the differences among voluntary responsibilities, cause-related marketing, strategic philanthropy, and social entrepreneurship (4 Core practices)? If you give a scenario, can you tell me which core practice the company is applying?
voluntary responsibilities - Cause-related marketing - strategic philanthropy - social entrepreneurship-
Which of the following is likely the biggest contributor of illnesses in developing countries?
water pollution
Why might vertical systems be a business ethics issue?
They can result in a channel member having too much control
Why do certain countries view bribery as ethical?
They see these bribes as "favors" of minimal value