business ethics

The ____ rule explains variation in employee conduct through generalizing on the percentage of employees in any given organization who will seek to do right versus how many will be indifferent.

10-40-40-10

Over the years, scholars have developed more than 100 definitions of culture. According to the text, all have the following common elements:

Culture is shared, relatively stable, and is formed over a long period of time

Kant's categorical imperative and the Golden Rule are examples of which moral philosophy?

Deontology

Most executives feel that which of the following is the primary reason for much of the unchecked misconduct in business?

Inadequate ethics and compliance programs

An individual who emphasizes others rather than himself or herself in making decisions is in which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of development?

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and conformity (3rd stage)

An individual who defines what is right by considering his/her duty to society, not just to other specific people, is in which of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

Social system and conscience maintenance

All of the following are true with regards to opportunity and ethical decision making except

The opportunity for unethical behavior can be eliminated with aggressive enforcement of codes and rules.

For people who begin the value shift that leads to unethical decisions, which of the following is not a usual justification to reduce and eliminate guilt?

This is in keeping with my personal morals and the code of conduct, so it is okay.

Which of the following is not an advantage of having a comprehensive code of conduct?

To help employees fight for satisfactory levels of compensation and benefits.

Motivation is defined as

a force within the individual that focuses his or her behavior on achieving a goal.

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of the equity, fairness, and impartiality of the action, with rules serving as guidelines in the decision-making process?

act deontology

_____ is considered the father of free market capitalism. He believed that business was and should be guided by the morals of good men.

adam smith

A cultural audit may be used to identify

an organizations culture

A high concern for people but minimal concern for performance can best describe the _____ culture

caring

At the heart of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations is a

carrot-and-stick philosophy that rewards efforts to improve ethics.

Enlightened egoism

centers on one's long-term self-interest but takes others' well-being into account.

Although both structures can create opportunities for unethical conduct, which organizational structure tends to be more ethical?

centralized

Which of the following is the most comprehensive?

code of ethics

_____ are formal statements that describe what an organization expects of its employees in terms of ethical behavior.

codes of conduct

A _____ generates an ethical program that creates order by requiring that employees identify with and commit to specific required conduct using legal terms and statutes.

compliance orientation

_____ is an organizational factor that gives a company specific characteristics. Over time, stakeholders begin to see the company as like a living organism with a mind and will of its own.

corporate culture

_____ culture involves values and norms that prescribe a wide range of behavior for organizational members, while _____ culture reflects the integrity of decisions made and is a function of many factors, including corporate policies, top management's leadership on ethical issues, the influence of coworkers, and the opportunity for unethical behavior.

corporate, ethical

Because researchers have defined culture so many different ways, _____ and _____ are often used interchangeably.

cultural values; culture

Kohlberg's six stages of cognitive moral development can be reduced to three levels of ethical concern. Persons at the second level

define right as that which conforms to the expectations of good behavior of the larger society

A marketing manager who orders that a manufacturing plant be refitted to make it safer for workers, no matter what the cost, may be a(n) _____ because he believes in the rights of all individuals.

deontologist

Which moral philosophy is based on the premise that equal respect must be given to all persons?

deontology

Which of the following is a common mistake made in implementing an ethics program

developing materials that do not address the needs of the average employee

The _____ states that economic and social equalities should be arranged to provide the most benefit to the least-advantaged members of society.

difference principle

Associating with others who are unethical and who have the opportunity to act unethically can lead to a learning process known as

differential association

The idea that people learn ethical or unethical behavior while interacting with others who are a part of their role-sets is referred to as

differential association

_____ justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship.

distributive

_____ is the ability to perceive whether a situation or decision has an ethical dimension.

ethical awareness

Both individual ethics and organizational ethics have an impact on an employee's

ethical intention

The perceived relevance or importance of an ethical issue to the individual, work group, or organization is

ethical issue intensity

Marcus is the top-performing development director his non-profit organization has ever had. He possesses countless tricks and tips to continue to bring in donations, positive publicity, and supporters. Marcus would likely have _____ over new development department staff.

expert power

A values-based ethics approach to ethical corporate cultures relies on a(n) _____ that defines the firm as well as how customers and employees should be treated

explicit mission statement

People who believe in _____, go with the flow because they feel the events in their lives are uncontrollable.

external locus of control

Which of the following statements about group norms is false?

group norms never conflict with the overall organizations culture

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

has institutional internal whistle blowing

What is not a common mistake when designing and implementing an ethics program?

having top managment take ownership of the ethics program

____ serve as a central contact point where critical comments, dilemmas, and advice can be assigned to the person most appropriate for handling a specific case.

hotline

Codes, rules, and compliance are essential in organizations. However, an organization built on _____ is more likely to develop a high integrity corporate culture.

informal relationships

Research concerning nationality and the ability to make ethical decisions

is hard to interpret in a business context because of cultural differences

Which of the following statements about training is false?

it can dictate personal ethics on the job

An advantage of the decentralized organization is that

it is adaptable and can quickly respond to external change

_____ deals with the issue of what individuals feel they are due based on their rights and performance in the workplace, and therefore is more likely to be based on deontological moral philosophies than on teleological or utilitarian ones.

justice

To ensure that an ethics program addresses the needs of the average employee, it should include all of the following except

lengthy legal documents

The ethical decision making process in business includes all of the following except

making ethical decisions

Management's sense of the organization's culture

may be quite different from employees perceptions

According to Kohlberg's model, as a person progresses through the stages of moral development, and with time, education, and experience, he/she

may change his/her values and ethical behavior

Organizational _____ can contribute to diminished employee trust and increased employee turnover.

misconduct

_____ relates to individuals' perceptions of social pressure and the harm they believe their decisions will have on others.

moral intensity

According to the ethical decision-making framework, the absence of punishment provides a(n) _____ for unethical behavior.

opportunity

External and internal rewards relate to which part of the ethical decision-making framework?

opportunity

Which of the following is not an issue that helps in business ethics evaluations and decisions?

personal guilt

When a person defines right and wrong on the basis of legal contracts, he or she is using which of Kohlberg's stages of development

prior rights, social contract, or utility

The ultimate "stick" associated with the FSGO is fines or probation, which involves on-site observation by consultants, monitoring of the company's ethical compliance efforts, and

reporting to the u.s. sentencing commission on the company progress in avoiding misconduct

The ability to influence the behavior of others by offering them something desirable is best described as

reward power

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its conformity to general moral principles and respect for individual rights?

rule deontology

An ethical corporate culture needs _____ along with _____ to establish an ethics program and monitor the complex ethical decisions being made by employees .

shared values; proper oversight

Studies have shown that _____ within the organization have more impact on a worker's decisions on a daily basis than any other factor.

significant others

_____ institutions include religion, education, and individuals such as the family unit.

social

Which of the following is not considered a significant other group in the workplace?

spouses

Aurico is a company that offers ethics hotline maintenance and monitoring services for organizations. Which component of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations compliance program does this service help organizations to satisfy?

systems for monitoring, auditing, and reporting misconduct

Which moral philosophy considers an act to be morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result?

teleology

Organizations can become "bad barrels" not because of unethical individuals but because

the pressure to succeed creates opportunities that reward unethical decisions.

With regard to ethics, training and communication initiatives should reflect

the unique characteristics of an organization.

In the absence of ethics programs, employees are likely to make decisions based on

their observations of how their coworkers and superiors behave.

Which of the following statements about codes of conduct is false?

they guarantee an ethical business climate

The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations require federal judges to increase fines for organizations that continually

tolerate misconduct.

Which is the last of Kohlberg's stages of cognitive moral development?

universal ethical principles

Ethical concerns in centralized structures can occur because of very little

upward communication

Eric views animal research in the pharmaceutical industry as a way to improve drugs that will benefit mankind. Which moral philosophy most closely represents his viewpoin

utilitarianism

Which moral philosophy evaluates the morality of an action on the basis of its consequences for everyone affected (seeks the greatest good for the greatest number)?

utilitarianism

In the long run, a(n) ______ orientation may be better for companies, perhaps because it increases employees' awareness of ethics issues at work.

values

The elements of _____ important to business transactions have been defined as trust, self-control, empathy, fairness, and truthfulness.

virtue

_____ argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate.

virtue ethics

The 2010 passage of the Dodd-Frank Act proposed additional monetary incentives for whistle-blowers. A primary concern about these new incentives is

whistle-blowers might be tempted to report to the SEC with their reports and not report the misconduct to the company's internal compliance program.

Values have all the following characteristics except

widely accepted

_____ are used to subdivide duties within functional areas of a company.

work groups