bus 301 ch 5

How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?

by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value

Vroom's ______ theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high.

expectancy

The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:

expectancy theory

Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?

competence relatedness autonomy

Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce

desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.

direction of behavior or thought persistence of behavior or thought intensity of behavior or thought

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job

enrichment

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of______ theory.

equity

Psychologist J. Stacy Adams first applied _____ theory in the workplace.

equity

The outcomes of an equity comparison include which of the following?

equity positive inequity negative inequity

Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?

equity theory

Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?

equity theory

Research has shown that setting _____ helps individuals, teams, and organizations to achieve success.

goals

Herzberg proposed that individuals will not increase their job satisfaction, but will experience the absence of job dissatisfaction when they have no grievances about _____ factors.

hygiene

Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective

inputs

In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:

inputs

What are the key elements of equity theory?

inputs outputs comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs

The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:

interactional justice

Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?

job characteristics model

Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?

one-on-one meetings employee surveys

Maslow's needs hierarchy theory ranks food, air, and water as fulfilling which type of need

physiological

The general categories of motivation theories include:

process theories content theories

The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is _____ _____

scientific management

According to Herzberg's theory, issues related to hygiene factors will cause an employee to move from a:

state of no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

According to equity theory, people compare

their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.

Douglas McGregor called managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees:

theory x

The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

valence

Job enrichment is the job design method that uses ______ loading to improve motivation.

vertical

Herzberg's theory states that there are _____ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.

2

Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?

Adams

What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?

Ask for new work assignments. Change jobs. Talk with the manager.

The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:

Frederick Herzberg

Which statement is an example of Vroom's concept of instrumentality?

If I meet my performance goals, I will receive a promotion.

Why does self-determination theory emphasize intrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is longer lasting and more positive than extrinsic motivation.

According to self-determination theory, which of the following statements about intrinsic motivation are true?

It is longer lasting than extrinsic motivation. It has a more positive impact on task performance than extrinsic motivation.

Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

Physiological Needs Esteem Needs

Which statement accurately describes the progression of needs in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?

The more basic need must be met before the next emerges as a motivator.

According to Herzberg's theory, what happens when employees have no grievances about hygiene factors?

They experience an absence of job dissatisfaction but are not necessarily motivated.

Which of the following statements is true of people motivated by a high need for affiliation?

They prefer to work in cooperative teams.

What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?

Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.

One way managers can improve employee perceptions of procedural justice is to:

allow them to participate in important work decisions

True or false: Merit raises are the ideal form of monetary reward under expectancy theory.

false

What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?

idiosyncratic deal

Herzberg's motivating factors move employees from a state of

no satisfaction to satisfaction.

The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:

designing jobs with the five core characteristics

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to maintain social relationships and join groups?

need for affiliation

according to David McClelland's acquired needs theory,

one need often dominates over the others.

When employees are able to offer challenging, but constructive opinions to managers, their perception of procedural justice is improved because they have a

voice

McGregor's Theory _____ is a pessimistic view of employees that includes the need to motivate them with carrots and sticks

x

Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as ______ deals.

idiosyncratic

the acquired needs in McClelland's acquired needs theory include the:

need for achievement need for power

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as

needs

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:

job enlargement

McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three _____ needs.

acquired

Which of the following paraphrases comparisons as used in equity theory?

How does my ratio of outputs to inputs compare with those of relevant others?

Herzberg's theory associates job satisfaction with factors relating to the work ______ of the task being performed.

content

Maslow's needs hierarchy theory would predict that once the need for love is satisfied, the need for _____ will emerge as the most powerful.

esteem

True or false: McClelland's acquired needs theory states that everyone has an equal balance of affiliation, power, and achievement needs.

false

Which of the following are among the top-down approaches to job design?

Job rotation Job enlargement Scientific management

Which of the following are recommended ways that managers or organizations can implement expectancy theory in the workplace?

Monitor employee motivation through surveys or interviews. Link rewards to targeted behaviors.

An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following

Motivate the employee to correct the situation. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.

What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?

It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.

The top-down approaches to job design include:

job enlargement scientific management the job characteristics model

The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is:

job enrichment

The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific

management

True or false: Research in more than 1000 different studies from a wide range of countries show that goal setting helps achieve success.

true

Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?

Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance. Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals. People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal.

job crafting is the:

approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work

David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:

aquired needs theory

If a customer service representative changes the way she envisions her job, from recording complaints from customers to being an advocate for customer rights, she engages in which form of job crafting?

cognitive crafting

Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs—autonomy, _____ , and relatedness—drive our behavior.

competence

The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ______ theories.

content

Which conclusion from Herzberg's theory of motivation do researchers tend to disagree with?

good hygiene factors do not lead to satisfaction and motivation.

Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?

high equity sensitivity

The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?

instrumentality

The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as ______ ______

job crafting

Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called

job design.

The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:

motivation

Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for ______ to be high.

motivation

The hygiene factors in Herzberg's study include:

relations with one's supervisor working conditions salary

The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job

rotation

Since Maslow's theory is a prepotent hierarchy, Kyle will not be motivated by the need for belonging until which of the following is met?

safety needs

The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is

scientific management

Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?

scientific management

According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?

ability to achieve the goal goal specificity commitment to the goal

McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:

achievement affiliation power

Lindsay is a manager who wants to use McClelland's theory when assigning responsibility for a major project. To which employee should Lindsay delegate leadership of the team?

Jordan, who has a high need for institutional power

Which of the following statements about Millennial workers is true?

Many Millennials cite hygiene factors, such as salary or benefits, as motivators.

Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?

Maslow

Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job .

design

The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:

distributive justice

In equity theory, inputs can include:

education skills and knowledge personality traits

The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job

enlargement

The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is ______ theory.

equity

Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?

equity sensitivity

Job rotation is the top-down approach that:

moves employees from one specialized job to another

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, which need involves the desire to excel, solve problems, and surpass others?

need for achievement

Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.

needs

Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.

outputs

In Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality is the relationship between which two factors?

performance outcomes

kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?

positive inequity