bus ethics ch. 8

The basic idea that underlies the principle of rights is that a. they must be earned. b. they are granted by the government. c. they cannot be overridden by utility. d. they are universal to all peoples.

c. they cannot be overridden by utility.

3 strengths of utilitarianism

1. Forces thinking about the general welfare of stakeholders 2. Allows personal decisions to fit into situational complexities 3. Cost-benefit analysis is an example of utilitarian thinking.

3 weaknesses of utilitarianism

1. Ignores actions that may be inherently wrong; focuses on the ends at the expense of the means. 2. May conflict with the notions of rights and justice; does not recognize actions as inherently good or bad. 3. Difficult to formulate satisfactory rules for decision making

kinds of justice (fairness)

1. distributive justice 2. compensatory justice 3. procedural justice/ethical due process

eight steps to ethical decision making

1. gather the facts 2. define the ethical issues 3. identify the affected stakeholders 4. identify the consequences 5. identify the obligations 6. consider your character and integrity 7. think creatively about potential actions 8. check your gut

levels at which ethical issues arise

1. global level & 2. societal level 3. industry level 4. organizational level 5. individual/personal level

3 factors that help decide whether process fairness has been achieved:

1. have people's (employees, customers) input been included in the decision process? 2. do people believe the decisions were made and implemented in an appropriate manner? 3. people watch managers behavior - do they treat others respectfully? provide explanations? actively listen?

types of ethical principles/theories

1. teleological theories 2. deontological theories 3. aretaic theories

tests in the ethical tests approach

1. test of common sense/smell test 2. test of one's best self 3. disclosure rule/test of making something public 4. test of ventilation 5. test of purified idea 6. test of the big four 7. gag test

weaknesses of principles approach

1. with deontological - Choosing Between Conflicting Duties 2. Deontological vs. Teleological aka Conflict between duties and consequences 3. Sometimes upholding a particular duty can have dire consequences. Example - Anne Frank's protectors 4. Sometimes a decision with beneficial consequences contradicts a fundamental ethical principle.

Challenge of deontological approach

Choosing Between Conflicting Duties 1. Which duty do you choose? 2. Which duty has primacy?

freedom from false imprisonment, freedom from illegal search and seizure, and freedom of speech are all forms of

negative rights

Rather than focusing on consequences, a deontological approach asks, in effect:

What is my ethical duty in light of what I know to be true?

______________ is almost always present when there is unethical decision making

a lack of transparency (real or perceived)

What are Kant's 3 categorical imperative?

a. Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. b. So act to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end and never as merely a means. c. Every rational being is able to regard oneself as a maker of universal law.

The test of one's best self relies on one's a. self concept. b. individual motivation. c. self leadership. d. self delusion.

a. self concept.

utilitarianism is a _______________ principle. a. teleological b. deontological c. aretaic

a. teleological

Reasons to use the Golden Rule as an ethical principle include all of the following except a. it is accepted by most people. b. it is a uniquely Christian principle. c. it is easy to understand. d. it is a win-win philosophy. e. it acts as a compass when you need direction

b. it is a uniquely Christian principle.

The ethics of care may help managers utilize a. deontological principles. b. the stakeholder perspective. c. utilitarianism. d. the principle of rights.

b. the stakeholder perspective

Kant's categorical imperative emphasizes all of the following concepts except a. respect for persons. b. virtues. c. universalizability. d. duty.

b. virtues.

Ethical issues at the industry level a. are usually handled by industry trade associations. b. are typically resolved through the legal system. c. can also be related to a specific profession. d. can usually be rectified by individual managers.

c. can also be related to a specific profession.

Teleological theories focus on a. duties. b. rights. c. consequences. d. virtues.

c. consequences.

The personal level of ethical challenges include situations we face in our personal lives a. at work. b. and in our families. c. outside of the work context. d. and spiritual lives

c. outside of the work context.

__________ forces us in our decision making to ask what is due each individual and to promote individual welfare, limiting the validity of appeals to numbers or society's aggregate benefits. a. utilitarianism b. Kant's categorical imperative c. the rights principle. d. the justice principle.

c. the rights principle.

Which of the following is the most basic assumption we make in discussing personal and managerial ethics? a. With effort, the "right" answer can be reached. b. The object of ethical principles is to minimize harm done to others. c. The object of ethical principles is to maximize benefits to others and ourselves. d. People want to behave ethically.

d. People want to behave ethically.

The top factor in managers' unethical behaviors is consistently cited as \a. greed. b. financial need. c. peer pressure. d. behaviors of superiors.

d. behaviors of superiors.

Ethical issues at the organizational level a. represent conflicts between two or more companies. b. display conflicts between a person's role as family member and employee. c. are generally more difficult to solve than issues at the personal level. d. confront people in their roles as managers or employees.

d. confront people in their roles as managers or employees.

Ethical theories that focus on duties are called a. teleological. b. virtue theories. c. principled rights. d. deontological.

d. deontological.

The key to the Golden Rule is a. caring. b. duty. c. justice. d. impartiality.

d. impartiality. - we are not to make an exception of ourselves

Based on surveys of managers, the society's moral climate appears to a. be a direct factor in managers' ethical deliberations. b. be irrelevant to managers. c. be a leading influence in managers' decisions. d. serve as a background factor in managers' decisions.

d. serve as a background factor in managers' decisions.

Which of the following is not a level at which ethics may be addressed? a. personal b. industry c. global d. small group

d. small group

the ______________ approach to ethics refers both to the obligatory nature of particular actions and to a way of reasoning about what is right and wrong.

deontological

______________ include decisions about what is right are based on broad, abstract universal ethical principles or values such as, Honesty Keeping a promise Fairness Loyalty Rights (to safety, privacy, etc.) Justice Responsibility Compassion Respect for human beings, property, etc.

deontological theories

the big four ethical test says:

don't compromise your action or decision by factors such as greed, speed, laziness or haziness

Which of the following is not a type of justice mentioned in the textbook? a. distributive justice b. compensatory justice c. procedural justice d. rawlsian justice e. utilitarian justice

e. utilitarian justice

the golden rule is also known as the

ethic of reciprocity

An ethical concept or rule which, if applied when faced with an ethical decision or practice, will helps the decision maker take the ethical course

ethics principle

(T/F) Individual managers, through ethical leadership, can have a direct effect on business ethics at the societal and global levels.

false

(T/F) Most people use some type of ethical principle when making decisions about a moral dilemma.

false

whereas deontological theories make decisions about what is right based on broad, abstract universal ethical principles or values, teleological theories..

focus exclusively on maximizing societal welfare.

whereas the principles in the principles approach have almost exclusively been generated by moral philosophers, the ethical tests____

have been culled from the experiences of many people

principle of justice

involves the fair treatment of each person

what is the main difference between ethical issues people confront at the organizational level and those at the personal level?

organizational level issues carry consequences for the company's reputation and success in the community and also for the kind of ethical environment or culture that will prevail on a day-to-day basis at the office.

the basic idea behind the ________ approach is that managers may improve their ethical decision making if they factor into their proposed actions, decisions, and behaviors a consideration of certain principles or philosophies of ethics

principles

_________________ is a term that has been used to describe ethical due pocess

process fairness

___________ expresses morality from the point of view of the individual or group of individuals, while ______________ expresses morality in terms of the group or society as a whole

rights principle, utilitarianism

smell test

test of common sense

negative right

the right to be left alone, to think and act free from coercion of others.

positive right

the right to something, such as the right to food, health care, air

(T/F) Society's moral climate has an indirect impact on organizational ethics.

true

(T/F) the ethical tests are more practical in orientation and do not require the depth of moral thinking that the principles do.

true