Business Ethics
Utilitarianism judges specific decisions by examining the decision's consequences.
True
When the means justify the ends, ethical consideration focuses on what you do, not the consequences of what you've done.
True
_____ refers to the requirement that similar people in similar situations be treated in similar ways.
Consistency principle
_____ refers to an ethical rule that does not depend on circumstances.
Categorical imperative
_____ is the virtue of showing consideration for others without humiliating yourself.
Civility
_____ refers to the theory that believes that moral doctrines are only the rules a community believes, acting in a way that's ethically recommendable means learning and following those local guidelines.
Cultural ethics
_____ refers to the suspicion that values and morality are culture-specific and not the result of universal reason.
Cultural relativism
_____ refers to the requirement that people be treated as holding intrinsic value.
Dignity principle
_____ refers to the method of resolving ethical dilemmas by gathering involved parties and asking them to discuss the matter reasonably until a consensual and peaceful solution is found.
Discourse ethics
_____ refers to the moral obligation to perform an act that is right, regardless of the consequences.
Duty
______ refers to the goals that one wants to reach, as distinct from what one needs to do to reach them.
End
_____ ask(s) us to review decisions not in terms of hard rules but in terms of how they will affect the people with whom we share our lives.
Ethics of care
_____ refers to a philosophical doctrine that makes the nurturing of an individual's immediate communities and the protecting of those closest to him or her is the highest moral obligation.
Ethics of care
The concept of the eternal return of the same was propounded by:
Friedrich Nietzsche
_____ proposed that different cultures and people each produce their own moral recommendations and prohibitions, and there's no way to indisputably prove that one set is simply and universally preferable to another.
Friedrich Nietzsche
_____ refers to an act that one needs to perform, but only in certain circumstances.
Hypothetical imperative
_____ refers to the force of marketplace competition that encourages or even requires individuals who want to make money to make the lives of others better in the process.
Invisible hand
Which of the following statements is an advantage of virtue ethics?
It allows flexibility.
Which of the following would be a disadvantage of the concept of the eternal return of the same?
It does little to help individuals live together in a community.
Which of the following statements is a disadvantage of virtue ethics?
It doesn't allow clear and absolute, yes-or-no responses to specific problems.
Which of the following would be a disadvantage of the concept of the culturalist ethics?
It doesn't leave any clear path to making things better in the world.
Which of the following statements is an advantage of discourse ethics?
It opens the door all the way in the search for solutions.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of the eternal return of the same?
It refers to a thought experiment in which an individual imagines what he or she would do if the life he or she has chosen to lead now will have to be repeated forever.
Which of the following statements is true for the concept of theoretical wisdom?
It refers to a virtue with the ability to learn high-level, academic knowledge and the accumulated possession of that knowledge.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of practical wisdom?
It refers to a virtue with the practical ability to respond to difficult situations intelligently, calmly, and prudently.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of utilitarian monster?
It refers to an individual capable of feeling disproportionately high sensations of pleasure and happiness, one who consequently requires many others to sacrifice their happiness in the name of maximizing net happiness.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of cause egoism?
It refers to giving a false appearance of being concerned with the welfare of others in order to advance one's own interests.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of personal altruism?
It refers to practicing altruistic ethics without regard for what others are doing or should do.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of personal egoism?
It refers to practicing an ethics of egoism without regard for what others are doing or should do.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of rational egoism?
It refers to subscribing to ethical egoism because it's the most reasonable of the ethical theories, the one a perfectly rational person would choose.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of sincerity?
It refers to the ability to reveal yourself to others with confidence that you'll be respected.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of egoism?
It refers to the belief that an action is morally right if the action's consequences are more beneficial than unfavorable for the person who acts.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of enlightened egoism?
It refers to the belief that benefitting others—acting to increase their happiness—can serve the egoist's self-interest just as much as the egoist's acts directly in favor of him or herself.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of impersonal altruism?
It refers to the belief that everyone should practice altruistic ethics.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of impersonal egoism?
It refers to the belief that everyone should practice ethical egoism.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of virtue ethics?
It refers to the belief that the cultivation of moral character is the most essential issue in ethics.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of psychological egoism?
It refers to the belief that we're all necessarily egoists; it's an inescapable part of what it means to be human.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of the "duty to reparation"?
It refers to the duty to compensate others when we harm them.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of the "duty to fidelity"? WRONG
It refers to the duty to compensate others when we harm them.It refers to the duty to thank and remember those who help us.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "duty to beneficence"?
It refers to the duty to promote others' welfare so far as it is possible and reasonable.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "duty to honesty"?
It refers to the duty to tell the truth and not leave anything important out.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "duty to gratitude"?
It refers to the duty to thank and remember those who help us.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "fairness"?
It refers to the duty to treat equals equally and unequals unequally.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "duty to respect others"?
It refers to the duty to treat others as valuable in themselves and not as tools for your own projects.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "duty to avoid wronging others"?
It refers to the duty to treat others as you would like to be treated by them.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of altruism?
It refers to the ethical belief that an action is morally right if the action's consequences increase net happiness (or decrease net unhappiness) when everything is taken into account except the actor's increased or diminished happiness.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of monetized utilitarianism?
It refers to the ethical belief that focuses on the conversion of happiness and sadness to monetary values within a utilitarian ethics.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of consequentialism?
It refers to the ethical belief that focuses on the results of actions, not the actions themselves.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of hedonistic utilitarianism?
It refers to the ethical belief that seeks to maximize any and all sensations of happiness and pleasure.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of idealistic utilitarianism?
It refers to the ethical belief that seeks to maximize sensations of happiness and pleasure connected with intellectual life and culture.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of rule utilitarianism?
It refers to the ethical belief that states that a rule for action is recommended if collective obedience to the rule increases net happiness when everyone is taken into account.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of act utilitarianism?
It refers to the ethical belief that states that an act is recommendable if it increases net happiness (or decreases net unhappiness) when everyone is taken into account.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of utilitarianism?
It refers to the ethical belief that states that an act is recommendable if it increases net happiness (or decreases net unhappiness) when everyone is taken into account.
Which of the following statements holds most true for the concept of the "right to freedom"?
It refers to the guarantee that individuals may do as they please, assuming their actions don't encroach upon the freedom of others.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of the "veil of ignorance"?
It refers to the idea that when you set up rules for resolving dilemmas, you don't get to know beforehand which side of the rules you will fall on.
Which of the following holds true for the concept of "positive rights"?
It refers to the obligations others have to preserve their basic right to work without any interference from others.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "people as ends not means"?
It refers to the requirement that people not be used as instruments to get something else.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of "universalizable action"? WRONG
It refers to the requirement that people not be used as instruments to get something else.It refers to the idea that when you set up rules for resolving dilemmas, you don't get to know beforehand which side of the rules you will fall on.It refers to the acceptance of basic rights as the providers of moral guidance, with emphasis attached to the right to our possessions and the fruits of our work.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of civility?
It refers to the virtue of habitually being and expressing yourself in a way that establishes your presence without threatening or impinging on others.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of fairness as Aristotle conceives it for the virtuous?
It refers to the virtue of judging people's acts dispassionately, evenhandedly and from all points of view.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of courage as Aristotle conceives it for the virtuous?
It refers to the virtue of moderate boldness between the extremes of cowardice and rashness.
Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of temperance?
It refers to the virtue of self-control and the ability to patiently delay gratification.
Which of the following holds true for the concept of "negative rights"?
It refers to those rights that require others to not interfere with me and whatever I'm doing.
Which of the following statements is true about hard utilitarianism?
It states that an act is recommendable if it increases net happiness when everyone is taken into account and when the total benefit is more than any other possible act.
_____ refers to the acceptance of basic rights as the providers of moral guidance, with emphasis attached to the right to our possessions and the fruits of our work.
Libertarianism
Welfare rights are most like which of the following?
Positive rights.
_____ in ethics refers to a justified claim against others.
Right
In a dictatorship the citizens of a country are persecuted if any attempt is made to criticize the government in power. This serves as an example of the violation of which right of the common people?
Right to free speech
Arif, who is Muslim, prays five times a day. At least two of these prayer sessions occur during work hours. Arif requests that his breaks be scheduled such that he can pray at the appropriate times. His supervisor refuses. Arif's request would not be costly, inefficient, unsafe, or negatively impact his co-workers' rights. Which right belonging to Arif is potentially being violated in this example?
Right to religious expression
Duties exist in a network, and they sometimes pull against each other.
True
_____ is the virtue of self control with respect to pleasure, especially the pleasures of the body and the senses.
Temperance
Which of the following is true about duties?
They are about assuring that people aren't mistreated.
Commonly referenced duties include those we have towards ourselves.
True
Egoism is the belief that an action is morally right if the action's consequences are more beneficial than unfavorable for the person who acts.
True
Fairness for Aristotle means that rules for treating people must be applied equally.
True
Hard utilitarianism states that an act is ethically recommendable only if the total benefits for everyone are greater than those produced by any other act.
True
Kant's conception of the categorical imperative - especially the consistency principle of universalization - can provide clear guidance, but at the cost of inflexibility.
True
One way to justify the ethics of perennial duties is as the moral complement to the laws of physics.
True
Selflessness does not necessarily imply acting in favor of the well-being of others.
True
The invisible hand is the belief that businesses out in the world trying to do well for themselves tend to do good for others too, at least in economic terms.
True
The philosophical concept of the eternal return of the same guides us in a world without morals.
True
The proponents of contemporary virtue ethics believe that, instead of trying to form specific rules for everyone to follow, we need to build virtuous character.
True
The utilitarians' distinguishing belief is that they should pursue the greatest good for the greatest number.
True
Traditionally, focusing on means instead of ends leads to an ethics based on duties or rights.
True
Utilitarianism is a true global ethics as one is required to weigh everyone's happiness and weigh it as best as possible as far into the future as possible.
True
A passenger has a briefcase which he finds difficult to hold while travelling in a crowded commuter train. Mark who has a seat to himself proposes that the passenger pass the briefcase to him so that he can stand comfortably. Mark does this so that the next time he is in the position of the passenger he would be helped in the same manner. The above incident serves as an example of:
an informal social contract.
An individual plans to set up an organization to help old people living on the streets. He solicits funds from business houses to put this plan into operation. Donations pour in from different quarters. Now he diverts some amount of money to invest in the stock market for his own benefits. This is as an example of:
cause egoism.
The Western way of greeting is by extending one's hand to shake the hand of another person. But, this act may be considered unacceptable and unethical in other societies in Asia and Africa where people greet each other not by shaking hands but instead by bowing, touching the palm to the forehead, or by kissing both cheeks. The above instance serves as an example of:
cultural relativism
In the 1980s at the southern California theme park, Disneyland, connotations of the family metaphor in the Walt Disney Corporation (WDC) culture (primarily articulated by employees) conflicted with the profit and efficiency focused needs associated with the drama metaphor (primarily used by management). Those involved gathered and tried to discuss this conflict. WDC management and employees were involved in long and protracted discussions. The initial discussions between the parties threw out solutions which weren't accepted by one party or the other. After long and hard negotiations, the conflict ended with results that were to the satisfaction of both the parties. That is, the matter was discussed reasonably until a consensual and peaceful solution was found. The above instance serves as an example of:
discourse ethics.
A person opens the first and only bakery in a town. The individual sees an opportunity to make profit by selling bread in a town with almost no competition. The town gains the resource of bread, and through his specialization into one field he can produce the goods more efficiently than other members of society could if they were to make it for only themselves. In effect he has captured the market and is able to make a lot of money simply by pursuing his own self-interest. This is an example of:
egoism.
Corporations give contributions to scholarship programs. They do this to educate their future workers. These same corporations may also support cultural programs in the cities where their corporate headquarters are located; one motivation for their doing so may be to make those cities more attractive to the people they are recruiting to work for them. These acts of the corporation serve as examples of:
enlightened egoism.
An individual dies and is immediately reborn right back in the same year and place where everything started the time before. Every decision he makes and everything he feels, says, and does will have to be repeated again. At the end of this life, he does it all again in exactly the same way. Existence becomes an infinite loop. The above instance is an example of:
eternal return of the same
The concept of the _____ maximizes individuality but does little to help individuals live together in a community.
eternal return of the same
_____ refers to the activities that one needs to do in order to reach a goal.
means
The Holocaust was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, throughout Nazi-occupied territory. The death of the Jews serves as an example of the violation of the _____.
right to life
Jesse works in a music store in New York. The owner of the shop takes away all of Jesse's earnings by threatening that he will report Jesse to the police for fudging the store's accounts. This act of denying Jesse his rightful, hard earned money is a violation of the _____.
right to possessions
The concept of _____ fits between the extremes of frigidity and emotional outpouring.
sincerity
There is a line for a shop checkout. Each customer getting in line selfishly chooses to maximize his own interest that is to checkout in the shortest time, regardless of the other customers. Their utility maximizing choice is to get in the shortest line, this means that eventually customers queue up in lines all of the same length. Therefore even without the slightest direction and by following only their selfishness, the lines are all of the same length, which is clearly the most efficient disposition. This serves as an example of:
the invisible hand.
The use of "CFC" propellants was made illegal in France because although they were cheap and easy to manufacture and use, they were quickly depleting the Ozone layer, which is ultimately important to nature. The CFC propellants were important for the comfort of a few individuals but fresh air was the requirement of the whole humankind, a far larger number. The above serves as an example of:
utilitarianism.
A federal bureaucrat decides to frame a law that bars visually challenged individuals from government work. But then he thinks that due to some unforeseen circumstances it might so happen that he might find himself in the same position as the people he is barring from the government jobs. Then if the law would apply to him it would seem harsh and unfair to him. He thus drops the idea of framing such a law. The _____ forces him to frame laws in a way that is really balanced and fair.
veil of ignorance